1
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Zhao G, Zhang A, Chen X, Xiang G, Jiang T, Zhao X. Barnacle inspired strategy combined with solvent exchange for enhancing wet adhesion of hydrogels to promote seawater-immersed wound healing. Bioact Mater 2024; 41:46-60. [PMID: 39101027 PMCID: PMC11296073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are promising materials for wound protection, but in wet, or underwater environments, the hydration layer and swelling of hydrogels can seriously reduce adhesion and limit their application. In this study, inspired by the structural characteristics of strong barnacle wet adhesion and combined with solvent exchange, a robust wet adhesive hydrogel (CP-Gel) based on chitosan and 2-phenoxyethyl acrylate was obtained by breaking the hydration layer and resisting swelling. As a result, CP-Gel exhibited strong wet adhesion to various interfaces even underwater, adapted to joint movement and skin twisting, resisted sustained rushing water, and sealed damaged organs. More importantly, on-demand detachment and controllable adhesion were achieved by promoting swelling. In addition, CP-Gel with good biosafety significantly promotes seawater-immersed wound healing and is promising for use in water-contact wound care, organ sealing, and marine emergency rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Aijia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiangyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Guangli Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Tianze Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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2
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Su CY, Li D, Wang LJ, Wang Y. Eco-friendly electronic food labels: Development and application of Ion-SSPB double network hydrogel. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 671:154-164. [PMID: 38797141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Although various conductive hydrogels have been developed for sensing, ideal materials for meeting the safety and toughness requirements of food detection are still lacking. This study introduces Ion-SSPB, a conductive hydrogel fabricated from eco-friendly, food-grade materials such as corn starch (CS), sodium alginate (SA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and bentonite (BT). It leverages a green manufacturing approach designed for application in electronic food sensors. The hydrogel is achieved through a double network strategy and salt immersion method, which endows it with tunable mechanical and rheological properties. A key innovation of Ion-SSPB is the incorporation of bentonite, which enhances its performance, including low swelling, freezing resistance, and minimal residual adhesion. The hydrogel with 4% (w/v) BT concentration (Ion-SSPB4%) is an effective medium for detecting impedance changes in mangoes, correlating with their ripening stages. The Ion-SSPB hydrogel represents a significant advancement in the field of electronic food labels, combining environmental sustainability with technical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Su
- College of Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, China Agricultural University, P. O. Box 50 17 Qinghua Donglu Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, National Energy R & D Center for Non-food Biomass, China Agricultural University, P. O. Box 50 17 Qinghua Donglu Beijing, China.
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Deng J, Chen N, Yang S, Xie S, Guo K, Song J, Tao Y, Liu J, Wang Z. Supercooling-Driven Homogenization and Strengthening of Hydrogel Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39321391 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c11192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
By leveraging principles from metal grain refinement, we introduce a transformative technique for fabricating poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels via supercooling-coupled wet annealing, significantly enhancing their mechanical robustness and isotropy while maintaining their exceptionally high water content. Our methodology involves the dissolving PVA in water at elevated temperatures, mirroring the homogeneity achieved with a molten metal, in order to ensure a uniform distribution of polymer chains. This uniformity facilitates a rapid cooling phase that generates ultrafine ice crystals, setting the stage for a crucial solvent exchange with ethylene glycol (EG). The EG-mediated supercooling technique ensures the polymer homogeneity and structure integrity and induces the PVA chains to aggregate and form high-density hydrogen bonds, leading to a uniformly distributed, interconnected PVA network with high crystallinity. The process is further strengthened by EG-enabled wet annealing, which promotes the formation of densely packed crystalline domains within the polymer network. This rigorous process yields PVA hydrogels with superior mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 13.65 MPa and a fracture toughness of 35.39 MJ m-3, alongside remarkable water content nearing 80%. These advances not only surpass the capabilities of conventional hydrogels but also broaden their application potential, highlighting the innovative integration of supercooling principles in polymer science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ningxin Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shanchen Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Sida Xie
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Kunkun Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jinwei Song
- Zhejiang Fulai New Materials Co., Ltd, Jiashan County 314100, China
| | - Yue Tao
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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4
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Xu C, Chen Y, Zhao S, Li D, Tang X, Zhang H, Huang J, Guo Z, Liu W. Mechanical Regulation of Polymer Gels. Chem Rev 2024; 124:10435-10508. [PMID: 39284130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of polymer gels devote to emerging devices and machines in fields such as biomedical engineering, flexible bioelectronics, biomimetic actuators, and energy harvesters. Coupling network architectures and interactions has been explored to regulate supportive mechanical characteristics of polymer gels; however, systematic reviews correlating mechanics to interaction forces at the molecular and structural levels remain absent in the field. This review highlights the molecular engineering and structural engineering of polymer gel mechanics and a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of mechanical regulation. Molecular engineering alters molecular architecture and manipulates functional groups/moieties at the molecular level, introducing various interactions and permanent or reversible dynamic bonds as the dissipative energy. Molecular engineering usually uses monomers, cross-linkers, chains, and other additives. Structural engineering utilizes casting methods, solvent phase regulation, mechanochemistry, macromolecule chemical reactions, and biomanufacturing technology to construct and tailor the topological network structures, or heterogeneous modulus compositions. We envision that the perfect combination of molecular and structural engineering may provide a fresh view to extend exciting new perspectives of this burgeoning field. This review also summarizes recent representative applications of polymer gels with excellent mechanical properties. Conclusions and perspectives are also provided from five aspects of concise summary, mechanical mechanism, biofabrication methods, upgraded applications, and synergistic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Siyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Deke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of materials engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Technology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xing Tang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubeu University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Haili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubeu University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jinxia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhiguang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubeu University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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5
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Meng L, Hu Y, Li W, Zhou Z, Cui S, Wang M, Chen Z, Wu Q. Molecular Chain Rearrangement-Induced In Situ Formation of Nanofibers for Improving the Strength and Toughness of Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39303004 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Although poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel has high elasticity and is suitable for cartilage tissue engineering, it is difficult to have both high strength and toughness. In this study, a simple and universal strategy is proposed to prepare strong and tough PVA hydrogels by in situ forming nanofibers on the original network structure induced by a molecular chain rearrangement. Quenching-tempering alteratively in ethanol and water several times is carried out to strengthen PVA hydrogels (PVA-Etn hydrogels) due to the advantages of noncovalent bonds in adjustability and reversibility. The results show that, after three quenching-tempering cycles, PVA-Et3 hydrogel with water content up to 79 wt % shows comprehensive improved mechanical properties. The compression modulus, tensile modulus, fracture strength, tensile strain, and tear energy of the PVA-Et3 hydrogel are 270, 250, 260, 130, and 180% of the initial PVA hydrogel, respectively. The improved mechanical properties of the PVA-Et3 hydrogel are attributed to the strong cross-linked PVA chains and hydrogen bond-reinforced nanofibers. This study not only provides a simple and efficient solution for the preparation of strong and tough polymer scaffolds in tissue engineering but also provides new insights for understanding the mechanism of improving the mechanical properties of polymer hydrogels by adjusting the molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yanru Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zilin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Shuojie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zebin Chen
- Center of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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6
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Jing X, Zhang S, Zhang F, Chi C, Cui S, Ding H, Li J. Ultra-strong and tough cellulose-based conductive hydrogels via orientation inspired by noodles pre-stretching. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 340:122286. [PMID: 38858003 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Due to the unsatisfactory mechanical properties of natural polymer-based conductive hydrogels, their applications are limited. Shaanxi Biangbiang noodles can be toughened by applying external mechanical forces through stretching and beating movements; this process provides inspiration for the preparation of high-strength hydrogels. In this paper, we propose a strategy for the preparation of ultrastrong and ultratough conductive hydrogels by directional prestretching and solvent exchange. Neatly arranged fiber bundles containing many intermolecular hydrogen bonds and metal ion coordination bonds are successfully constructed inside the prepared hydrogels. The hydrogel has exceptional mechanical properties, with a fracture stress exceeding 50 MPa, fracture strain approaching 105 %, fracture toughness exceeding 30 MJ m-3, and high conductivity reaching 11.738 ± 0.06 mS m-1. Impressively, the hydrogel can maintain its high mechanical properties after being frozen at an ultralow temperature of -80 °C for 7 days. Compared with other tough hydrogels, natural tendons and synthetic rubbers, the hydrogel exhibits excellent mechanical properties. The cellulose-based conductive hydrogel prepared in this study can be applied to robotic soft tissues (such as the Achilles tendon) that require high strength and are operated in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokai Jing
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Sufeng Zhang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Xi'an 710021, China.
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Congcong Chi
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Shuyuan Cui
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Hao Ding
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jinrui Li
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Papermaking Technology and Specialty Paper Development, Key Laboratory of Paper Based Functional Materials of China National Light Industry, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Xi'an 710021, China
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7
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Huang L, Li H, Wen S, Xia P, Zeng F, Peng C, Yang J, Tan Y, Liu J, Jiang L, Wang J. Control nucleation for strong and tough crystalline hydrogels with high water content. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7777. [PMID: 39237555 PMCID: PMC11377714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels, provided that they integrate strength and toughness at desired high content of water, promise in load-bearing tissues such as articular cartilage, ligaments, tendons. Many developed strategies impart hydrogels with some mechanical properties akin to natural tissues, but compromise water content. Herein, a strategy deprotonation-complexation-reprotonation is proposed to prepare polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels with water content as high as ~80% and favorable mechanical properties, including tensile strength of 7.4 MPa, elongation of around 1350%, and fracture toughness of 12.4 kJ m-2. The key to water holding yet improved mechanical properties lies in controllable nucleation for refinement of crystalline morphology. With nearly constant water content, mechanical properties of as-prepared hydrogels are successfully tailored by tuning crystal nuclei density via deprotonation degree and their distribution uniformity via complexation temperature. This work provides a nucleation concept to design robust hydrogels with desired water content, holding implications for practical application in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Laser Manufacturing, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shunxi Wen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Penghui Xia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Fanzhan Zeng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaoyi Peng
- Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology CO., LTD., Zhuzhou, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology CO., LTD., Zhuzhou, China
| | - Yun Tan
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interface Sciences, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China.
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8
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Wang Y, Liu Z, Liu Y, Yan J, Wu H, Zhang H, Li H, Wang J, Xue H, Wang L, Shi Y, Tang L, Song P, Gao J. Strong, tough and environment-tolerant organohydrogels for flaw-insensitive strain sensing. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39221913 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00740a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Conductive organohydrogels are promising for strain sensing, while their weak mechanical properties, poor crack propagation resistance and unstable sensing signals during long-term use have seriously limited their applications as high-performance strain sensors. Here, we propose a facile method, i.e., solvent exchange assisted hot-pressing, to prepare strong yet tough, transparent and anti-fatigue ionically conductive organohydrogels (ICOHs). The densified polymeric network and improved crystallinity endow ICOHs with excellent mechanical properties. The tensile strength, toughness, fracture energy and fatigue threshold of ICOHs can reach 36.12 ± 4.15 MPa, 54.57 ± 2.89 MJ m-3, 43.44 ± 8.54 kJ m-2 and 1212.86 ± 57.20 J m-2, respectively, with a satisfactory fracture strain of 266 ± 33%. In addition, ICOH strain sensors with freezing and drying resistance exhibit excellent cycling stability (10 000 cycles). More importantly, the fatigue resistance allows the notched strain sensor to work normally with no crack propagation and output stable and reliable sensing signals. Overall, the unique flaw-insensitive strain sensing makes ICOHs promising in the field of wearable and durable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Zhanqi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Yuntao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Jun Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Haidi Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Hechuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Huamin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Junjie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Huaiguo Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, China
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Longcheng Tang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Campus, QLD 4300, Australia
| | - Jiefeng Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
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9
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Pan X, Pan J, Li X, Wang Z, Ni Y, Wang Q. Tough Supramolecular Hydrogels Crafted via Lignin-Induced Self-Assembly. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2406671. [PMID: 38988151 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular hydrogels are typically assembled through weak non-covalent interactions, posing a significant challenge in achieving ultra strength. Developing a higher strength based on molecular/nanoscale engineering concepts is a potential improvement strategy. Herein, a super-tough supramolecular hydrogel is assembled by gradually diffusing lignosulfonate sodium (LS) into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution. Both simulations and analytical results indicate that the assembly and subsequent enhancement of the crosslinked network are primarily attributed to LS-induced formation and gradual densification of strong crystalline domains within the hydrogel. The optimized hydrogel exhibits impressive mechanical properties with tensile strength of ≈20 MPa, Young's modulus of ≈14 MPa, and toughness of ≈50 MJ m⁻3, making it the strongest lignin-PVA/polymer hydrogel known so far. Moreover, LS provides the supramolecular hydrogel with excellent low-temperature stability (<-60 °C), antibacterial, and UV-blocking capability (≈100%). Interestingly, the diffusion ability of LS is demonstrated for self-restructuring damaged supramolecular hydrogel, achieving 3D patterning on hydrogel surfaces, and enhancing the local strength of the freeze-thaw PVA hydrogel. The goal is to foster a versatile hydrogel platform by combining eco-friendly LS with biocompatible PVA, paving the way for innovation and interdisciplinarity in biomedicine, engineering materials, and forestry science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Pan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High-Performance Biobased Nylons, School of Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R. China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Pan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High-Performance Biobased Nylons, School of Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High-Performance Biobased Nylons, School of Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R. China
| | - Zhongkai Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High-Performance Biobased Nylons, School of Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R. China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Qinhua Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Center for High-Performance Biobased Nylons, School of Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, P. R. China
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10
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Duan H, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhu P, Mao Y. Recent Advances of Stretchable Nanomaterial-Based Hydrogels for Wearable Sensors and Electrophysiological Signals Monitoring. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1398. [PMID: 39269060 PMCID: PMC11397736 DOI: 10.3390/nano14171398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Electrophysiological monitoring is a commonly used medical procedure designed to capture the electrical signals generated by the body and promptly identify any abnormal health conditions. Wearable sensors are of great significance in signal acquisition for electrophysiological monitoring. Traditional electrophysiological monitoring devices are often bulky and have many complex accessories and thus, are only suitable for limited application scenarios. Hydrogels optimized based on nanomaterials are lightweight with excellent stretchable and electrical properties, solving the problem of high-quality signal acquisition for wearable sensors. Therefore, the development of hydrogels based on nanomaterials brings tremendous potential for wearable physiological signal monitoring sensors. This review first introduces the latest advancement of hydrogels made from different nanomaterials, such as nanocarbon materials, nanometal materials, and two-dimensional transition metal compounds, in physiological signal monitoring sensors. Second, the versatile properties of these stretchable composite hydrogel sensors are reviewed. Then, their applications in various electrophysiological signal monitoring, such as electrocardiogram monitoring, electromyographic signal analysis, and electroencephalogram monitoring, are discussed. Finally, the current application status and future development prospects of nanomaterial-optimized hydrogels in wearable physiological signal monitoring sensors are summarized. We hope this review will inspire future development of wearable electrophysiological signal monitoring sensors using nanomaterial-based hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yilong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yitao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanchao Mao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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11
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Jiang X, Cheng Y, Shi L, Sun J, Wang R. A Soft, Fatigue-free, and Self-healable Ionic Elastomer via the Synergy of Skin-like Assembly and Bouligand Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202411418. [PMID: 38984508 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202411418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Soft ionic elastomers that are self-healable, fatigue-free, and environment-tolerant are ideal structural and sensing materials for artificial prosthetics, soft electronics, and robotics to survive unpredictable service conditions. However, most synthetic strategies failed to unite rapid healing, fatigue resistance, and environmental robustness, limited by their singular compositional/structural designs. Here, we present a soft, tough, fatigue-resistant, and self-healable ionic elastomer (STFSI elastomer), which fuses skin-like binary assembly and Bouligand helicoidal structure into a composite of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fibers and a supramolecular ionic biopolymer. The interlocked binary assembly enables skin-like softness, high stretchability, and strain-adaptive stiffening through a matrix-to-scaffold stress transfer. The Bouligand structure contributes to superhigh fracture toughness (101.6 kJ m-2) and fatigue resistance (4937 J m-2) via mechanical toughening by interlayer slipping and twisted crack propagation path. Besides, the STFSI elastomer is self-healable through a "bridging" method and environment-tolerant (-20 °C, strong acid/alkali, saltwater). To demonstrate the versatile structural and sensing applications, we showcase a safety cushion with efficient damping and suppressed rebounding, and a robotic sensor with excellent fatigue crack tolerance and instant sensation recovery upon cutting-off damage. Our presented synthetic strategy is generalizable to other fiber-reinforced tough polymers for applications involving demanding mechanical/environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Ding Xi Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Ding Xi Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Liangjing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Ding Xi Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Ding Xi Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Ranran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Ding Xi Road, Shanghai, 200050, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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12
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Yang M, Wu Y, Chen M, Wang Y, Zhang L, Deng Y, Ye D, Zhan Y, Xiao G, Jiang X. Hofmeister Effect-Assisted Facile Fabrication of Self-Assembled Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)/Graphite Composite Sponge-Like Hydrogel for Solar Steam Generation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402151. [PMID: 39031581 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The use of hydrogel-based interfacial solar evaporators for desalination is a green, sustainable, and extremely concerned freshwater acquisition strategy. However, developing evaporators that are easy to manufacture, cheap, and have excellent porous structures still remains a considerable challenge. This work proposes a novel strategy for preparing a self-assembling sponge-like poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphite composite hydrogel based on the Hofmeister effect for the first time. The sponge-like hydrogel interfacial solar evaporator (PGCNG) is successfully obtained after combining with graphite. The whole process is environmental-friendly and of low-carbon free of freezing process. The PGCNG can be conventionally dried and stored. PGCNG shows impressive water storage performance and water transmission capacity, excellent steam generation performance and salt resistance. PGCNG has a high evaporation rate of 3.5 kg m-2 h-1 under 1 kW m-2 h-1 solar irradiation and PGCNG demonstrates stable evaporation performance over both 10 h of continuous brine evaporation and 30 cycles of brine evaporation. Its excellent performance and simple, scalable preparation strategy make it a valuable material for practical interface solar seawater desalination devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yaowei Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Mengdie Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yuhao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Yingxue Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Dezhan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials & Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Yanhu Zhan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Gao Xiao
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Xiancai Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
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13
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Luo H, Mu Q, Zhu R, Li M, Shen H, Lu H, Hu L, Tian J, Cui W, Ran R. An Organic-Inorganic Hydrogel with Exceptional Mechanical Properties via Anion-Induced Synergistic Toughening for Accelerating Osteogenic Differentiation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403322. [PMID: 38898720 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Mineralized bio-tissues achieve exceptional mechanical properties through the assembly of rigid inorganic minerals and soft organic matrices, providing abundant inspiration for synthetic materials. Hydrogels, serving as an ideal candidate to mimic the organic matrix in bio-tissues, can be strengthened by the direct introduction of minerals. However, this enhancement often comes at the expense of toughness due to interfacial mismatch. This study reveals that extreme toughening of hydrogels can be realized through simultaneous in situ mineralization and salting-out, without the need for special chemical modification or additional reinforcements. The key to this strategy lies in harnessing the kosmotropic and precipitation behavior of specific anions as they penetrate a hydrogel system containing both anion-sensitive polymers and multivalent cations. The resulting mineralized hydrogels demonstrate significant improvements in fracture stress, fracture energy, and fatigue threshold due to a multiscale energy dissipation mechanism, with optimal values reaching 12 MPa, 49 kJ m-2, and 2.98 kJ m-2. This simple strategy also proves to be generalizable to other anions, resulting in tough hydrogels with osteoconductivity for promoting in vitro mineralization of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. This work introduces a universal route to toughen hydrogels without compromising other parameters, holding promise for biological applications demanding integrated mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qifeng Mu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ruijie Zhu
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Min Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Huanwei Shen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Honglang Lu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Longyu Hu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jiajun Tian
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wei Cui
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Rong Ran
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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14
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Ma Y, Gong J, Li Q, Liu X, Qiao C, Zhang J, Zhang S, Li Z. Triple-Mechanism Enhanced Flexible SiO 2 Nanofiber Composite Hydrogel with High Stiffness and Toughness for Cartilaginous Ligaments. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310046. [PMID: 38183373 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels are widely used in tissue engineering, soft robotics and wearable electronics. However, it is difficult to achieve both the required toughness and stiffness, which severely hampers their application as load-bearing materials. This study presents a strategy to develop a hard and tough composite hydrogel. Herein, flexible SiO2 nanofibers (SNF) are dispersed homogeneously in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix using the synergistic effect of freeze-drying and annealing through the phase separation, the modulation of macromolecular chain movement and the promotion of macromolecular crystallization. When the stress is applied, the strong molecular interaction between PVA and SNF effectively disperses the load damage to the substrate. Freeze-dried and annealed-flexible SiO2 nanofibers/polyvinyl alcohol (FDA-SNF/PVA) reaches a preferred balance between enhanced stiffness (13.71 ± 0.28 MPa) and toughness (9.9 ± 0.4 MJ m-3). Besides, FDA-SNF/PVA hydrogel has a high tensile strength of 7.84 ± 0.10 MPa, super elasticity (no plastic deformation under 100 cycles of stretching), fast deformation recovery ability and excellent mechanical properties that are superior to the other tough PVA hydrogels, providing an effective way to optimize the mechanical properties of hydrogels for potential applications in artificial tendons and ligaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/ National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes/Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites of Ministry of Education, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Jixian Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/ National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes/Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites of Ministry of Education, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Qiujin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/ National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes/Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites of Ministry of Education, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Xiuming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/ National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes/Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites of Ministry of Education, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Qiao
- School of Biological Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Jianfei Zhang
- National Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Technology, Taian, 271001, P. R. China
| | - Songnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/ National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes/Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites of Ministry of Education, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/ National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes/Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites of Ministry of Education, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
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15
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Sun X, Mao Y, Yu Z, Yang P, Jiang F. A Biomimetic "Salting Out-Alignment-Locking" Tactic to Design Strong and Tough Hydrogel. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400084. [PMID: 38517475 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Recently, hydrogel-based soft materials have demonstrated huge potential in soft robotics, flexible electronics as well as artificial skins. Although various methods are developed to prepare tough and strong hydrogels, it is still challenging to simultaneously enhance the strength and toughness of hydrogels, especially for protein-based hydrogels. Herein, a biomimetic "salting out-alignment-locking" tactic (SALT) is introduced for enhancing mechanical properties through the synergy of alignment and the salting out effect. As a typical example, tensile strength and modulus of initially brittle gelatin hydrogels increase 940 folds to 10.12 ± 0.50 MPa and 2830 folds to 34.26 ± 3.94 MPa, respectively, and the toughness increases up to 1785 folds to 14.28 ± 3.13 MJ m-3. The obtained strength and toughness hold records for the previously reported gelatin-based hydrogel and are close to the tendons. It is further elucidated that the salting out effect engenders hydrophobic domains, while prestretching facilitates chain alignment, both synergistically contributing to the outstanding mechanical properties. It is noteworthy that the SALT demonstrates remarkable versatility across different salt types and polymer systems, thus opening up new avenues for engineering strong, tough, and stiff hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Sun
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Bioproducts Institute, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yimin Mao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, MD, 20742, USA
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Zhengyang Yu
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Bioproducts Institute, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Pu Yang
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Bioproducts Institute, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Feng Jiang
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Bioproducts Institute, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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16
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Chen Y, Yu M, Liu M, Sun Y, Ling C, Yu M, Zhang W, Zhang W, Peng X. A Solvent Exchange Induced Robust Wet Adhesive Hydrogels to Treat Solid Tumor Through Synchronous Ethanol Ablation and Chemotherapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309760. [PMID: 38582506 PMCID: PMC11200021 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The treatment of tumors in developing countries, especially those with poor medical conditions, remains a significant challenge. Herein, a novel solvent-exchange strategy to prepare adhesive hydrogels for the concurrent treatment of tumors through synchronous ethanol ablation and local chemotherapy is reported. First, a poly (gallic acid-lipoic acid) (PGL) ethanol gel is prepared that can undergo solvent exchange with water to form a hydrogel in situ. PGL ethanol gel deposited on the wet tissue can form a hydrogel in situ to effectively repel interfacial water and establish a tight contact between the hydrogel and tissue. Additionally, the functional groups between the hydrogels and tissues can form covalent and non-covalent bonds, resulting in robust adhesion. Furthermore, this PGL ethanol gel demonstrates exceptional capacity to effectively load antitumor drugs, allowing for controlled and sustained release of the drugs locally and sustainably both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the PGL ethanol gel can combine ethanol ablation and local chemotherapy to enhance the antitumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo. The PGL ethanol gel-derived hydrogel shows robust wet bioadhesion, drug loading, sustained release, good biocompatibility and biodegradability, easy preparation and usage, and cost-effectiveness, which make it a promising bioadhesive for diverse biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlv Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular ImagingThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao University Joint Laboratory of Interventional MedicineThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
| | - Meng Yu
- Department of NeonatologyThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
| | - Menghui Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular ImagingThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao University Joint Laboratory of Interventional MedicineThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
- Department of Interventional MedicineThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
| | - Yang Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular ImagingThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao University Joint Laboratory of Interventional MedicineThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
- Department of Interventional MedicineThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
| | - Chengxian Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular ImagingThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao University Joint Laboratory of Interventional MedicineThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
| | - Mingyu Yu
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular ImagingThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao University Joint Laboratory of Interventional MedicineThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular ImagingThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao University Joint Laboratory of Interventional MedicineThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
| | - Xin Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular ImagingThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao University Joint Laboratory of Interventional MedicineThe Fifth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityZhuhai519000China
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17
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Wang XQ, Xie AQ, Cao P, Yang J, Ong WL, Zhang KQ, Ho GW. Structuring and Shaping of Mechanically Robust and Functional Hydrogels toward Wearable and Implantable Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309952. [PMID: 38389497 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels possess unique features such as softness, wetness, responsiveness, and biocompatibility, making them highly suitable for biointegrated applications that have close interactions with living organisms. However, conventional man-made hydrogels are usually soft and brittle, making them inferior to the mechanically robust biological hydrogels. To ensure reliable and durable operation of biointegrated wearable and implantable devices, mechanical matching and shape adaptivity of hydrogels to tissues and organs are essential. Recent advances in polymer science and processing technologies have enabled mechanical engineering and shaping of hydrogels for various biointegrated applications. In this review, polymer network structuring strategies at micro/nanoscales for toughening hydrogels are summarized, and representative mechanical functionalities that exist in biological materials but are not easily achieved in synthetic hydrogels are further discussed. Three categories of processing technologies, namely, 3D printing, spinning, and coating for fabrication of tough hydrogel constructs with complex shapes are reviewed, and the corresponding hydrogel toughening strategies are also highlighted. These developments enable adaptive fabrication of mechanically robust and functional hydrogel devices, and promote application of hydrogels in the fields of biomedical engineering, bioelectronics, and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - An-Quan Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Pengle Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jian Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Wei Li Ong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ghim Wei Ho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
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18
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Sun R, Lei L, Ji J, Chen Y, Tian W, Yang F, Huang Q. Designing a bi-layer multifunctional hydrogel patch based on polyvinyl alcohol, quaternized chitosan and gallic acid for abdominal wall defect repair. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130291. [PMID: 38378119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
In abdominal wall defect repair, surgical site infection (SSI) remains the primary cause of failure, while complications like visceral adhesions present significant challenges following patch implantation. We designed a Janus multifunctional hydrogel patch (JMP) with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-adhesive properties. The patch comprises two distinct layers: a pro-healing layer and an anti-adhesion layer. The pro-healing layer was created by a simple mixture of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), quaternized chitosan (QCS), and gallic acid (GA), crosslinked to form PVA/QCS/GA (PQG) hydrogels through GA's self-assembly effect and hydrogen bonding. Additionally, the PVA anti-adhesive layer was constructed using a drying-assisted salting method, providing a smooth and dense physical barrier to prevent visceral adhesion while offering essential mechanical support to the abdominal wall. The hydrogel patch demonstrates widely adjustable mechanical properties, exceptional biocompatibility, and potent antimicrobial properties, along with a sustained and stable release of antioxidants. In rat models of skin and abdominal wall defects, the JMP effectively promoted tissue healing by controlling infection, inhibiting inflammation, stimulating neovascularization, and successfully preventing the formation of visceral adhesions. These compelling results highlight the JMP's potential to improve the success rate of abdominal wall defect repair and reduce surgical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Sun
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiamin Ji
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiliang Tian
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Huang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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19
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Li J, Cheng X, He B, Li L, Zhang H, Ju J, Yao X. Double-Network Organohydrogels Toughened by Solvent Exchange. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300650. [PMID: 38158795 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Double-network hydrogels based on calcium alginate are extensively exploited. Unfortunately, their low strength and unstable constitution to open environments limit their application potential. Herein, a new type of double-network organohydrogel (OHG) is proposed. By solvent exchange, a stable physical network is established based on dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-alginate in the presence of a polyacrylamide network. The DMSO content endows tunable mechanical properties, with a maximum tensile strength of ≈1.7 MPa. Importantly, the OHG shows much better environmental stability compared to the conventional double-network hydrogels. Due to the reversible association of hydrogen bonds, the OHG possesses some unique properties, including free-shapeability, shape-memory, and self-adhesion, that offers several promising ways to utilize alginate-based gels for wide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Li
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials for Ministry of Education, School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xue Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials for Ministry of Education, School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Bingbing He
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials for Ministry of Education, School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Longhui Li
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials for Ministry of Education, School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials for Ministry of Education, School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ju
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials for Ministry of Education, School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Xi Yao
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials for Ministry of Education, School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, P. R. China
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20
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Cai C, Meng X, Zhang L, Luo B, Liu Y, Liu T, Zhang S, Wang J, Chi M, Gao C, Bai Y, Wang S, Nie S. High Strength and Toughness Polymeric Triboelectric Materials Enabled by Dense Crystal-Domain Cross-Linking. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3826-3834. [PMID: 38498923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Lightweight, easily processed, and durable polymeric materials play a crucial role in wearable sensor devices. However, achieving simultaneously high strength and toughness remains a challenge. This study addresses this by utilizing an ion-specific effect to control crystalline domains, enabling the fabrication of a polymeric triboelectric material with tunable mechanical properties. The dense crystal-domain cross-linking enhances energy dissipation, resulting in a material boasting both high tensile strength (58.0 MPa) and toughness (198.8 MJ m-3), alongside a remarkable 416.7% fracture elongation and 545.0 MPa modulus. Leveraging these properties, the material is successfully integrated into wearable self-powered devices, enabling real-time feedback on human joint movement. This work presents a valuable strategy for overcoming the strength-toughness trade-off in polymeric materials, paving the way for their enhanced applicability and broader use in diverse sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Cai
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Xiangjiang Meng
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Bin Luo
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Tao Liu
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Mingchao Chi
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Cong Gao
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Yayu Bai
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Shuangxi Nie
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, PR China
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21
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Wu Y, Zhang Y, Liao Z, Wen J, Zhang H, Wu H, Liu Z, Shi Y, Song P, Tang L, Xue H, Gao J. Water vapor assisted aramid nanofiber reinforcement for strong, tough and ionically conductive organohydrogels as high-performance strain sensors. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1272-1282. [PMID: 38165275 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01560b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Conductive organohydrogels have gained increasing attention in wearable sensors, flexible batteries, and soft robots due to their exceptional environment adaptability and controllable conductivity. However, it is still difficult for conductive organohydrogels to achieve simultaneous improvement in mechanical and electrical properties. Here, we propose a novel "water vapor assisted aramid nanofiber (ANF) reinforcement" strategy to prepare robust and ionically conductive organohydrogels. Water vapor diffusion can induce the pre-gelation of the polymer solution and ensure the uniform dispersion of ANFs in organohydrogels. ANF reinforced organohydrogels have remarkable mechanical properties with a tensile strength, stretchability and toughness of up to 1.88 ± 0.04 MPa, 633 ± 30%, and 6.75 ± 0.38 MJ m-3, respectively. Furthermore, the organohydrogels exhibit great crack propagation resistance with the fracture energy and fatigue threshold as high as 3793 ± 167 J m-2 and ∼328 J m-2, respectively. As strain sensors, the conductive organohydrogel demonstrates a short response time of 112 ms, a large working strain and superior cycling stability (1200 cycles at 40% strain), enabling effective monitoring of a wide range of complex human motions. This study provides a new yet effective design strategy for high performance and multi-functional nanofiller reinforced organohydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchuan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Ya Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Zimin Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Jing Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Hechuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Haidi Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Zhanqi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Campus, QLD 4300, Australia
| | - Longcheng Tang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of MoE, Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Huaiguo Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
| | - Jiefeng Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, No 180, Road Siwangting, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China.
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22
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Ma P, Liang W, Huang R, Zheng B, Feng K, He W, Huang Z, Shen H, Wang H, Wu D. Super-Structured Wet-Adhesive Hydrogel with Ultralow Swelling, Ultrahigh Burst Pressure Tolerance, and Anti-Postoperative Adhesion Properties for Tissue Adhesion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305400. [PMID: 38010313 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Wet-adhesive hydrogels have been developed as an attractive strategy for tissue repair. However, achieving simultaneously low swelling and high burst pressure tolerance of wet-adhesive hydrogels is crucial for in vivo application which remains challenges. Herein, a novel super-structured porous hydrogel (denoted as PVA/PAAc-N+ ) is designed via facile moisture-induced phase separation-solvent exchange process for obtaining porous polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel as dissipative layer and in situ photocuring technology for entangling quaternary ammonium-functionalized poly(acrylic acid)-based wet-adhesive layer (PAAc-N+ ) with the porous surface of PVA layer. Benefitting from the ionic crosslinking between quaternary ammonium ions and carboxylate ions in PAAc-N+ wet-adhesive layer as well as the high crystallinity induced by abundant hydrogen bonds of PVA layer, the hydrogel has unique ultralow swelling property (0.29) without sacrificing adhesion strength (63.1 kPa). The porous structure of PVA facilitates the mechanical interlock at the interface between PAAc-N+ wet-adhesive layer and tough PVA dissipative layer, leading to the ultrahigh burst pressure tolerance up to 493 mm Hg and effective repair for porcine heart rupture; the PVA layer surface of PVA/PAAc-N+ hydrogel can prevent postoperative adhesion. By integrating ultralow swelling, ultrahigh burst pressure tolerance, and anti-postoperative adhesion properties, PVA/PAAc-N+ hydrogel shows an appealing application prospect for tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Ma
- PCFM Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Weiwen Liang
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Biomedical Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, P. R. China
| | - Rongkang Huang
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Biomedical Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, P. R. China
| | - Bingna Zheng
- Center of Accurate Diagnosis, Treatment and Transformation of Bone and Joint Diseases, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Kangni Feng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Wenyi He
- PCFM Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zeping Huang
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Biomedical Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, P. R. China
| | - Huiyong Shen
- Center of Accurate Diagnosis, Treatment and Transformation of Bone and Joint Diseases, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Biomedical Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, P. R. China
| | - Dingcai Wu
- PCFM Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Center of Accurate Diagnosis, Treatment and Transformation of Bone and Joint Diseases, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
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23
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Cao Y, Liu X, Du X, Ren X, Jia F, Gao G. Solvent-Resistant Adhesive Gel with Thermal Post-Tunability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:8140-8150. [PMID: 38295314 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Adhesives have received extensive attention in flexible bioelectronics, wearable electronic medical devices, and biofuel cells. However, it is a challenge to achieve late regulation of performance once polymer-based gels are formed. Here, a double-network organogel composed of a hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer network and a polyamide acid network was successfully prepared. In diverse liquid environments (including isopropyl alcohol, glycerol, epichlorohydrin, n-propanol, dichloromethane, triethanolamine, ethanol absolute, hydrogen peroxide, and ethyl acetate), the organogel adhesive demonstrated remarkable properties. It exhibits a strong tensile strength of 200 kPa, a high fracture strain reaching 560%, and an impressive adhesion strength of 38 kPa. In addition, the organogel demonstrates exceptional adhesive properties toward polytetrafluoroethylene, plastics, metals, rubber, and glass. Note that the organogel could also regulate adhesive and tough performance by thermally triggering a cyclization reaction even after the organogel has been formed. The strategy provides a new idea for designing soft materials with post-tunability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Cao
- Polymeric and Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, No. 2055, Yan'an Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Polymeric and Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, No. 2055, Yan'an Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xuan Du
- Polymeric and Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, No. 2055, Yan'an Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiuyan Ren
- Polymeric and Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, No. 2055, Yan'an Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Fei Jia
- Polymeric and Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, No. 2055, Yan'an Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Guanghui Gao
- Polymeric and Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, No. 2055, Yan'an Street, Changchun 130012, China
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24
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Tang N, Jiang Y, Wei K, Zheng Z, Zhang H, Hu J. Evolutionary Reinforcement of Polymer Networks: A Stepwise-Enhanced Strategy for Ultrarobust Eutectogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309576. [PMID: 37939373 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Gel materials are appealing due to their diverse applications in biomedicine, soft electronics, sensors, and actuators. Nevertheless, the existing synthetic gels are often plagued by feeble network structures and inherent defects associated with solvents, which compromise their mechanical load-bearing capacity and cast persistent doubts about their reliability. Herein, combined with attractive deep eutectic solvent (DES), a stepwise-enhanced strategy is presented to fabricate ultrarobust eutectogels. It focuses on the continuous modulation and optimization of polymer networks through complementary annealing and solvent exchange processes, which drives a progressive increase in both quantity and mass of the interconnected polymer chains at microscopic scale, hence contributing to the evolutionary enhancement of network structure. The resultant eutectogel exhibits superb mechanical properties, including record-breaking strength (31.8 MPa), toughness (76.0 MJ m-3 ), and Young's modulus (25.6 MPa), together with exceptional resistance ability to tear and crack propagation. Moreover, this eutectogel is able to be further programmed through photolithography to in situ create patterned eutectogel for imparting specific functionalities. Enhanced by its broad applicability to various DES combinations, this stepwise-enhanced strategy is poised to serve as a crucial template and methodology for the future development of robust gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yujia Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kailun Wei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhiran Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shuangqing Road 30, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
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25
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Zhao Y, Ran B, Lee D, Liao J. Photo-Controllable Smart Hydrogels for Biomedical Application: A Review. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301095. [PMID: 37884456 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, smart hydrogels are being widely studied by researchers because of their advantages such as simple preparation, stable performance, response to external stimuli, and easy control of response behavior. Photo-controllable smart hydrogels (PCHs) are a class of responsive hydrogels whose physical and chemical properties can be changed when stimulated by light at specific wavelengths. Since the light source is safe, clean, simple to operate, and easy to control, PCHs have broad application prospects in the biomedical field. Therefore, this review timely summarizes the latest progress in the PCHs field, with an emphasis on the design principles of typical PCHs and their multiple biomedical applications in tissue regeneration, tumor therapy, antibacterial therapy, diseases diagnosis and monitoring, etc. Meanwhile, the challenges and perspectives of widespread practical implementation of PCHs are presented in biomedical applications. This study hopes that PCHs will flourish in the biomedical field and this review will provide useful information for interested researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Bei Ran
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Medical Devices, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Dashiell Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China
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26
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Wan H, Wu B, Hou L, Wu P. Amphibious Polymer Materials with High Strength and Superb Toughness in Various Aquatic and Atmospheric Environments. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307290. [PMID: 37683287 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the fabrication of amphibious polymer materials with outstanding mechanical performances, both underwater and in the air is reported. A polyvinyl alcohol/poly(2-methoxyethylacrylate) (PVA/PMEA) composite with multiscale nanostructures is prepared by combining solvent exchange and thermal annealing strategies, which contributes to nanophase separation with rigid PVA-rich and soft PMEA-rich phases and high-density crystalline domains of PVA chains, respectively. Benefiting from the multiscale nanostructure, the PVA/PMEA hydrogel demonstrates excellent stability in harsh (such as acidic, alkaline, and saline) aqueous solutions, as well as superior mechanical behavior with a breaking strength of up to 34.8 MPa and toughness of up to 214.2 MJ m-3 . Dehydrating the PVA/PMEA hydrogel results in an extremely robust plastic with a breaking strength of 65.4 MPa and toughness of 430.9 MJ m-3 . This study provides a promising phase-structure engineering route for constructing high-performance polymer materials for complex load-bearing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Baohu Wu
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Lei Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Peiyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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27
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Chen H, Sun Z, Lu K, Liu J, He C, Mao D. Negative Enthalpy Variation Drives Rapid Recovery in Thermoplastic Elastomer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2311332. [PMID: 38108494 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism behind the resilience of polymeric materials, typically attributed to the well-established entropy elasticity, often ignores the contribution of enthalpy variation (ΔH), because it is based on the assumption of an ideal chain. However, this model does not fully account for the reduced resilience of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) during long-range deformation, which is mainly caused by the dynamics of physical crosslink networks. Such reduction is undesirable for long-range stretchable TPU considering its wide application range. Therefore, a negative ΔH effect is established in this work to facilitate instant recovery in long-range stretchable TPU, achieved by constructing a reversible interim interface via strain-induced phase separation. Consequently, the newly constructed dual soft segmental TPU shows resilience efficiency exceeding 95%, surpassing many synthetic high-performance TPUs with typical efficiencies below 80%, and comparable to biomaterials. Moreover, a remarkable hysteresis loop with a ratio exceeding 50%, makes it a viable candidate for applications such as artificial ligaments or buffer belts. The research also clarifies structural factors influencing resilience, including the symmetry of the dual soft segments and the content of hard segments, offering valuable insights for the design of highly resilient long-range stretchable elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Zaizheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Kai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Chaobin He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Dongsheng Mao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
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28
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Liu C, Peng K, Wu Y, Fu F. Functional adhesive hydrogels for biological interfaces. SMART MEDICINE 2023; 2:e20230024. [PMID: 39188302 PMCID: PMC11235964 DOI: 10.1002/smmd.20230024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogel adhesives are extensively employed in biological interfaces such as epidermal flexible electronics, tissue engineering, and implanted device. The development of functional hydrogel adhesives is a critical, yet challenging task since combining two or more attributes that seem incompatible into one adhesive hydrogel without sacrificing the hydrogel's pristine capabilities. In this Review, we highlight current developments in the fabrication of functional adhesive hydrogels, which are suitable for a variety of application scenarios, particularly those that occur underwater or on tissue/organ surface conditions. The design strategies for a multifunctional adhesive hydrogel with desirable properties including underwater adhesion, self-healing, good biocompatibility, electrical conductivity, and anti-swelling are discussed comprehensively. We then discuss the challenges faced by adhesive hydrogels, as well as their potential applications in biological interfaces. Adhesive hydrogels are the star building blocks of bio-interface materials for individualized healthcare and other bioengineering areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyi Liu
- School of Environmental and Biological EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Kexin Peng
- School of Environmental and Biological EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Yilun Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fanfan Fu
- School of Environmental and Biological EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
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29
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Chen S, Feng J. Facile Solvent Regulation for Highly Strong and Tough Physical Eutectogels with Remarkable Strain Sensitivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:44752-44762. [PMID: 37702740 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Physical eutectogels have great potential for applications in many fields due to their electrical conductivity, broad temperature stability, and biocompatibility. However, the preparation of high-performance physical eutectogels in a simple, efficient, and cost-effective way remains a challenge. In this study, a facile but efficient solvent regulation strategy was proposed to construct a highly robust poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) physical eutectogel. Hydrogen bonds within the polymer-containing deep eutectic solvent system were dynamically regulated by the introduction-removal of water to induce the formation of a uniform and dense polymer cross-linked network, which imparted excellent mechanical properties to the resulting eutectogel. For the eutectogel with 15 wt % PVA, the tensile strength and toughness were 1.67 MPa and 6.81 MJ m-3, respectively, which were at a high level among existing physical eutectogels. This high-performance eutectogel was available as a strain sensor and exhibited high sensitivity. In addition, this eutectogel can be endowed with a directional muscle-like stretching performance through convenient mechanical training. The easy scalability and low cost made our method an effective strategy for developing high-performance physical eutectogels, which would further promote the application of such materials in areas such as wearable electronics and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiachun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu City, Zhejiang 322000, China
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30
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Wu F, Gao J, Xiang Y, Yang J. Enhanced Mechanical Properties of PVA Hydrogel by Low-Temperature Segment Self-Assembly vs. Freeze-Thaw Cycles. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3782. [PMID: 37765636 PMCID: PMC10536691 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid and effective fabrication of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels with good mechanical properties is of great significance yet remains a huge challenge. The preparation of PVA hydrogels via the conventional cyclic freeze-thaw method is intricate and time-intensive. In this study, a pioneering approach involving the utilization of low-temperature continuous freezing is introduced to produce a novel PVA-ethylene glycol (EG) gel. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirm that with the assistance of EG, PVA molecular chains can self-assemble to generate an abundance of microcrystalline domains at low temperatures, thus improving the mechanical properties of PVA-EG gel. Remarkably, when the mass ratio of H2O/EG is 4:6, the gel's maximum tensile strength can reach 2.5 MPa, which is much higher than that of PVA gels prepared via the freeze-thaw method. The preparation process of PVA-EG gel is simple, and its properties are excellent, which will promote the wide application of PVA tough gel in many fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wu
- Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China; (F.W.); (J.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Dynamic Measurement Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jianfeng Gao
- Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China; (F.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Yang Xiang
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jianming Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan 243032, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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31
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Wen J, Wu Y, Gao Y, Su Q, Liu Y, Wu H, Zhang H, Liu Z, Yao H, Huang X, Tang L, Shi Y, Song P, Xue H, Gao J. Nanofiber Composite Reinforced Organohydrogels for Multifunctional and Wearable Electronics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:174. [PMID: 37420043 PMCID: PMC10328881 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Composite organohydrogels have been widely used in wearable electronics. However, it remains a great challenge to develop mechanically robust and multifunctional composite organohydrogels with good dispersion of nanofillers and strong interfacial interactions. Here, multifunctional nanofiber composite reinforced organohydrogels (NCROs) are prepared. The NCRO with a sandwich-like structure possesses excellent multi-level interfacial bonding. Simultaneously, the synergistic strengthening and toughening mechanism at three different length scales endow the NCRO with outstanding mechanical properties with a tensile strength (up to 7.38 ± 0.24 MPa), fracture strain (up to 941 ± 17%), toughness (up to 31.59 ± 1.53 MJ m-3) and fracture energy (up to 5.41 ± 0.63 kJ m-2). Moreover, the NCRO can be used for high performance electromagnetic interference shielding and strain sensing due to its high conductivity and excellent environmental tolerance such as anti-freezing performance. Remarkably, owing to the organohydrogel stabilized conductive network, the NCRO exhibits superior long-term sensing stability and durability compared to the nanofiber composite itself. This work provides new ideas for the design of high-strength, tough, stretchable, anti-freezing and conductive organohydrogels with potential applications in multifunctional and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchuan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidi Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hechuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanqi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuewu Huang
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Longcheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, 4300, Australia
| | - Huaiguo Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiefeng Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, People's Republic of China.
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