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Ye ZT, Wu ZW, Zhang XX, Zhou J, Yu JS. Organocatalytic enantioselective construction of Si-stereocenters: recent advances and perspectives. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:8546-8562. [PMID: 39091219 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00417e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Silicon-stereogenic chiral organosilanes have found increasing applications in synthetic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. In this context, various asymmetric catalytic methods have been established for the diverse synthesis of silicon-stereogenic silanes. In particular, asymmetric organocatalysis is emerging as an important and complementary synthetic tool for the enantioselective construction of silicon-stereocenters, along with the rapid development of chiral-metal catalyzed protocols. Its advent provides a powerful platform to achieve functionalized silicon-stereogenic organosilanes with structural diversity, and should lead to great development in chiral organosilicon chemistry. In this Tutorial Review, we highlight these latest achievements from two aspects: desymmetrizations of prochiral tetraorganosilanes and dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformations of racemic organosilanes by employing five organocatalytic activation modes. The advantages, limitations and synthetic value of each protocol, as well as the synthetic opportunities still open for further exploration, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Tian Ye
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong-Wei Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Xue-Xin Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular & Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, P. R. China
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2
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Reuter MB, Bushey CE, Javier-Jiménez DR, Waterman R. Commercially available organolithium compounds as effective, simple precatalysts for silicon-nitrogen heterodehydrocoupling. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13497-13506. [PMID: 37605890 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02564k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
A family of commercially available organolithium compounds were found to effectively catalyze the heterodehydrocoupling of silanes and amines under ambient conditions. Ubiquitous nBuLi (1) was utilized as the benchmark catalyst, where an array of primary, secondary, and tertiary arylsilanes were coupled to electron-donating amines, affording aminosilanes in high conversions with short reaction times. Preliminary mechanistic analysis is consistent with a nucleophilic-type system that involves the formation of a hypervalent silicon intermediate. This work underscores the accessibility of Si-N heterodehydrocoupling, with organolithium reagents emerging as some of the most straightforward and cost-effective precatalysts for this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Reuter
- University of Vermont, Department of Chemistry, Discovery Hall, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Claire E Bushey
- University of Vermont, Department of Chemistry, Discovery Hall, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Diego R Javier-Jiménez
- University of Vermont, Department of Chemistry, Discovery Hall, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Rory Waterman
- University of Vermont, Department of Chemistry, Discovery Hall, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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3
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Liu MM, Xu Y, He C. Catalytic Asymmetric Dehydrogenative Si-H/N-H Coupling: Synthesis of Silicon-Stereogenic Silazanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11727-11734. [PMID: 37204933 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing progress in the construction of silazanes, the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of silicon-stereogenic silazanes is significantly less explored and remains a considerable challenge. Herein, we report a highly enantioselective synthesis of silicon-stereogenic silazanes via catalytic dehydrogenative coupling of dihydrosilanes with anilines. The reaction readily produces a wide range of chiral silazanes and bis-silazanes in excellent yields and stereoselectivities (up to 99% ee). Further utility of this process is demonstrated by the construction of polycarbosilazanes featuring configurational main chain silicon-stereogenic chirality. In addition, the straightforward transformation of the enantioenriched silazanes delivers various chiral silane compounds in a stereospecific fashion, illustrating their potential utilities as synthons for the synthesis of novel silicon-containing functional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yankun Xu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chuan He
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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4
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Leland BE, Mondal J, Trovitch RJ. Sustainable preparation of aminosilane monomers, oligomers, and polymers through Si-N dehydrocoupling catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3665-3684. [PMID: 36857645 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc07092h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
This article covers historical and recent efforts to catalyse the dehydrocoupling of amines and silanes, a direct method for Si-N bond formation that offers hydrogen as a byproduct. In some applications, this transformation can be used as a sustainable replacement for traditional aminosilane synthesis, which demands corrosive chlorosilanes while generating one equivalent of ammonium salt waste for each Si-N bond that is formed. These advantages have driven the development of Si-N dehydrocoupling catalysts that span the periodic table, affording mechanistic insight that has led to advances in efficiency and selectivity. Given the divergence in precursors being used, characterization methods being relied on, and applications being targeted, this article highlights the formation of monomeric aminosilanes separately from oligomeric and polymeric aminosilanes. A recent study that allowed for the manganese catalysed synthesis of perhydropolysilazane and commercial chemical vapor deposition precursors is featured, and key opportunities for advancing the field of Si-N dehydrocoupling catalysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock E Leland
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
| | - Joydeb Mondal
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
| | - Ryan J Trovitch
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
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5
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Yttrium and Lithium Complexes with Diamidophosphane Ligand Bearing 2,1,3-Benzothiazolyl Substituent: Polydentate Complexation and Reversible NH–PH Tautomery. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10120263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Deprotonation of a bis(amino)phosphane H2L = PhP(HNBtd)2 bearing a heterocyclic Btd = 2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-yl substituents at nitrogen atoms by silylamides LiNTms2 and Y(NTms2)3 (Tms = trimethylsilylamide) results in lithium and yttrium complexes with the deprotonated HL– and L2– forms as κ2-N and κ4-N chelating ligands. A binuclear complex [LiHL]2 was crystallized from Et2O, and was shown to reversibly dissociate in thf (tetrahydrofuran) with the NH(soln)–PH(crystal) tautomeric shift; the compound [Li2L] was spectroscopically characterized. Yttrium readily forms stable bis-ligand complexes [YL2]– and [YL(HL)]. In the latter, the H atom in HL resides on phosphorus; the coordination sphere remains accessible to another ligands, and it was crystallized as [{YL(HL)}2(µ-dioxane)] species (YN8O coordination). In the former complex, the coordination sphere was saturated (YN8) by closer bound ligands; it was crystallized as a salt with [Li(thf)4]+. The monoligand complex could not be cleanly obtained in a 1:1 reaction of H2L and Y(NTms2)3, and was only crystallographically characterized as a dimer [YL(NTms)2]2. Partial oxidation of the central P atom with the formation of phosphine-oxide ligands PhP(O)(NBtd)2– was observed. They co-crystallize in the same position as non-oxidized ligands in [YL2]– and [YL(NTms2)]2 species and participate in bonding between two units in the latter. TD-DFT calculations reveal that main transitions in the visible region of electronic spectra correspond to the charge transfer bands mostly associated with the orbitals located on Btd fragments.
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6
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Rina YA, Schmidt JAR. Heterodehydrocoupling of Silanes and Amines Catalyzed by a Simple Lanthanum-Based Complex. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yesmin Akter Rina
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St. MS 602, Toledo 43606-3390, Ohio, United States
| | - Joseph A. R. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St. MS 602, Toledo 43606-3390, Ohio, United States
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7
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Kuciński K, Hreczycho G. Silicon-nitrogen bond formation via dealkynative coupling of amines with bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene mediated by KHMDS. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11386-11389. [PMID: 36128699 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04413g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic synthesis of silylamines mediated by s- and p-block catalysts is largely underdeveloped. Herein, commercially available potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide serves as an efficient alternative to transition metal complexes. N-H/Si-C dealkynative coupling was achieved by means of user-friendly main-group catalysis with ample substrate scope and high chemoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kuciński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Hreczycho
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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8
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Goswami B, Feuerstein TJ, Yadav R, Köppe R, Lebedkin S, Kappes MM, Roesky PW. Enantiopure Calcium Iminophosphonamide Complexes: Synthesis, Photoluminescence, and Catalysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:4401-4411. [PMID: 33355402 PMCID: PMC7986735 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of calcium complexes ligated by three different chiral iminophosphonamide ligands, L-H (L=[Ph2 P{N(R)CH(CH3 )Ph}2 ]), L'-H (L'=[Ph2 P{NDipp}{N(R)CH(CH3 )Ph}]), (Dipp=2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 ), and L''-H (L''=[Ph2 P{N(R)CH(CH3 )naph}2 ]), (naph=naphthyl) is presented. The resulting structures [L2 Ca], [L'2 Ca], and [L''2 Ca] represent the first examples of enantiopure homoleptic calcium complexes based on this type of ligands. The calcium complexes show blue-green photoluminescence (PL) in the solid state, which is especially bright at low temperatures. Whereas the emission of [L''2 Ca] is assigned to the fluorescence of naphthyl groups, the PL of [L2 Ca] and [L'2 Ca] is contributed by long-lived phosphorescence and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), with a strong variation of the PL lifetimes over the temperature range of 5-295 K. Furthermore, an excellent catalytic activity was found for these complexes in hydroboration of ketones at room temperature, although no enantioselectivity was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Goswami
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas J Feuerstein
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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9
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Reuter MB, Hageman K, Waterman R. Silicon-Nitrogen Bond Formation via Heterodehydrocoupling and Catalytic N-Silylation. Chemistry 2020; 27:3251-3261. [PMID: 33283902 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Silicon-nitrogen bond formation is an important subfield in main group chemistry, and catalysis is an attractive route for efficient, selective formation of these bonds. Indeed, heterodehydrocoupling and N-silylation offer facile methods for the synthesis of small molecules through the coupling of primary, secondary, and tertiary silanes with N-containing substrates such as amines, carbazoles, indoles, and pyrroles. However, the reactivity of these catalytic systems is far from uniform, and critical issues are often encountered with product selectivity, conversions, substrate scope, catalyst activation, and in some instances, competing side reactions. Herein, a catalogue of catalysts and their reactivity for Si-N heterodehydrocoupling and N-silylation are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Reuter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, 05405, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kate Hageman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, 05405, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Rory Waterman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, 05405, Burlington, VT, USA
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10
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Jagannathan JR, Fettinger JC, Shaw JT, Franz AK. Enantioselective Si-H Insertion Reactions of Diarylcarbenes for the Synthesis of Silicon-Stereogenic Silanes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11674-11679. [PMID: 32539370 PMCID: PMC7747653 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report the first example of enantioselective, intermolecular diarylcarbene insertion into Si-H bonds for the synthesis of silicon-stereogenic silanes. Dirhodium(II) carboxylates catalyze an Si-H insertion using carbenes derived from diazo compounds where selective formation of an enantioenriched silicon center is achieved using prochiral silanes. Fourteen prochiral silanes were evaluated with symmetrical and prochiral diazo reactants to produce a total of 25 novel silanes. Adding an ortho substituent on one phenyl ring of a prochiral diazo enhances enantioselectivity up to 95:5 er with yields up to 98%. Using in situ IR spectroscopy, the impact of the off-cycle azine formation is supported based on the structural dependence for relative rates of diazo decomposition. A catalytic cycle is proposed with Si-H insertion as the rate-determining step, supported by kinetic isotope experiments. Transformations of an enantioenriched silane derived from this method, including selective synthesis of a novel sila-indane, are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake R. Jagannathan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jared T. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Annaliese K. Franz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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11
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You Q, Zhang J, Zhou X. Modification of Yttrium Silyl‐Bridged Amide Alkyl Complexes through Si−H/C−H Cross‐Dehydrocoupling of Silanes with a Silylamino Ligand: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Mechanism. Chemistry 2020; 26:7702-7710. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing You
- Department of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of, Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of, Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Xigeng Zhou
- Department of ChemistryShanghai Key Laboratory of, Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsFudan University Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
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12
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Gasperini D, King AK, Coles NT, Mahon MF, Webster RL. Seeking Heteroatom-Rich Compounds: Synthetic and Mechanistic Studies into Iron Catalyzed Dehydrocoupling of Silanes. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danila Gasperini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K. King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan T. Coles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth L. Webster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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13
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Goswami B, Yadav R, Schoo C, Roesky PW. Neutral and cationic enantiopure group 13 iminophosphonamide complexes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:675-681. [PMID: 31845687 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04082j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and reactivity of enantiopure iminophosphonamide ligand L-H (L = [Ph2P{N(R)CH(CH3)Ph}2]) with group 13 metal compounds has been investigated. The reaction of L-H with LiAlH4 afforded the aluminium monohydride complex [L2AlH]. The monochloride complexes [L2MCl] (M = Al, Ga) were accessed by reacting corresponding MCl3 (M = Al, Ga) with L-Li. Furthermore, the tetracoordinated aluminium cation [L2Al]+[GaCl4]- and gallium cation [L2Ga]+[AlCl4]- were obtained by chloride abstraction from [L2MCl] (M = Al, Ga), respectively. The title complexes represent the first examples of enantiopure group 13 metal complexes coordinated by chiral iminophosphonamides. All complexes have been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, multinuclear NMR, EA and IR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Goswami
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, Geb. 30.45, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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14
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Morris LJ, Whittell GR, Eloi JC, Mahon MF, Marken F, Manners I, Hill MS. Ferrocene-Containing Polycarbosilazanes via the Alkaline-Earth-Catalyzed Dehydrocoupling of Silanes and Amines. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louis J. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - George R. Whittell
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Charles Eloi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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15
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Barth ER, Krupp A, Langenohl F, Brieger L, Strohmann C. Kinetically controlled asymmetric synthesis of silicon-stereogenic methoxy silanes using a planar chiral ferrocene backbone. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6882-6885. [PMID: 31134229 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03619a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We present a mechanistic proposal for the desymmetrisation of dimethoxy silanes with alkyllithiums. The stereochemical pathway is highly defined by the coordination of the metal lithium, which suppresses the reversible interconversion of the various pentavalent intermediates. The predicted kinetic control of the stereoinduction is verified by the experiments using a planar chiral ferrocene backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva R Barth
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University Dortmund, University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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16
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Nguyen HN, Hultzsch KC. Rare-Earth-Metal-Catalyzed Kinetic Resolution of Chiral Aminoalkenes via Hydroamination: The Effect of the Silyl Substituent of the Binaphtholate Ligand on Resolution Efficiency. European J Org Chem 2019; 2019:2592-2601. [PMID: 31244549 PMCID: PMC6582503 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic resolution of α-substituted aminopentenes via intramolecular hydroamination was investigated using various 3,3'-silyl-substituted binaphtholate yttrium catalysts. High efficiencies in the kinetic resolution were observed for methyl-, benzyl-, and phenyl-substituted substrates utilizing the cyclohexyldiphenylsilyl-substituted catalyst 2c with resolution factors reaching as high as 90(5) for hex-5-en-2-amine (3a). Kinetic analysis of the enantioenriched substrates with the matching and mismatching catalyst revealed that the efficiency of catalyst 2c benefits significantly from a favorable Curtin-Hammett pre-equilibrium and by a large kfast/kslow ratio. Other binaphtholate catalysts were less efficient due to a less favorable Curtin-Hammett pre-equilibrium, which often favored the mismatching substrate-catalyst combination. Cyclization of the matched substrate proceeds generally with large trans-selectivity, whereas the trans/cis-ratio for mismatched substrates is significantly diminished, favoring the cis-cyclization product isomer in some instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep N Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 610 Taylor Road 8087 Piscataway, New Jersey 08854- USA
| | - Kai C Hultzsch
- Universität Wien Fakultät für Chemie Institut für Chemische Katalyse Währinger Straße 38 1090 Wien Austria
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17
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Li N, Guan BT. A Dialkyl Calcium Carbene Adduct: Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Cross-Dehydrocoupling of Silanes with Amines. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
| | - Bing-Tao Guan
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300071 P.R. China
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18
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Feuerstein TJ, Goswami B, Rauthe P, Köppe R, Lebedkin S, Kappes MM, Roesky PW. Alkali metal complexes of an enantiopure iminophosphonamide ligand with bright delayed fluorescence. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4742-4749. [PMID: 31160950 PMCID: PMC6510313 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00629j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkali metal complexes of an enantiopure iminophosphonamide bearing chiral centers at both nitrogen atoms are described. They show bright phosphorescence and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF).
The enantiomerically pure ligand P,P-diphenyl-N,N′-bis((R)-1-phenylethyl)phosphinimidic amide (1; (R)-HPEPIA) was synthesized and subsequently deprotonated with alkali metal precursors to yield dimeric complexes [M2{(R)-PEPIA}2] (M = Li (2), Na (3), K (4), Rb (5)). The cesium compound [M{(R)-PEPIA}] (6) crystallized as a cocrystal composed of dimeric ([Cs2{(R)-PEPIA}2] (6d) and 1D-polymeric ([Cs{(R)-PEPIA}]n) (6p) species in a 1 : 1 ratio. The coordination polymer 6p features a unique sinus-shaped configuration of repeating –Cs–N–P–N–Cs–N–P–N– units. Unusual photoluminescence (PL) properties were found for solid 1–6: in contrast to the fluorescent ligand 1, the alkali metal complexes show phosphorescence at low temperatures (<100 K) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) above ∼150 K. The latter provides for PL quantum yields up to 36% (3) at ambient temperature. DFT calculations support that both 1 and 2–6d have similar singlet and triplet excited states with energy separations of a few tens of meV. The strongly enhanced intersystem crossing (ISC) in the metal complexes, resulting in TADF, is attributed to their dimeric structure. This suggests that the fluorophore dimerization may serve as a tool to effect ISC for the design of TADF emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Feuerstein
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstr. 15 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany .
| | - Bhupendra Goswami
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstr. 15 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany .
| | - Pascal Rauthe
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstr. 15 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany .
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstr. 15 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany .
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Institute of Nanotechnology , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Fritz-Haber-Weg. 2 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstr. 15 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany .
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Cibuzar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0125, United States
| | - Rory Waterman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0125, United States
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20
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Erickson KA, Cibuzar MP, Mucha NT, Waterman R. Catalytic N-Si coupling as a vehicle for silane dehydrocoupling via α-silylene elimination. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:2138-2142. [PMID: 29363696 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04507g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of (N3N)ZrNMe2 (1, N3N = N(CH2CH2NSiMe3)33-) as a catalyst for the cross-dehydrocoupling or heterodehydrocoupling of silanes and amines suggested silylene reactivity. Further studies of the catalysis and stoichiometric modeling reactions hint at α-silylene elimination as the pivotal mechanistic step, which expands the 3p elements known to engage in this catalysis and provides a new strategy for the catalytic generation of low-valent fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla A Erickson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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21
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Forosenko NV, Basalov IV, Cherkasov AV, Fukin GK, Shubina ES, Trifonov AA. Amido Ca(ii) complexes supported by Schiff base ligands for catalytic cross-dehydrogenative coupling of amines with silanes. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:12570-12581. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01130c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heteroleptic Ca(ii) amides coordinated by multidentate phenolato ligands proved to be efficient catalysts for catalytic cross-dehydrogenative coupling of amines with silanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V. Forosenko
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Nizhny Novgorod
- GSP-445, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Basalov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Nizhny Novgorod
- GSP-445, Russia
| | - Anton V. Cherkasov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Nizhny Novgorod
- GSP-445, Russia
| | - Georgy K. Fukin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Nizhny Novgorod
- GSP-445, Russia
| | - Elena S. Shubina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- GSP-1, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Trifonov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Nizhny Novgorod
- GSP-445, Russia
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
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