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Lang T, Yang L, Yang S, Sheng N, Zhang Y, Song X, Guo Y, Fang S, Mu J, Baughman RH. Emerging innovations in electrically powered artificial muscle fibers. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae232. [PMID: 39301076 PMCID: PMC11409873 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This review systematically explores the inherent structural advantages of fiber over conventional film or bulk forms for artificial muscles, emphasizing their enhanced mechanical properties and actuation, scalability, and design flexibility. Distinctive merits of electrically powered artificial muscle fiber actuation mechanisms, including electrothermal, electrochemical and dielectric actuation, are highlighted, particularly for their operational efficiency, precise control capabilities, miniaturizability and seamless integration with electronic components. A comprehensive overview of significant research driving performance enhancements in artificial muscle fibers through materials and structural innovations is provided, alongside a discussion of the diverse design methodologies that have emerged in this field. A detailed comparative assessment evaluates the performance metrics, advantages and manufacturing complexities of each actuation mechanism, underscoring their suitability for various applications. Concluding with a strategic outlook, the review identifies key challenges and proposes targeted research directions to advance and refine artificial muscle fiber technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Lang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lixue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shiju Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Nan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaofei Song
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yang Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shaoli Fang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Jiuke Mu
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ray H Baughman
- Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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2
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Kong Q, Tan Y, Zhang H, Zhu T, Li Y, Xing Y, Wang X. Mimosa-Inspired Body Temperature-Responsive Shape Memory Polymer Networks: High Energy Densities and Multi-Recyclability. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2407596. [PMID: 39140246 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202407596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by the Mimosa plant, this study herein develops a unique dynamic shape memory polymer (SMP) network capable of transitioning from hard to pliable with heat, featuring reversible actuation, self-healing, recyclability, and degradability. This material is adept at simulating the functionalities of artificial muscles for a variety of tasks, with a remarkable specific energy density of 1.8 J g-1-≈46 times higher than that of human skeletal muscle. As an intelligent manipulator, it demonstrates remarkable proficiency in identifying and handling items at high temperatures. Its suitable rate of shape recovery around human body temperature indicates its promising utility as an implant material for addressing acute obstructions. The dynamic covalent bonding within the network structure not only provides excellent resistance to solvents but also bestows remarkable abilities for self-healing, reprocessing, and degradation. These attributes significantly boost its practicality and environmental sustainability. Anticipated to promote advancements in the sectors of biomedical devices, soft robotics, and smart actuators, this SMP network represents a forward leap in simulating artificial muscles, marking a stride toward the future of adaptive and sustainable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Kong
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Yu Tan
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Tengyang Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Yitan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Yongzheng Xing
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
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3
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Du Y, Wu X, Wang D, Zhao F, Hu H. Multimodal Resonances of a Rectangular Planar Dielectric Elastomer Actuator and Its Application in a Robot with Soft Bristles. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:488. [PMID: 39194467 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9080488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the fact that flying insects improve their power conversion efficiency through resonance, many soft robots driven by dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) have achieved optimal performance via first-order modal resonance. Besides first-order resonance, DEAs contribute to multiple innovative functions such as pumps that can make sounds when using multimodal resonances. This study presents the multimodal resonance of a rectangular planar DEA (RPDEA) with a central mass bias. Using a combination of experiments and finite element modeling (FEM), it was discerned that under a prestretch of 1.0 × 1.1, the first-, second-, and third-order resonances corresponded to vertical vibration, rotation along the long axis, and rotation along the short axis, respectively. In first-order resonance, superharmonic, harmonic, and subharmonic responses were activated, while only harmonic and subharmonic responses were observed in the second- and third-order resonances. Further investigations revealed that prestretching tended to inhibit third-order resonance but could elevate the resonance frequencies of the first and second orders. Conveniently, both the experimental and FEM results showed that the frequencies and amplitudes of the multimodal resonances could be tuned by adjusting the amplitudes of the excitation signals, referring to the direct current (DC) amplitude and alternating current (AC) amplitude, respectively. Moreover, instead of linear vibration, we found another novel approach that used rotation vibration to drive a robot with soft bristles via hopping locomotion, showcasing a higher speed compared to the first-order resonance in our robot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Du
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710049, China
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Futeng Zhao
- Research Centre for Medical Robotics and Minimally Invasive Surgical Devices, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hua Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng 044000, China
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4
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Witkowska J, Borowski T, Kulikowski K, Wunsch K, Morgiel J, Sobiecki J, Wierzchoń T. Structure and Properties of Bioactive Titanium Dioxide Surface Layers Produced on NiTi Shape Memory Alloy in Low-Temperature Plasma. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:886. [PMID: 39064397 PMCID: PMC11279210 DOI: 10.3390/mi15070886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NiTi alloy, known for its shape memory and superelasticity, is increasingly used in medicine. However, its high nickel content requires enhanced biocompatibility for long-term implants. Low-temperature plasma treatments under glow-discharge conditions can improve surface properties without compromising mechanical integrity. METHODS This study explores the surface modification of a NiTi alloy by oxidizing it in low-temperature plasma. We examine the impact of process temperatures and sample preparation (mechanical grinding and polishing) on the structure of the produced titanium oxide layers. Surface properties, including topography, morphology, chemical composition, and bioactivity, were analyzed using TEM, SEM, EDS, and an optical profilometer. Bioactivity was assessed through the deposition of calcium phosphate in simulated body fluid (SBF). RESULTS The low-temperature plasma oxidization produced titanium dioxide layers (29-55 nm thick) with a predominantly nanocrystalline rutile structure. Layer thickness increased with extended processing time and higher temperatures (up to 390 °C), though the relationship was not linear. Higher temperatures led to thicker layers with more precipitates and inhomogeneities. The oxidized layers showed increased bioactivity after 14 and 30 days in SBF. CONCLUSIONS Low-temperature plasma oxidation produces bioactive titanium oxide layers on NiTi alloys, with a structure and properties that can be tuned through process parameters. This method could enhance the biocompatibility of NiTi alloys for medical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Witkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (T.B.); (K.K.); (K.W.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Tomasz Borowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (T.B.); (K.K.); (K.W.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Krzysztof Kulikowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (T.B.); (K.K.); (K.W.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Karol Wunsch
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (T.B.); (K.K.); (K.W.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Jerzy Morgiel
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Sobiecki
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (T.B.); (K.K.); (K.W.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Tadeusz Wierzchoń
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (T.B.); (K.K.); (K.W.); (J.S.); (T.W.)
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5
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Ferrer JMM, Cruz RES, Caplan S, Van Rees WM, Boley JW. Multiscale Heterogeneous Polymer Composites for High Stiffness 4D Printed Electrically Controllable Multifunctional Structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2405505. [PMID: 38767502 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
4D printing is an emerging field where 3D printing techniques are used to pattern stimuli-responsive materials to create morphing structures, with time serving as the fourth dimension. However, current materials utilized for 4D printing are typically soft, exhibiting an elastic modulus (E) range of 10-4 to 10 MPa during shape change. This restricts the scalability, actuation stress, and load-bearing capabilities of the resulting structures. To overcome these limitations, multiscale heterogeneous polymer composites are introduced as a novel category of stiff, thermally responsive 4D printed materials. These inks exhibit an E that is four orders of magnitude greater than that of existing 4D printed materials and offer tunable electrical conductivities for simultaneous Joule heating actuation and self-sensing capabilities. Utilizing electrically controllable bilayers as building blocks, a flat geometry is designed and printed that morphs into a 3D self-standing lifting robot, setting new records for weight-normalized load lifted and actuation stress when compared to other 3D printed actuators. Furthermore, the ink palette is employed to create and print planar lattice structures that transform into various self-supporting complex 3D shapes. These contributions are integrated into a 4D printed electrically controlled multigait crawling robotic lattice structure that can carry 144 times its own weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophie Caplan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Wim M Van Rees
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - J William Boley
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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6
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Yu Q, Wang J, Liang C, Meng J, Xu J, Liu Y, Zhao S, Xi X, Xi C, Yang M, Si C, He Y, Wang D, Jiang C. A Giant Magneto-Superelasticity of 5% Enabled by Introducing Ordered Dislocations in Ni 34Co 8Cu 8Mn 36Ga 14 Single Crystal. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401234. [PMID: 38654685 PMCID: PMC11220696 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Elasticity, featured by a recoverable strain, refers to the ability that materials can return to their original shapes after deformation. Typically, the elastic strains of most metals are well-known 0.2%. In shape memory alloys and high entropy alloys, the elastic strains can be several percent, as called superelasticity, which are all triggered by external stresses. A superelasticity induced by magnetic field, termed as magneto-superelasticity, is extremely important for contactless work of materials and for developing brand-new large stroke actuators and high efficiency energy transducers. In magnetic shape memory alloys, the twin boundary motion driven by magnetic field can output a strain of several percent. However, this strain is unrecoverable when removing the magnetic field and hence it is not magneto-superelasticity. Here, a giant magneto-superelasticity of 5% in a Ni34Co8Cu8Mn36Ga14 single crystal is reported by introducing arrays of ordered dislocations to form preferentially oriented martensitic variants during the magnetically induced reverse martensitic transformation. This work provides an opportunity to achieve high performance in functional materials by defect engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijia Yu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education)Beihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education)Beihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Chuanxin Liang
- Center of Microstructure ScienceFrontier Institute of Science and TechnologyState Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049P. R. China
| | - Jiaxi Meng
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education)Beihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Jinyue Xu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education)Beihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education)Beihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Shiteng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education)Beihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Xuekui Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter PhysicsInstitute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Chuanying Xi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme ConditionsHigh Magnetic Field Laboratory of the Chinese Academy of ScienceHefeiAnhui230031P. R. China
| | - Ming Yang
- National High Magnetic Field Center and School of PhysicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074P. R. China
| | - Chen Si
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education)Beihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Yangkun He
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education)Beihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Center of Microstructure ScienceFrontier Institute of Science and TechnologyState Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of MaterialsXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxi710049P. R. China
| | - Chengbao Jiang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringKey Laboratory of Advanced Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education)Beihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
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Zhang H, Ma S, Xu C, Ma J, Chen Y, Hu Y, Xu H, Lin Z, Liang Y, Ren L, Ren L. Soft Actuator with Biomass Porous Electrode: A Strategy for Lowering Voltage and Enhancing Durability. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38592087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Electroactive artificial muscles with deformability have attracted widespread interest in the field of soft robotics. However, the design of artificial muscles with low-driven voltage and operational durability remains challenging. Herein, novel biomass porous carbon (BPC) electrodes are proposed. The nanoporous BPC enables the electrode to provide exposed active surfaces for charge transfer and unimpeded channels for ion migration, thus decreasing the driving voltage, enhancing time durability, and maintaining the actuation performances simultaneously. The proposed actuator exhibits a high displacement of 13.6 mm (bending strain of 0.54%) under 0.5 V and long-term durability of 99.3% retention after 550,000 cycles (∼13 days) without breaks. Further, the actuators are integrated to perform soft touch on a smartphone and demonstrated as bioinspired robots, including a bionic butterfly and a crawling robot (moving speed = 0.08 BL s-1). This strategy provides new insight into the design and fabrication of high-performance electroactive soft actuators with great application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Suqian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Chuhan Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiayao Ma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yong Hu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Zhaohua Lin
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Yunhong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110167, China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
- Institute of Structured and Architected Materials, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110167, China
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8
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Yang R, Wang Y, Yao H, Li Y, Chen L, Zhao Y, Wang YZ. Dynamic Shape Change of Liquid Crystal Polymer Based on An Order-Order Phase Transition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314859. [PMID: 38224179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Liquid crystal actuators conventionally undergo shape changes across an order-disorder phase transition between liquid crystal (LC) and isotropic phases. In this study, we introduce an innovative Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) actuator harnessing an order-order LC phase transition mechanism. The LCP film is easily stretchable within the LC phase, facilitated by the π-π stacking of phenyl groups serving as robust physical crosslinking points, and thereby transforms to a stable monodomain structure. The resultant monodomain LCP actuator shows a distinctive reversible dynamic shape change, exhibiting extension followed by contraction along the LC director on cooling. The extension is propelled by the reversible smectic C to smectic A phase transition, and the contraction is attributed to the re-entry to the smectic C phase from smectic A phase. Thermal annealing temperature determines this peculiar dynamic shape change, which occurs during both heating and cooling processes. This pivotal attribute finds manifestation in gripper and flower-shaped actuators, adeptly executing grabbing and releasing as well as blooming and closure motions within a single thermal stimulation. In essence, our study introduces an innovative approach to the realm of LCP actuators, ushering in a new avenue for the design and fabrication of versatile and dynamically responsive LCP actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
| | - Yahui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
| | - Hongjing Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
| | - Li Chen
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1 K 2R1, Canada
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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9
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Morales Ferrer JM, Sánchez Cruz RE, Caplan S, van Rees WM, Boley JW. Multiscale Heterogeneous Polymer Composites for High Stiffness 4D Printed Electrically Controllable Multifunctional Structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307858. [PMID: 38063841 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
4D printing is an emerging field where 3D printing techniques are used to pattern stimuli-responsive materials to create morphing structures, with time serving as the fourth dimension. However, current materials utilized for 4D printing are typically soft, exhibiting an elastic modulus (E) range of 10-4 to 10 MPa during shape change. This restricts the scalability, actuation stress, and load-bearing capabilities of the resulting structures. To overcome these limitations, multiscale heterogeneous polymer composites are introduced as a novel category of stiff, thermally responsive 4D printed materials. These inks exhibit an E that is four orders of magnitude greater than that of existing 4D printed materials and offer tunable electrical conductivities for simultaneous Joule heating actuation and self-sensing capabilities. Utilizing electrically controllable bilayers as building blocks, a flat geometry that morphs into a 3D self-standing lifting robot is designed and printed, setting new records for weight-normalized load lifted and actuation stress when compared to other 3D printed actuators. Furthermore, this ink palette is employed to create and print planar lattice structures that transform into various self-supporting complex 3D shapes. Finally these inks are integrated into a 4D printed electrically controlled multigait crawling robotic lattice structure that can carry 144 times its own weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier M Morales Ferrer
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ramón E Sánchez Cruz
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sophie Caplan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Wim M van Rees
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - J William Boley
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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10
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Zhang J, Han M. Editorial for the Special Issue on Flexible Sensors and Actuators for Biomedicine. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2184. [PMID: 38138352 PMCID: PMC10745382 DOI: 10.3390/mi14122184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Flexible sensors and actuators typically rely on functional materials with low Young's moduli or ultrathin geometries [...].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mengdi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
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11
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Zhou S, Chen P, Xiao C, Ge Y, Gao H. Recent advances in dynamic dual mode systems for daytime radiative cooling and solar heating. RSC Adv 2023; 13:31738-31755. [PMID: 37908645 PMCID: PMC10613950 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05506j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal management, including heating and cooling, plays an important role in human productive activities and daily life. Nevertheless, in the actual environment, almost all the ambient scenarios come with the challenge that the objects are located in a quite dynamic and variable environment, which includes fluctuations in aspects such as space, time, sunlight, season, and temperature. It is imperative to develop low-energy or even zero-energy thermal-management technologies with renewable and clean energy. In this review, we summarised the latest technological advances and the prospects in this burgeoning field. First, we present the fundamental principles of the daytime passive radiative cooling (PDRC) thermal management device. Next, In the domain of dual-mode systems, they are classified into various types based on the diverse mechanisms of transitioning between cooling and heating states, including electrical responsive, mechanical responsive, temperature responsive, and solution responsive. Furthermore, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the principles and design methodologies associated with these categories, followed by a comparative assessment of their performance in radiative cooling and solar heating applications. Finally, this review presents the challenges and opportunities of dynamic dual mode thermal management, while also identifying future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University 1239 Siping Road Shanghai 200092 P. R. China
| | - Pengyue Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University 1239 Siping Road Shanghai 200092 P. R. China
| | - Chunhong Xiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University 1239 Siping Road Shanghai 200092 P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Ge
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University 1239 Siping Road Shanghai 200092 P. R. China
| | - Hongwen Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University 1239 Siping Road Shanghai 200092 P. R. China
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