1
|
Liang X, Zhang M, Chong CM, Lin D, Chen S, Zhen Y, Ding H, Zhong HJ. Recent Advances in the 3D Printing of Conductive Hydrogels for Sensor Applications: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2131. [PMID: 39125157 PMCID: PMC11314299 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels, known for their flexibility, biocompatibility, and conductivity, have found extensive applications in fields such as healthcare, environmental monitoring, and soft robotics. Recent advancements in 3D printing technologies have transformed the fabrication of conductive hydrogels, creating new opportunities for sensing applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in the fabrication and application of 3D-printed conductive hydrogel sensors. First, the basic principles and fabrication techniques of conductive hydrogels are briefly reviewed. We then explore various 3D printing methods for conductive hydrogels, discussing their respective strengths and limitations. The review also summarizes the applications of 3D-printed conductive hydrogel-based sensors. In addition, perspectives on 3D-printed conductive hydrogel sensors are highlighted. This review aims to equip researchers and engineers with insights into the current landscape of 3D-printed conductive hydrogel sensors and to inspire future innovations in this promising field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Liang
- Foundation Department, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China; (X.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Foundation Department, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China; (X.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Cheong-Meng Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China;
| | - Danlei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (D.L.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shiji Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (D.L.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yumiao Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (D.L.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hongyao Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hai-Jing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (D.L.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kong Y, Cheng G, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Meng W, Tian X, Sun B, Yang F, Wei D. Highly efficient recognition of similar objects based on ionic robotic tactile sensors. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:2089-2098. [PMID: 38777681 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Tactile sensing provides robots the ability of object recognition, fine operation, natural interaction, etc. However, in the actual scenario, robotic tactile recognition of similar objects still faces difficulties such as low efficiency and accuracy, resulting from a lack of high-performance sensors and intelligent recognition algorithms. In this paper, a flexible sensor combining a pyramidal microstructure with a gradient conformal ionic gel coating was demonstrated, exhibiting excellent signal-to-noise ratio (48 dB), low detection limit (1 Pa), high sensitivity (92.96 kPa-1), fast response time (55 ms), and outstanding stability over 15,000 compression-release cycles. Furthermore, a Pressure-Slip Dual-Branch Convolutional Neural Network (PSNet) architecture was proposed to separately extract hardness and texture features and perform feature fusion. In tactile experiments on different kinds of leaves, a recognition rate of 97.16% was achieved, and surpassed that of human hands recognition (72.5%). These researches showed the great potential in a broad application in bionic robots, intelligent prostheses, and precise human-computer interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Kong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Generic Technology and System of Service Robots, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Guanyin Cheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Generic Technology and System of Service Robots, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Mengqin Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Generic Technology and System of Service Robots, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Yongting Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Generic Technology and System of Service Robots, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Wujun Meng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Generic Technology and System of Service Robots, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Generic Technology and System of Service Robots, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Bihao Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Generic Technology and System of Service Robots, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Fuping Yang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Dapeng Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Generic Technology and System of Service Robots, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mei A, Guo H, Zhang W, Liu Y, Chen W. Regulating Water Adsorption Sites of Keto-Enamine COF by Base Exfoliation and Deprotonation for Enhanced Humidity Response. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403521. [PMID: 39031831 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic framework (COF) has received much attention owing to its unique framework structure formed by diverse organic units. However, challenges, including low conductivity, structure instability, and limited control of adsorption and desorption processes, stimulate the modification of COF in electronic sensors. Herein, inspired by the alterable structure of COF in different solvents, a facile base exfoliation and deprotonation method is proposed to regulate the water adsorption sites and improve the intrinsic conductivity of TpPa-1 COF. TpPa-1 COF powders are exfoliated to nanosheets to increase water adsorption, while the deprotonation is utilized to adjust the affinity of water molecules on TpPa-1 COF framework, contributing to water accumulation in the 1D pores. The as-fabricated TpPa-1 COF sensor exhibits a decreased recovery time from 419 to 49 s, forming a linear relation between relative humidity (RH) value and humidity response. The excellent chemical stability of the covalent bond of TpPa-1 COF contributes to the excellent stable device performance in 30 days, promoting further integration and data analysis in respiration monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aohan Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Hongbing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yueli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park, Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya, 572024, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park, Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya, 572024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li X, Xiao S, Lao Y, Li D, Wei Q, Ye L, Lu S. A nanocellulose-based flexible multilayer sensor with high sensitivity to humidity and strain response for detecting human motion and respiration. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131004. [PMID: 38521327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Biomass-based flexible sensors with excellent mechanical and sensing properties have attracted significant attention. In this study, based on the excellent dispersibility and degradability of nanocellulose crystals, we designed a polyvinyl alcohol/nanocellulose crystals/phytic acid (PCP) composite film with good flexibility and high sensitivity to humidity. A layer of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and nanocellulose crystals (CNC) was further sandwiched between two PCP layers as a flexible multifunctional sensor (PCPW) to detect human movement and respiration. Phytic acid contains abundant phosphate groups that enhance proton conduction, allowing the PCPW composite film to change its electrical resistance in a sensitive and repeatable manner when the relative humidity was varied between 35 %-93 %. Meanwhile, CNC derived from sisal fibers enhanced the PCPW sensor's conductivity (3.3 S/m) and mechanical properties (elongation at break: 99 %) by improving the dispersion and connectivity of MWCNT. The PCPW sensor displayed a high sensitivity to strain (gauge factor: 49.5) and could monitor both facial expressions (smiling and winking) and the bending of joints. The sensor also generated stable electrical responses during breathing and blowing due to the change in humidity. Therefore, this biodegradable and multifunctional sensor has good application prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Suijun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yufei Lao
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Dacheng Li
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qiaoyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Liangdong Ye
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shaorong Lu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Won M, Jung M, Kim J, Kim DS. Fully Printed Cellulose Nanofiber-Ag Nanoparticle Composite for High-Performance Humidity Sensor. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:343. [PMID: 38392716 PMCID: PMC10892488 DOI: 10.3390/nano14040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This paper reports a high-performance humidity sensor made using a novel cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-silver nanoparticle (AgNP) sensing material. The interdigital electrode pattern was printed via reverse-offset printing using Ag nano-ink, and the sensing layer on the printed interdigitated electrode (IDE) was formed by depositing the CNF-AgNP composite via inkjet printing. The structure and morphology of the CNF-AgNP layer are characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, an X-ray diffractometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The humidity-sensing performance of the prepared sensors is evaluated by measuring the impedance changes under the relative humidity variation between 10 and 90% relative humidity. The CNF-AgNP sensor exhibited very sensitive and fast humidity-sensing responses compared to the CNF sensor. The electrode distance effect and the response and recovery times are investigated. The enhanced humidity-sensing performance is reflected in the increased conductivity of the Ag nanoparticles and the adsorption of free water molecules associated with the porous characteristics of the CNF layer. The CNF-AgNP composite enables the development of highly sensitive, fast-responding, reproducible, flexible, and inexpensive humidity sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Won
- Department of Creative Convergence Engineering, Hanbat National University, Yuseong-ku, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhun Jung
- Department of Creative Convergence Engineering, Hanbat National University, Yuseong-ku, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soo Kim
- Department of Creative Convergence Engineering, Hanbat National University, Yuseong-ku, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Choi SG, Kang SH, Lee JY, Park JH, Kang SK. Recent advances in wearable iontronic sensors for healthcare applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1335188. [PMID: 38162187 PMCID: PMC10757853 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1335188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Iontronic sensors have garnered significant attention as wearable sensors due to their exceptional mechanical performance and the ability to maintain electrical performance under various mechanical stimuli. Iontronic sensors can respond to stimuli like mechanical stimuli, humidity, and temperature, which has led to exploration of their potential as versatile sensors. Here, a comprehensive review of the recent researches and developments on several types of iontronic sensors (e.g., pressure, strain, humidity, temperature, and multi-modal sensors), in terms of their sensing principles, constituent materials, and their healthcare-related applications is provided. The strategies for improving the sensing performance and environmental stability of iontronic sensors through various innovative ionic materials and structural designs are reviewed. This review also provides the healthcare applications of iontronic sensors that have gained increased feasibility and broader applicability due to the improved sensing performance. Lastly, outlook section discusses the current challenges and the future direction in terms of the applicability of the iontronic sensors to the healthcare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Geun Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hun Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyeon Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyun Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Nano Systems Institute SOFT Foundry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Situ B, Zhang Z, Zhao L, Tu Y. Graphene oxide-based large-area dynamic covalent interfaces. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:17739-17750. [PMID: 37916524 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic materials, being capable of reversible structural adaptation in response to the variation of external surroundings, have experienced significant advancements in the past several decades. In particular, dynamic covalent materials (DCMs), where the dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs) can reversibly break and reform under defined conditions, present superior dynamic characteristics, such as self-adaptivity, self-healing and shape memory. However, the dynamic characteristics of DCBs are mainly limited within the length scale of covalent bonds, due to the local position exchange or the inter-distance variation between the chemical compositions involved in the reversible covalent reactions. In this minireview, a discussion regarding the realization of long-range migration of chemical compositions along the interfaces of graphene oxide (GO)-based materials via the spatially connected and consecutive occurrence of DCB-based reversible covalent reactions is presented, and the interfaces are termed "large-area dynamic covalent interfaces (LDCIs)". The effective strategies, including water adsorption, interfacial curvature and metal-substrate support, as well as the potential applications of LDCIs in water dissociation and humidity sensing are summarized. Additionally, we also give an outlook on potential strategies to realize LDCIs on other 2D carbon-based materials, including the interfacial morphology and periodic element doping. This minireview provides insights into the realization of LDCIs on a wider range of 2D materials, and offers a theoretical perspective for advancing materials with long-range dynamic characteristics and improved performance, including controlled drug delivery/release and high-efficiency (bio)sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Situ
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Zhe Zhang
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Yusong Tu
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pan B, Su P, Jin M, Huang X, Wang Z, Zhang R, Xu H, Liu W, Ye Y. Ultrathin hierarchical hydrogel-carbon nanocomposite for highly stretchable fast-response water-proof wearable humidity sensors. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:5263-5276. [PMID: 37750039 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01093g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Wearable humidity sensors play an important role in human health monitoring. However, challenges persist in realizing high performance wearable humidity sensors with fast response and good stretchability and durability. Here we report wearable humidity sensors employing an ultrathin micro-nano hierarchical hydrogel-carbon nanocomposite. The nanocomposite is synthesized on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films via a facile two-step solvent-free approach, which creates a hierarchical architecture consisting of periodic microscale wrinkles and vapor-deposited nanoporous hydrogel-candle-soot nanocoating. The hierarchical surface topography results in a significantly enlarged specific surface area (>107 times that of planar hydrogel), which along with the ultrathin hydrogel endow the sensor with high sensitivity and a fast response/recovery (13/0.48 s) over a wide humidity range (11-96%). Owing to the wrinkle structure and interpenetrating network between the hydrogel and PDMS, the sensor is stable and durable against repeated 180° bending, 100% strain, and even scratching. Furthermore, encapsulation of the sensor imparts excellent resistance to water, sweat, and bacteria without influencing its performance. The sensor is then successfully used to monitor different human respiratory behaviors and skin humidity in real time. The reported method is convenient and cost-effective, which could bring exciting new opportunities in the fabrication of next-generation wearable humidity sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqi Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China.
| | - Peipei Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China.
| | - Minghui Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaocheng Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenbo Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China.
| | - Ruhao Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China.
| | - He Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China.
| | - Wenna Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China.
| | - Yumin Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Deng B, Wang Z, Liu W, Hu B. Multifunctional Motion Sensing Enabled by Laser-Induced Graphene. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6363. [PMID: 37834499 PMCID: PMC10573838 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of flexible sensors based on laser-induced graphene (LIG) has recently attracted much attention. It was commonly generated by laser-ablating commercial polyimide (PI). However, the weak mechanical extensibility of PI limits the development and diversified applications of LIG-based sensors. In this work, we adopted medical polyurethane (PU) tapes to peel off the LIG generated on PI and developed flexible and wearable sensors based on the proposed LIG/PU composite structure. Compared with other methods for LIG transfer, PU tape has many advantages, including a simplified process and being less time-consuming. We characterized the LIG samples generated under different laser powers and analyzed the property differences introduced by the transfer operation. We then studied the impact of fabrication mode on the strain sensitivity of the LIG/PU and optimized the design of a LIG/PU-based strain sensor, which possessed a gauge factor (GF) of up to 263.6 in the strain range of 75-90%. In addition, we designed a capacitive pressure sensor for tactile sensing, which is composed of two LIG/PU composite structures and a PI space layer. These LIG flexible devices can be used for human motion monitoring and tactile perception in sports events. This work provides a simple, fast, and low-cost way for the preparation of multifunctional sensor systems with good performance, which has a broad application prospect in human motion monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bin Hu
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (B.D.); (Z.W.); (W.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen X, Ma K, Ou J, Mo D, Lian H, Li X, Cui Z, Luo Y. Fast-Response Non-Contact Flexible Humidity Sensor Based on Direct-Writing Printing for Respiration Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:792. [PMID: 37622878 PMCID: PMC10452166 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory monitoring is crucial for evaluating health status and identifying potential respiratory diseases such as respiratory failure, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Humidity sensors play a significant role in this regard, and efforts are being made to improve their performance. However, achieving ideal sensor parameters such as sensitivity, detection range, and response speed is challenging. In this work, we propose a flexible preparation method for a double-layer humidity sensor using PDMS as a substrate and a GNP/MWCNT composite material as a sensor element. This sensor exhibits high sensitivity (1.4 RH-1), a wide detection range (20-90%), ultra-fast response (0.35 s) and recovery (2.5 s), high repetitiveness (500 cycles), good long-term stability, and excellent flexibility. Due to these advantages, this sensor has potential applications in real-time clinical and home medical care, such as accurate human respiratory monitoring and non-invasive skin humidity monitoring. Hence, this humidity sensor can be a powerful tool to monitor respiratory moisture levels for diagnosing and treating respiratory diseases effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Chen
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Kanglin Ma
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Jialin Ou
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Deyun Mo
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Haishan Lian
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Zaifu Cui
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Yihui Luo
- Department of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Luo Y, Li J, Ding Q, Wang H, Liu C, Wu J. Functionalized Hydrogel-Based Wearable Gas and Humidity Sensors. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:136. [PMID: 37225851 PMCID: PMC10209388 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Breathing is an inherent human activity; however, the composition of the air we inhale and gas exhale remains unknown to us. To address this, wearable vapor sensors can help people monitor air composition in real time to avoid underlying risks, and for the early detection and treatment of diseases for home healthcare. Hydrogels with three-dimensional polymer networks and large amounts of water molecules are naturally flexible and stretchable. Functionalized hydrogels are intrinsically conductive, self-healing, self-adhesive, biocompatible, and room-temperature sensitive. Compared with traditional rigid vapor sensors, hydrogel-based gas and humidity sensors can directly fit human skin or clothing, and are more suitable for real-time monitoring of personal health and safety. In this review, current studies on hydrogel-based vapor sensors are investigated. The required properties and optimization methods of wearable hydrogel-based sensors are introduced. Subsequently, existing reports on the response mechanisms of hydrogel-based gas and humidity sensors are summarized. Related works on hydrogel-based vapor sensors for their application in personal health and safety monitoring are presented. Moreover, the potential of hydrogels in the field of vapor sensing is elucidated. Finally, the current research status, challenges, and future trends of hydrogel gas/humidity sensing are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongling Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu T, Liu L, Gou GY, Fang Z, Sun J, Chen J, Cheng J, Han M, Ma T, Liu C, Xue N. Recent Advancements in Physiological, Biochemical, and Multimodal Sensors Based on Flexible Substrates: Strategies, Technologies, and Integrations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21721-21745. [PMID: 37098855 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible wearable devices have been widely used in biomedical applications, the Internet of Things, and other fields, attracting the attention of many researchers. The physiological and biochemical information on the human body reflects various health states, providing essential data for human health examination and personalized medical treatment. Meanwhile, physiological and biochemical information reveals the moving state and position of the human body, and it is the data basis for realizing human-computer interactions. Flexible wearable physiological and biochemical sensors provide real-time, human-friendly monitoring because of their light weight, wearability, and high flexibility. This paper reviews the latest advancements, strategies, and technologies of flexibly wearable physiological and biochemical sensors (pressure, strain, humidity, saliva, sweat, and tears). Next, we systematically summarize the integration principles of flexible physiological and biochemical sensors with the current research progress. Finally, important directions and challenges of physiological, biochemical, and multimodal sensors are proposed to realize their potential applications for human movement, health monitoring, and personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiezhu Liu
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Lidan Liu
- Zhucheng Jiayue Central Hospital, Shandong 262200, China
| | - Guang-Yang Gou
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Zhen Fang
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- Personalized Management of Chronic Respiratory Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianhai Sun
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jianqun Cheng
- School of Integrated Circuit, Quanzhou University of Information Engineering, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China
| | - Mengdi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Tianjun Ma
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Chunxiu Liu
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- Personalized Management of Chronic Respiratory Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ning Xue
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- Personalized Management of Chronic Respiratory Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wan Y, Zhang S, Zhao C, Deng M, Ren D, Huang F. A Flexible Humidity Sensor with Wide Range, High Linearity, and Fast Response Based on Ultralong Na 2Ti 3O 7 Nanowires. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:16865-16873. [PMID: 36946616 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A flexible humidity sensor with wide sensing range, superior sensitivity, high linearity, and advanced response/recovery capabilities is extremely desirable for practical applications in human body-related (HBR) monitoring and human-machine interaction (HMI). However, the practical sensor lacks a versatile nanomaterial integrated with sensing capabilities and mechanical flexibility to meet the criteria. Herein, a comprehensive flexible humidity sensor with ultralong Na2Ti3O7 nanowires (>120 μm) is subtly constructed for the first time. Owing to the distinguish nanowires network structure, the sensor exhibits wide sensing range (11-95% RH), high sensitivity (>103), high linearity (R2 > 0.98), and fast response/recovery capability (8.9/2.1 s), as well as excellent respiratory stability (>5000 s). In addition, the Na2Ti3O7-based humidity sensor demonstrates superior flexibility and antibacteria capabilities, and exhibits diverse applications in respiration monitoring, noncontact detection, as well as dynamic interactive display. This work provides a multifunctional humidity sensor with excellent practicability, suggesting the great potential in next-generation human-related flexible/wearable devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wan
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shaoning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai200031, P.R. China
| | - Chendong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mingxia Deng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dayong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - Fuqiang Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai200031, P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200050, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang L, Yan J, Meng C, Dutta A, Chen X, Xue Y, Niu G, Wang Y, Du S, Zhou P, Zhang C, Guo S, Cheng H. Vanadium Oxide-Doped Laser-Induced Graphene Multi-Parameter Sensor to Decouple Soil Nitrogen Loss and Temperature. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210322. [PMID: 36656071 PMCID: PMC10427720 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring nitrogen utilization efficiency and soil temperature in agricultural systems for timely intervention is essential for crop health with reduced environmental pollution. Herein, this work presents a high-performance multi-parameter sensor based on vanadium oxide (VOX )-doped laser-induced graphene (LIG) foam to completely decouple nitrogen oxides (NOX ) and temperature. The highly porous 3D VOX -doped LIG foam composite is readily obtained by laser scribing vanadium sulfide (V5 S8 )-doped block copolymer and phenolic resin self-assembled films. The heterojunction formed at the LIG/VOX interface provides the sensor with enhanced response to NOX and an ultralow limit of detection of 3 ppb (theoretical estimate of 451 ppt) at room temperature. The sensor also exhibits a wide detection range, fast response/recovery, good selectivity, and stability over 16 days. Meanwhile, the sensor can accurately detect temperature over a wide linear range of 10-110 °C. The encapsulation of the sensor with a soft membrane further allows for temperature sensing without being affected by NOX . The unencapsulated sensor operated at elevated temperature removes the influences of relative humidity and temperature variations for accurate NOX measurements. The capability to decouple nitrogen loss and soil temperature paves the way for the development of future multimodal decoupled electronics for precision agriculture and health monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Jiayi Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Chuizhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Ankan Dutta
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA
| | - Xue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics and Neuroengineering of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Ye Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Guangyu Niu
- School of Architecture and Art, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Ya Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Shuaijie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics and Neuroengineering of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Tianjin Tianzhong Yimai Technology Development Co., Ltd, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Shijie Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu Y, Li X, Yang H, Zhang P, Wang P, Sun Y, Yang F, Liu W, Li Y, Tian Y, Qian S, Chen S, Cheng H, Wang X. Skin-Interfaced Superhydrophobic Insensible Sweat Sensors for Evaluating Body Thermoregulation and Skin Barrier Functions. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5588-5599. [PMID: 36745638 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring sweat rate is vital for estimating sweat loss and accurately measuring biomarkers of interest. Although various optical or electrical sensors have been developed to monitor the sensible sweat rate, the quantification of the insensible sweat rate that is directly related to body thermoregulation and skin barrier functions still remains a challenge. This work introduces a superhydrophobic sweat sensor based on a polyacrylate sodium/MXene composite sandwiched between two superhydrophobic textile layers to continuously measure sweat vapor from insensible sweat with high sensitivity and rapid response. The superhydrophobic textile on a holey thin substrate with reduced stiffness and excellent breathability allows the permeation of sweat vapor, while preventing the sensor from being affected by the external water droplets and internal sensible sweat. Integrating the insensible sweat sensor with a flexible wireless communication and powering module further yields a standalone sensing system to continuously monitor insensible sweat rates at different body locations for diverse application scenarios. Proof-of-concept demonstrations on human subjects showcase the feasibility to continuously evaluate the body's thermoregulation and skin barrier functions for the assessment of thermal comfort, disease conditions, and nervous system activity. The results presented in this work also provide a low-cost device platform to detect other health-relevant biomarkers in the sweat (vapor) as the next-generation sweat sensor for smart healthcare and personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangchengyi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Hanlin Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Peihe Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Yi Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Fengzhen Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Weiyi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Yujing Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Yao Tian
- School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Shun Qian
- School of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Shangda Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xiufeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Niu G, Wang Z, Xue Y, Yan J, Dutta A, Chen X, Wang Y, Liu C, Du S, Guo L, Zhou P, Cheng H, Yang L. Pencil-on-Paper Humidity Sensor Treated with NaCl Solution for Health Monitoring and Skin Characterization. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1252-1260. [PMID: 36584409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although flexible humidity sensors are essential for human health monitoring, it is still challenging to achieve high sensitivity and easy disposal with simple, low-cost fabrication processes. This study presents the design and fabrication of highly reliable hand-drawn interdigital electrodes from pencil-on-paper treated with NaCl solution for highly sensitive hydration sensors working over a wide range of relative humidity (RH) levels from 5.6% to 90%. The applications of the resulting flexible humidity sensor go beyond the monitoring of respiratory rate and proximity to characterizations of human skin types and evaluations of skin barrier functions through insensible sweat measurements. The sensor array can also be integrated with a diaper to result in smart diapers to alert for an early diaper change. The design and fabrication strategies presented in this work could also be leveraged for the development of wearable, self-powered, and recyclable sensors and actuators in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Niu
- Department of Architecture and Art, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Ye Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Jiayi Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Ankan Dutta
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics and Neuroengineering of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Ya Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Chaosai Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Shuaijie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics and Neuroengineering of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Langang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Tianjin Tianzhong Yimai Technology Development Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
- Tianjin Tianzhong Yimai Technology Development Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300384, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang J, Zhang Z, Zhou P, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Xu Y, Gu Y, Qin S, Haick H, Wang Y. Toward a new generation of permeable skin electronics. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3051-3078. [PMID: 36723108 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06236d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Skin-mountable electronics are considered to be the future of the next generation of portable electronics, due to their softness and seamless integration with human skin. However, impermeable materials limit device comfort and reliability for long-term, continuous usage. The recent emergence of permeable skin-mountable electronics has attracted tremendous attention in the soft electronics field. Herein, we provide a comprehensive and systematic review of permeable skin-mountable electronics. Typical porous materials and structures are first highlighted, followed by discussion of important device properties. Then, we review the latest representative applications of breathable skin-mountable electronics, such as bioelectrical sensors, temperature sensors, humidity and hydration sensors, strain and pressure sensors, and energy harvesting and storage devices. Finally, a conclusion and future directions for permeable skin electronics are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (IIT), Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Zongman Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (IIT), Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (IIT), Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yumiao Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
| | - Yuheng Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
| | - Shenglin Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (IIT), Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhu X, Zhou Y, Ye C. Preparation and Performance of AgNWs/PDMS Film-Based Flexible Strain Sensor. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:641. [PMID: 36676378 PMCID: PMC9862830 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors are widely used in the fields of personal electronic equipment and health monitoring to promote the rapid development of modern social science and technology. In this paper, silver nanowires (AgNWs) prepared via the polyol reduction method were used to construct a flexible strain sensor. The AgNWs/PDMS film was obtained by transfer printing using AgNWs as a conductive layer and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a flexible substrate. The morphology of AgNWs was characterized by SEM and TEM. The aspect ratio of the AgNWs was more than 700. The strain sensitivity factor of the sensor was 2.8757, with a good linear relationship between the resistance and the strain. Moreover, the strain sensor showed good response results in human activity monitoring and the LED lamp response test, which provides a new idea for the construction of flexible wearable devices.
Collapse
|
19
|
Guan P, Zhu R, Hu G, Patterson R, Chen F, Liu C, Zhang S, Feng Z, Jiang Y, Wan T, Hu L, Li M, Xu Z, Xu H, Han Z, Chu D. Recent Development of Moisture-Enabled-Electric Nanogenerators. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204603. [PMID: 36135971 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Power generation by converting energy from the ambient environment has been considered a promising strategy for developing decentralized electrification systems to complement the electricity supply for daily use. Wet gases, such as water evaporation or moisture in the atmosphere, can be utilized as a tremendous source of electricity by emerging power generation devices, that is, moisture-enabled-electric nanogenerators (MEENGs). As a promising technology, MEENGs provided a novel manner to generate electricity by harvesting energy from moisture, originating from the interactions between water molecules and hydrophilic functional groups. Though the remarkable progress of MEENGs has been achieved, a systematic review in this specific area is urgently needed to summarize previous works and provide sharp points to further develop low-cost and high-performing MEENGs through overcoming current limitations. Herein, the working mechanisms of MEENGs reported so far are comprehensively compared. Subsequently, a systematic summary of the materials selection and fabrication methods for currently reported MEENG construction is presented. Then, the improvement strategies and development directions of MEENG are provided. At last, the demonstrations of the applications assembled with MEENGs are extracted. This work aims to pave the way for the further MEENGs to break through the performance limitations and promote the popularization of future micron electronic self-powered equipment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Renbo Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Guangyu Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Robert Patterson
- Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics, School of Photovoltaics and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Fandi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Shuo Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Ziheng Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Yue Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Tao Wan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Long Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Mengyao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Zhemi Xu
- Chemistry and Material Engineering College, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Haolan Xu
- Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, South Australia, 5095, Australia
| | - Zhaojun Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Dewei Chu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen X, Liu C, Hua Z, Ma N. Ferroelectric Polarization and Oxygen Vacancy Synergistically Induced an Ultrasensitive and Fast Humidity Sensor for Multifunctional Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:49965-49974. [PMID: 36285769 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the arrival of the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, humidity sensors monitoring water emissions from human metabolism have attracted great attention in the fields of smart wearable devices and noncontact human-machine interaction. However, their application is seriously limited by the trade-off between the sensitivity and response speed for traditional humidity sensors. Herein, to overcome it, a self-powered high performance humidity sensor is developed on the basis of the electric-poled and oxygen vacancy-rich BiFeO3 (BFO) ferroelectric material. The synergistic effect of ferroelectric polarization and oxygen vacancy provides a strong driving force and active adsorption sites for an abundance of OH/H2O adsorption, resulting in an ultrahigh response (∼104) and ultrafast response/recovery speed (∼84/376 ms). Benefiting from its promising advantages, the wearable humidity sensor can accurately record the respiration rate/depth and recognize different human respiratory behaviors in real-time. Importantly, by utilizing the moisture from mouth-blowing and skin, the sensors are successfully applied to noncontact control of a robotic car, noncontact switch, and noncontact interface for visualization applications. This work provides an effective strategy for developing excellent humidity sensors that meet the requirement of noncontact interaction for next-generation intelligent electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201899, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Electronic Materials and Devices, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin300401, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- School of Naval Architecture Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Zhongqiu Hua
- Electronic College, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Nan Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201899, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhu P, Wei Y, Kuang Y, Qian Y, Liu Y, Jiang F, Chen G. Porous and conductive cellulose nanofiber/carbon nanotube foam as a humidity sensor with high sensitivity. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119684. [PMID: 35725212 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a humidity sensor with high sensitivity based on cellulose nanofiber/carbon nanotube (CNF/CNT) hybrid foam. The porous structure of the foam not only provides more contact interface for water molecules adsorption, but also tunes the conductivity of the CCF closed to the point where the sensor is most sensitive to the change in humidity. With this porous structural design, the obtained foam sensor shows a high humidity sensitivity of 87.3% (ΔI/I0, and the response limit is 100%), excellent linearity (R2 = 0.996) within the humidity range from 29 to 95% relative humidity (RH), and good long-time stability (more than two months). Furthermore, the water vapor adsorption behavior of the CNF/CNT foam sensor can be well described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Finally, a simple humidity measuring device based on the CNF/CNT foam is presented, which can find good applications for human breath and fingertip humidity monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Specialty Paper and Paper-based Functional Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Specialty Paper and Paper-based Functional Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yudi Kuang
- School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction (NERC-TRR), Guangzhou 510006, China; Innovation Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yangyang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Specialty Paper and Paper-based Functional Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Specialty Paper and Paper-based Functional Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Lab, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Specialty Paper and Paper-based Functional Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li S, Zhang Y, Liang X, Wang H, Lu H, Zhu M, Wang H, Zhang M, Qiu X, Song Y, Zhang Y. Humidity-sensitive chemoelectric flexible sensors based on metal-air redox reaction for health management. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5416. [PMID: 36109531 PMCID: PMC9477177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown flexible electronics play important roles in health management. The way of power supply is always an essential factor of devices and self-powered ones are very attractive because of the fabrication easiness, usage comfort and aesthetics of the system. In this work, based on the metal-air redox reaction, which is usually used in designing metal-air batteries, we design a self-powered chemoelectric humidity sensor where a silk fibroin (SF) and LiBr gel matrix containing parallel aligned graphene oxide (GO) flakes serve as the electrolyte. The abundant hydrophilic groups in GO/SF and the hygroscopicity of LiBr lead to tight dependence of the output current on the humidity, enabling the sensor high sensitivity (0.09 μA/s/1%), fast response (1.05 s) and quick recovery (0.80 s). As proofs of concept, we design an all-in-one respiratory monitoring-diagnosing-treatment system and a non-contact human-machine interface, demonstrating the applications of the chemoelectric humidity sensor in health management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Haomin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Mengjia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Mingchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xinping Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yafeng Song
- Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ultrasensitive, stretchable, and transparent humidity sensor based on ion-conductive double-network hydrogel thin films. SCIENCE CHINA MATERIALS 2022; 65:2540-2552. [PMID: 35600911 PMCID: PMC9109751 DOI: 10.1007/s40843-021-2022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ion-conductive hydrogels with intrinsic biocompatibility, stretchability, and stimuli-responsive capability have attracted considerable attention because of their extensive application potential in wearable sensing devices. The miniaturization and integration of hydrogel-based devices are currently expected to achieve breakthroughs in device performance and promote their practical application. However, currently, hydrogel film is rarely reported because it can be easily wrinkled, torn, and dehydrated, which severely hinders its development in microelectronics. Herein, thin, stretchable, and transparent ion-conductive double-network hydrogel films with controllable thickness are integrated with stretchable elastomer substrates, which show good environmental stability and ultrahigh sensitivity to humidity (78,785.5%/% relative humidity (RH)). Benefiting from the ultrahigh surface-area-to-volume ratio, abundant active sites, and short diffusion distance, the hydrogel film humidity sensor exhibits 2 × 105 times increased response to 98% RH, as well as 5.9 and 7.6 times accelerated response and recovery speeds compared with the bulk counterpart, indicating its remarkable thickness-dependent humidity-sensing properties. The humidity-sensing mechanism reveals that the adsorption of water improves the ion migration and dielectric constant, as well as establishes the electrical double layer. Furthermore, the noncontact human-machine interaction and real-time respiratory frequency detection are enabled by the sensors. This work provides an innovative strategy to achieve further breakthroughs in device performance and promote the development of hydrogel-based miniaturized and integrated electronics.
![]()
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen X, Li Y, Wang X, Yu H. Origami Paper-Based Stretchable Humidity Sensor for Textile-Attachable Wearable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:36227-36237. [PMID: 35912486 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable humidity sensors for wearable purposes have become increasingly important in health care and physiological signal monitoring. However, to the authors' knowledge, there is no report on flexible and stretchable paper-based humidity sensors that are low-cost, easily fabricated, and environmentally friendly. In this work, for the first time, we propose a stretchable, textile-compatible paper-based origami humidity sensor (POHS). The POHS can achieve good stretchability by integrating origami folding structures with a paper substrate, in which an airlaid paper acts as both a sensing material and a sensor substrate. This sensor has high sensitivity, good response, and recovery properties with excellent stability during deformation. This sensor has proved to be capable of dynamically monitoring the breathing rate after 300 folding and unfolding cycles. The flexible and stretchable nature of our POHS ensures that it is compatible for textile attachment and its utility for wearable applications, including respiration rate monitoring and diaper wetting detection. The facile fabrication process and convenient disposal method of the POHS proposed in this study provide feasible solutions for the development of low-cost wearable humidity sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingru Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yongkai Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
- The School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongyu Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Qu X, Liu Z, Tan P, Wang C, Liu Y, Feng H, Luo D, Li Z, Wang ZL. Artificial tactile perception smart finger for material identification based on triboelectric sensing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2521. [PMID: 35930645 PMCID: PMC9355359 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tactile perception includes the direct response of tactile corpuscles to environmental stimuli and psychological parameters associated with brain recognition. To date, several artificial haptic-based sensing techniques can accurately measure physical stimuli. However, quantifying the psychological parameters of tactile perception to achieve texture and roughness identification remains challenging. Here, we developed a smart finger with surpassed human tactile perception, which enabled accurate identification of material type and roughness through the integration of triboelectric sensing and machine learning. In principle, as each material has different capabilities to gain or lose electrons, a unique triboelectric fingerprint output will be generated when the triboelectric sensor is in contact with the measured object. The construction of a triboelectric sensor array could further eliminate interference from the environment, and the accuracy rate of material identification was as high as 96.8%. The proposed smart finger provides the possibility to impart artificial tactile perception to manipulators or prosthetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Qu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Puchuan Tan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chan Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongqing Feng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Luo
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Zhou Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0245, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lu Y, Yang G, Shen Y, Yang H, Xu K. Multifunctional Flexible Humidity Sensor Systems Towards Noncontact Wearable Electronics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:150. [PMID: 35869398 PMCID: PMC9307709 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, the global industry and research attentions on intelligent skin-like electronics have boosted their applications in diverse fields including human healthcare, Internet of Things, human-machine interfaces, artificial intelligence and soft robotics. Among them, flexible humidity sensors play a vital role in noncontact measurements relying on the unique property of rapid response to humidity change. This work presents an overview of recent advances in flexible humidity sensors using various active functional materials for contactless monitoring. Four categories of humidity sensors are highlighted based on resistive, capacitive, impedance-type and voltage-type working mechanisms. Furthermore, typical strategies including chemical doping, structural design and Joule heating are introduced to enhance the performance of humidity sensors. Drawing on the noncontact perception capability, human/plant healthcare management, human-machine interactions as well as integrated humidity sensor-based feedback systems are presented. The burgeoning innovations in this research field will benefit human society, especially during the COVID-19 epidemic, where cross-infection should be averted and contactless sensation is highly desired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Geng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yajing Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cho MY, Kim IS, Kim MJ, Hyun DE, Koo SM, Sohn H, Kim NY, Kim S, Ko S, Oh JM. NaCl Ionization-Based Moisture Sensor Prepared by Aerosol Deposition for Monitoring Respiratory Patterns. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5178. [PMID: 35890859 PMCID: PMC9317478 DOI: 10.3390/s22145178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A highly polarizable moisture sensor with multimodal sensing capabilities has great advantages for healthcare applications such as human respiration monitoring. We introduce an ionically polarizable moisture sensor based on NaCl/BaTiO3 composite films fabricated using a facile aerosol deposition (AD) process. The proposed sensing model operates based on an enormous NaCl ionization effect in addition to natural moisture polarization, whereas all previous sensors are based only on the latter. We obtained an optimal sensing performance in a 0.5 µm-thick layer containing NaCl-37.5 wt% by manipulating the sensing layer thickness and weight fraction of NaCl. The NaCl/BaTiO3 sensing layer exhibits outstanding sensitivity over a wide humidity range and a fast response/recovery time of 2/2 s; these results were obtained by performing the one-step AD process at room temperature without using any auxiliary methods. Further, we present a human respiration monitoring system using a sensing device that provides favorable and stable electrical signals under diverse respiratory scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Yeon Cho
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea; (M.-Y.C.); (M.-J.K.); (D.-E.H.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Ik-Soo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 37673, Korea;
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea; (M.-Y.C.); (M.-J.K.); (D.-E.H.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Da-Eun Hyun
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea; (M.-Y.C.); (M.-J.K.); (D.-E.H.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Sang-Mo Koo
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea; (M.-Y.C.); (M.-J.K.); (D.-E.H.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Hiesang Sohn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea;
| | - Nam-Young Kim
- RFIC Center, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea;
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Korea;
| | - Seunghoon Ko
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea; (M.-Y.C.); (M.-J.K.); (D.-E.H.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Jong-Min Oh
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Korea; (M.-Y.C.); (M.-J.K.); (D.-E.H.); (S.-M.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Study on the Gamma Irradiation Characteristics of a Carbon Nanotube Sponge/Polydimethylsiloxane/Tungsten Oxide Flexible Force-Sensitive Structure. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071024. [PMID: 35888841 PMCID: PMC9323448 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a new type of flexible force-sensitive structure that is resistant to gamma radiation and is made of tungsten oxide (WO3) powder, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and carbon nanotube (CNT) sponge. The thickness of the sample was 2.2 mm, the middle interlayer was composed of a carbon nanotube (CNT) sponge and PDMS to form a conductive layer, and the upper and lower layers were made of tungsten oxide and PDMS, which formed a gamma-ray shielding layer. When the particle size of the tungsten oxide powder was 50 nm, 100 nm, and 1 µm, the composite force-sensitive structure exhibited better force-sensitive performance. The composite force-sensitive structure was irradiated with doses of 5, 20, 50, and 100 KGy through 60Co- rays with an energy of 1.25 MeV. The results showed that the force-sensitive characteristics changed little in significance after irradiation by different doses of gamma rays, indicating that the force-sensitive structure has good resistance to gamma radiation. This flexible stress sensor can be used in soft robots and health inspection, even in harsh environments without significant performance loss.
Collapse
|
29
|
Cai C, Wen C, Zhao W, Tian S, Long Y, Zhang X, Sui X, Zhang L, Yang J. Environment-Resistant Organohydrogel-Based Sensor Enables Highly Sensitive Strain, Temperature, and Humidity Responses. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:23692-23700. [PMID: 35536163 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels have been extensively used in wearable skin sensors owing to their outstanding flexibility, tissuelike compliance, and biocompatibility. However, the dehydration and embrittlement of hydrogels can result in sensitivity loss or even invalidation, restraining their wearable applications in external environments, especially at low temperatures and in arid environments. Herein, an environment-resistant organohydrogel is developed for multifunctional sensors. A double-network organohydrogel based on hyaluronic acid and poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) is developed, and glycerol is introduced into the organohydrogel network via a solvent displacement strategy. Owing to the water-locking effects of glycerol and tough polymeric backbone, the resultant organohydrogel not only exhibits stable tensibility but also maintains excellent flexibility and stable conductivity with the environment-resistant properties, including freezing resistance against -30 °C and moisture retention at 4% relative humidity in a high temperature of 60 °C. Moreover, a series of organohydrogel-based sensors and an array device are developed to achieve highly sensitive strain, temperature, and humidity responses and exhibit a high gauge factor of 10.79 in the strain-sensitive test. This work develops a universal ionic skin based on organohydrogels to be applied to wearable sensors for health monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Cai
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Chiyu Wen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Weiqiang Zhao
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Shu Tian
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - You Long
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Xiaojie Sui
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Frontier Technology Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin 301700, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Luo J, Ji N, Zhang W, Ge P, Liu Y, Sun J, Wang J, Zhuo Q, Qin C, Dai L. Ultrasensitive airflow sensor prepared by electrostatic flocking for sound recognition and motion monitoring. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:1503-1512. [PMID: 35319059 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, airflow sensors have attracted great attention due to their unique characteristics. However, the preparation of high-performance airflow sensors via extraordinarily simple, controllable and cost-effective methods remains a great challenge. Herein, inspired by the fluff system of the spider, an ultrasensitive fluffy-like airflow sensor with carbon fibers (CFs) uniformly and firmly planted on the surface of a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibrous substrate has been easily fabricated using electrostatic flocking technology. The fluffy-like structure endows the airflow sensor with superior properties including ultra-sensitivity, fast response time (0.103 s), low airflow velocity detection limit (0.068 m s-1), ultra-sensitive detection in a wide airflow range (0.068-16 m s-1), and multi-directional consistent response to airflow. This sensor can be used to accurately recognize sound waves and voiceless speech and detect human and object motions in different postures and speeds. This work presents insights into designing and preparing high-performance airflow sensors on a large-scale for sound recognition, motion monitoring, and assisting the disabled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Luo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Nan Ji
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Pei Ge
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Yixuan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Qiqi Zhuo
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, P. R. China.
| | - Chuanxiang Qin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Lixing Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Su M, Li P, Liu X, Wei D, Yang J. Textile-Based Flexible Capacitive Pressure Sensors: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1495. [PMID: 35564203 PMCID: PMC9103991 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flexible capacitive pressure sensors have been widely used in electronic skin, human movement and health monitoring, and human-machine interactions. Recently, electronic textiles afford a valuable alternative to traditional capacitive pressure sensors due to their merits of flexibility, light weight, air permeability, low cost, and feasibility to fit various surfaces. The textile-based functional layers can serve as electrodes, dielectrics, and substrates, and various devices with semi-textile or all-textile structures have been well developed. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in textile-based flexible capacitive pressure sensors. The latest research progresses on textile devices with sandwich structures, yarn structures, and in-plane structures are introduced, and the influences of different device structures on performance are discussed. The applications of textile-based sensors in human wearable devices, robotic sensing, and human-machine interaction are then summarized. Finally, evolutionary trends, future directions, and challenges are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Su
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; (M.S.); (X.L.); (D.W.)
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China;
| | - Pei Li
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China;
| | - Xueqin Liu
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; (M.S.); (X.L.); (D.W.)
| | - Dapeng Wei
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China; (M.S.); (X.L.); (D.W.)
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China;
| | - Jun Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China;
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tao K, Chen Z, Yu J, Zeng H, Wu J, Wu Z, Jia Q, Li P, Fu Y, Chang H, Yuan W. Ultra-Sensitive, Deformable, and Transparent Triboelectric Tactile Sensor Based on Micro-Pyramid Patterned Ionic Hydrogel for Interactive Human-Machine Interfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104168. [PMID: 35098703 PMCID: PMC8981453 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid advances in wearable electronics and mechno-sensational human-machine interfaces impose great challenges in developing flexible and deformable tactile sensors with high efficiency, ultra-sensitivity, environment-tolerance, and self-sustainability. Herein, a tactile hydrogel sensor (THS) based on micro-pyramid-patterned double-network (DN) ionic organohydrogels to detect subtle pressure changes by measuring the variations of triboelectric output signal without an external power supply is reported. By the first time of pyramidal-patterned hydrogel fabrication method and laminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) encapsulation process, the self-powered THS shows the advantages of remarkable flexibility, good transparency (≈85%), and excellent sensing performance, including extraordinary sensitivity (45.97 mV Pa-1 ), fast response (≈20 ms), very low limit of detection (50 Pa) as well as good stability (36 000 cycles). Moreover, with the LiBr immersion treatment method, the THS possesses excellent long-term hyper anti-freezing and anti-dehydrating properties, broad environmental tolerance (-20 to 60 °C), and instantaneous peak power density of 20 µW cm-2 , providing reliable contact outputs with different materials and detecting very slight human motions. By integrating the signal acquisition/process circuit, the THS with excellent self-power sensing ability is utilized as a switching button to control electric appliances and robotic hands by simulating human finger gestures, offering its great potentials for wearable and multi-functional electronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Zhensheng Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Haozhe Zeng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and TechnologySchool of Electronics and Information TechnologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and TechnologySchool of Electronics and Information TechnologySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Jia
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE)Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME)Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE)Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME)Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and EnvironmentNorthumbria UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE1 8STUK
| | - Honglong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| | - Weizheng Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi'an710072P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tai G, Wei D, Su M, Li P, Xie L, Yang J. Force-Sensitive Interface Engineering in Flexible Pressure Sensors: A Review. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22072652. [PMID: 35408265 PMCID: PMC9002484 DOI: 10.3390/s22072652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors have received extensive attention in recent years due to their great importance in intelligent electronic devices. In order to improve the sensing performance of flexible pressure sensors, researchers are committed to making improvements in device materials, force-sensitive interfaces, and device structures. This paper focuses on the force-sensitive interface engineering of the device, which listing the main preparation methods of various force-sensitive interface microstructures and describing their respective advantages and disadvantages from the working mechanisms and practical applications of the flexible pressure sensor. What is more, the device structures of the flexible pressure sensor are investigated with the regular and irregular force-sensitive interface and accordingly the influences of different device structures on the performance are discussed. Finally, we not only summarize diverse practical applications of the existing flexible pressure sensors controlled by the force-sensitive interface but also briefly discuss some existing problems and future prospects of how to improve the device performance through the adjustment of the force-sensitive interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Tai
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Dapeng Wei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Min Su
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Pei Li
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
| | - Jun Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu H, Song X, Wang X, Wang S, Yao N, Li X, Fang W, Tong L, Zhang L. Optical Microfibers for Sensing Proximity and Contact in Human-Machine Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14447-14454. [PMID: 35290012 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of proximity-contact events is essential for human-machine interactions, intelligent robots, and healthcare monitoring. We report a dual-modal sensor made with two functionalized optical microfibers (MFs), which is inspired by the somatosensory system of human skin. The integrated sensor with a hierarchical structure gradationally detects finger approaching and touching by measuring the relative humidity (RH) and force-triggered light intensity variations. Specifically, the RH sensory part shows enhanced evanescent absorption, achieving a sensitive RH measurement with a fast response (110 ms), a high resolution (0.11%RH), and a wide working range (10-100%RH). Enabled by the transition from guided modes into radiation modes of the waveguiding MF, the force sensory part exhibits a high sensitivity (6.2%/kPa) and a fast response (up to 1.5 kHz). By using a real-time data processing unit, the proximity-contact sensor (PCS) achieves continuous detection of the full-contact events, including finger approaching, contacting, pressing, releasing, and leaving. As a proof of concept, the electromagnetic-interference-free PCS enables a smart switch system to recognize the proximity and contact of bare/gloved fingers. Moreover, skin humidity detection and respiration monitoring are realized. These initial results pave the way toward a category of optical collaborative devices ranging from human-machine interfaces to multifunctional on-skin healthcare sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Liu
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xingda Song
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shuhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ni Yao
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiong Li
- Tencent Robotics X Lab, Tencent Technology (Shenzhen) Co. Ltd, Shenzhen 518054, China
| | - Wei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Limin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Center for Humanoid Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rahman SA, Khan SA, Rehman MM, Kim WY. Highly Sensitive and Stable Humidity Sensor Based on the Bi-Layered PVA/Graphene Flower Composite Film. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1026. [PMID: 35335838 PMCID: PMC8955666 DOI: 10.3390/nano12061026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials and their composites have gained significant importance as the functional layer of various environmental sensors and nanoelectronics owing to their unique properties. This work reports for the first time a highly sensitive, fast, and stable humidity sensor based on the bi-layered active sensing area composed of graphene flower (GF) and poly (vinyl alcohol) PVA thin films for multifunctional applications. The GF/PVA humidity sensor exhibited stable impedance response over 15 days, for a relative humidity (RH) range of (40-90% RH) under ambient operating conditions. The proposed bi-layered humidity sensor also exhibited an ultra-high capacitive sensitivity response of the 29 nF/%RH at 10 kHz and fast transient response of 2 s and 3.5 s, respectively. Furthermore, the reported sensor also showed a good response towards multi-functional applications such as non-contact skin humidity and mouth breathing detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Woo-Young Kim
- Faculty of Applied Energy System, Major of Electronic Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (S.A.R.); (S.A.K.); (M.M.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yu J, Feng Y, Sun D, Ren W, Shao C, Sun R. Highly Conductive and Mechanically Robust Cellulose Nanocomposite Hydrogels with Antifreezing and Antidehydration Performances for Flexible Humidity Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:10886-10897. [PMID: 35179371 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels are emerging as an appealing material platform for flexible electronic devices owing to their attractive mechanical flexibility and conductive properties. However, the conventional water-based conductive hydrogels tend to inevitably freeze at subzero temperature and suffer from continuous water evaporation under ambient conditions, leading to a decrease in their electrical conductivities and mechanical properties. Thus, it is extremely necessary, but generally challenging, to create an antifreezing and antidehydration conductive gel for maintaining high and stable performances in terms of electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. Herein, we fabricated a cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-reinforced and highly ion-conductive organogel featuring excellent antifreezing and antidehydration performances by immersing it in the CaCl2/sorbitol solution for solvent displacement. The incorporation of a rigid CNF serving as a dynamic connected bridge provided a hierarchical honeycomb-like cellular structure for the obtained CS-nanocomposite (NC) organogel networks, facilitating significant mechanical reinforcement. The synergy effects of sorbitol and CaCl2 allowed high-performance integration with excellent antifreezing tolerance, antidehydration ability, and ionic conductivity. Strong hydrogen bonds were formed between water molecules and sorbitol molecules to impede the formation of ice crystals and water evaporation, thereby imparting the CS-NC organogels with extreme-temperature tolerance as low as -50 °C and pre-eminent antidehydration performance with over 90% weight retention. Furthermore, this CS-NC organogel exhibited high humidity sensitivity in a wide humidity detection range (23∼97% relative humidity) because of the ready formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules and numerous hydrophilic groups in the binary solvent and elaborated polymer chains, which can be assembled as a stretchable humidity sensor to monitor human respiration with a fast response. This work provides a new prospect for fabricating intrinsically stretchable and high-performance humidity sensors using cellulose-based humidity-responsive materials for the emerging wearable applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yufan Feng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenfeng Ren
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Changyou Shao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Runcang Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang Y, Zhang T, Huang Z, Yang J. A New Class of Electronic Devices Based on Flexible Porous Substrates. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105084. [PMID: 35038244 PMCID: PMC8895116 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of the Internet of Things era, the connection between electronic devices and humans is getting closer and closer. New-concept electronic devices including e-skins, nanogenerators, brain-machine interfaces, and implantable medical devices, can work on or inside human bodies, calling for wearing comfort, super flexibility, biodegradability, and stability under complex deformations. However, conventional electronics based on metal and plastic substrates cannot effectively meet these new application requirements. Therefore, a series of advanced electronic devices based on flexible porous substrates (e.g., paper, fabric, electrospun nanofibers, wood, and elastic polymer sponge) is being developed to address these challenges by virtue of their superior biocompatibility, breathability, deformability, and robustness. The porous structure of these substrates can not only improve device performance but also enable new functions, but due to their wide variety, choosing the right porous substrate is crucial for preparing high-performance electronics for specific applications. Herein, the properties of different flexible porous substrates are summarized and their basic principles of design, manufacture, and use are highlighted. Subsequently, various functionalization methods of these porous substrates are briefly introduced and compared. Then, the latest advances in flexible porous substrate-based electronics are demonstrated. Finally, the remaining challenges and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5B9Canada
| | - Tengyuan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5B9Canada
| | - Zhandong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5B9Canada
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONN6A 5B9Canada
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaShenzhen518000P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kano S, Jarulertwathana N, Mohd-Noor S, Hyun JK, Asahara R, Mekaru H. Respiratory Monitoring by Ultrafast Humidity Sensors with Nanomaterials: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:1251. [PMID: 35161997 PMCID: PMC8838830 DOI: 10.3390/s22031251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory monitoring is a fundamental method to understand the physiological and psychological relationships between respiration and the human body. In this review, we overview recent developments on ultrafast humidity sensors with functional nanomaterials for monitoring human respiration. Key advances in design and materials have resulted in humidity sensors with response and recovery times reaching 8 ms. In addition, these sensors are particularly beneficial for respiratory monitoring by being portable and noninvasive. We systematically classify the reported sensors according to four types of output signals: impedance, light, frequency, and voltage. Design strategies for preparing ultrafast humidity sensors using nanomaterials are discussed with regard to physical parameters such as the nanomaterial film thickness, porosity, and hydrophilicity. We also summarize other applications that require ultrafast humidity sensors for physiological studies. This review provides key guidelines and directions for preparing and applying such sensors in practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kano
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa 277-0882, Japan;
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8563, Japan
| | - Nutpaphat Jarulertwathana
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (N.J.); (S.M.-N.); (J.K.H.)
| | - Syazwani Mohd-Noor
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (N.J.); (S.M.-N.); (J.K.H.)
| | - Jerome K. Hyun
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (N.J.); (S.M.-N.); (J.K.H.)
| | - Ryota Asahara
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan;
| | - Harutaka Mekaru
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa 277-0882, Japan;
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8563, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tachibana S, Wang YF, Sekine T, Takeda Y, Hong J, Yoshida A, Abe M, Miura R, Watanabe Y, Kumaki D, Tokito S. A Printed Flexible Humidity Sensor with High Sensitivity and Fast Response Using a Cellulose Nanofiber/Carbon Black Composite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:5721-5728. [PMID: 35067045 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) society, there is a significant need for low-cost, high-performance flexible humidity sensors in wearable devices. However, commercially available humidity sensors lack flexibility or require expensive and complex fabrication methods, limiting their application and widespread use. We report a high-performance printed flexible humidity sensor using a cellulose nanofiber/carbon black (CNF/CB) composite. The cellulose nanofiber enables excellent dispersion of carbon black, which facilitates the ink preparation and printing process. At the same time, its hydrophilic and porous nature provides high sensitivity and fast response to humidity. Significant resistance changes of 120% were observed in the sensor at humidity ranging from 30% RH to 90% RH, with a fast response time of 10 s and a recovery time of 6 s. Furthermore, the developed sensor also exhibited high-performance uniformity, response stability, and flexibility. A simple humidity detection device was fabricated and successfully applied to monitor human respiration and noncontact fingertip moisture as a proof-of-concept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Tachibana
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohito Sekine
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yasunori Takeda
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Jinseo Hong
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Ayako Yoshida
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Mai Abe
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Reo Miura
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yushi Watanabe
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kumaki
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shizuo Tokito
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chen Y, Gao Z, Zhang F, Wen Z, Sun X. Recent progress in self-powered multifunctional e-skin for advanced applications. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20210112. [PMID: 37324580 PMCID: PMC10191004 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin), new generation of flexible wearable electronic devices, has characteristics including flexibility, thinness, biocompatibility with broad application prospects, and a crucial place in future wearable electronics. With the increasing demand for wearable sensor systems, the realization of multifunctional e-skin with low power consumption or even autonomous energy is urgently needed. The latest progress of multifunctional self-powered e-skin for applications in physiological health, human-machine interaction (HMI), virtual reality (VR), and artificial intelligence (AI) is presented here. Various energy conversion effects for the driving energy problem of multifunctional e-skin are summarized. An overview of various types of self-powered e-skins, including single-effect e-skins and multifunctional coupling-effects e-skin systems is provided, where the aspects of material preparation, device assembly, and output signal analysis of the self-powered multifunctional e-skin are described. In the end, the existing problems and prospects in this field are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouP. R. China
| | - Zhengqiu Gao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouP. R. China
| | - Fangjia Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouP. R. China
| | - Zhen Wen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouP. R. China
| | - Xuhui Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon‐Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow UniversitySuzhouP. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Li WD, Ke K, Jia J, Pu JH, Zhao X, Bao RY, Liu ZY, Bai L, Zhang K, Yang MB, Yang W. Recent Advances in Multiresponsive Flexible Sensors towards E-skin: A Delicate Design for Versatile Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2103734. [PMID: 34825473 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiresponsive flexile sensors with strain, temperature, humidity, and other sensing abilities serving as real electronic skin (e-skin) have manifested great application potential in flexible electronics, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT). Although numerous flexible sensors with sole sensing function have already been reported since the concept of e-skin, that mimics the sensing features of human skin, was proposed about a decade ago, the ones with more sensing capacities as new emergences are urgently demanded. However, highly integrated and highly sensitive flexible sensors with multiresponsive functions are becoming a big thrust for the detection of human body motions, physiological signals (e.g., skin temperature, blood pressure, electrocardiograms (ECG), electromyograms (EMG), sweat, etc.) and environmental stimuli (e.g., light, magnetic field, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)), which are vital to real-time and all-round human health monitoring and management. Herein, this review summarizes the design, manufacturing, and application of multiresponsive flexible sensors and presents the future challenges of fabricating these sensors for the next-generation e-skin and wearable electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Di Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jun-Hong Pu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Lu Bai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li C, Liu J, Peng H, Sui Y, Song J, Liu Y, Huang W, Chen X, Shen J, Ling Y, Huang C, Hong Y, Huang W. A Camel Nose-Inspired Highly Durable Neuromorphic Humidity Sensor with Water Source Locating Capability. ACS NANO 2022; 16:1511-1522. [PMID: 34908409 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Numerous emerging applications in modern society require humidity sensors that are not only sensitive and specific but also durable and intelligent. However, conventional humidity sensors do not have all of these simultaneously because they require very different or even contradictory design principles. Here, inspired by camel noses, we develop a porous zwitterionic capacitive humidity sensor. Relying on the synergistic effect of a porous structure and good chemical and thermal stabilities of hygroscopic zwitterions, this sensor simultaneously exhibits high sensitivity, discriminability, excellent durability, and, in particular, the highest respond speed among reported capacitive humidity sensors, with demonstrated applications in the fast discrimination between fresh, stale, and dry leaves, high-resolution touchless human-machine interactive input devices, and the real-time monitoring humidity level of a hot industrial exhaust. More importantly, this sensor exhibits typical synapse behaviors such as paired-pulse facilitation due to the strong binding interactions between water and zwitterions. This leads to learning and forgetting features with a tunable memory, thus giving the sensor artificial intelligence and enabling the location of water sources. This work offers a general design principle expected to be applied to develop other high-performance biochemical sensors and the next-generation intelligent sensors with much broader applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caicong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Hailong Peng
- School of Resources, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jian Song
- Science and Technology on Microsystem Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jinghui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yao Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chongyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Youwei Hong
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao West Road, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ma H, Li X, Lou J, Gu Y, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Cheng H, Han W. Strong Bacterial Cellulose-Based Films with Natural Laminar Alignment for Highly Sensitive Humidity Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3165-3175. [PMID: 34994532 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Humidity sensors have been widely used for humidity monitoring in industry and agriculture fields. However, the rigid structure, nondegradability, and large dimension of traditional humidity sensors significantly restrict their applications in wearable fields. In this study, a flexible, strong, and eco-friendly bacterial cellulose-based humidity sensor (BPS) was fabricated using a two-step method, involving solvent evaporation-induced self-assembly and electrolyte permeation. Rapid evaporation of organic solvent induces the formation of nanopores of the bacterial cellulose (BC) surface and promotes structural densification. Furthermore, the successful embedding of potassium hydroxide into the sophisticated network of BC effectively enhanced the sensing performance of BPS. The BPS exhibits an excellent humidity sensing response of more than 103 within the relative humidity ranging from 36.4 to 93% and strong (66.4 MPa) and high flexibility properties owing to the ultrafine fiber network and abundant hydrophilic functional groups of BC. Besides being strong and thin, BPS is also highly flexible, biodegradable, and humidity-sensitive, making it a potential candidate in wearable electronics, human health monitoring, and noncontact switching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yujie Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yifei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Heli Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Wenjia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Li S, Xiao P, Zhou W, Liang Y, Kuo SW, Chen T. Bioinspired Nanostructured Superwetting Thin-Films in a Self-supported form Enabled "Miniature Umbrella" for Weather Monitoring and Water Rescue. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 14:32. [PMID: 34902086 PMCID: PMC8669048 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00775-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED An elastic, superhydrophobic and conductive thin film inspired by the natural self-supported superhydrophobic butterfly wings enabled by a controllable composite of assembled carbon nanotube and elastomer is fabricated. Through the adjustment of hydrophobic elastomeric coating, the surface wettability can be effectively controlled and still maintain superhydrophobic characteristics under the applied strain of 60%. The achieved film can function as a self-supported smart umbrella to sensitively monitor the day weather and perform water rescue. ABSTRACT Two-dimensional (2D) soft materials, especially in their self-supported forms, demonstrate attractive properties to realize biomimetic morphing and ultrasensitive sensing. Although extensive efforts on design of self-supported functional membranes and integrated systems have been devoted, there still remains an unexplored regime of the combination of mechanical, electrical and surface wetting properties for specific functions. Here, we report a self-supported film featured with elastic, thin, conductive and superhydrophobic characteristics. Through a well-defined surface modification strategy, the surface wettability and mechanical sensing can be effectively balanced. The resulted film can function as a smart umbrella to achieve real-time simulated raining with diverse frequencies and intensity. In addition, the integrated umbrella can even response sensitively to the sunlight and demonstrate a positively correlation of current signals with the intensity of sun illumination. Moreover, the superhydrophobic umbrella can be further employed to realize water rescue, which can take the underwater object onto water surface, load and rapidly transport the considerable weight. More importantly, the whole process of loaded objects and water flow velocity can be precisely detected. The self-supported smart umbrella can effectively monitor the weather and realize a smart water rescue, demonstrating significant potentials in multifunctional sensing and directional actuation in the presence of water. [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40820-021-00775-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiao-Wei Kuo
- Department of Material and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
The Effect of rGO-Doping on the Performance of SnO 2/rGO Flexible Humidity Sensor. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123368. [PMID: 34947717 PMCID: PMC8703863 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of a flexible and high-performance humidity sensor is essential to expand its new applications, such as personal health monitoring and early diagnosis. In this work, SnO2/rGO nanocomposites were prepared by one-step hydrothermal method. The effect of rGO-doping on humidity sensing performance was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the nanostructure, morphology and chemical composition of SnO2/rGO nanocomposites. The SnO2/rGO humidity sensitive film was prepared by electrospinning on a polyimide film modified with gold electrodes. The humidity test results show that different doping ratios of rGO have different effects on humidity sensing properties. Among them, the sensor with 2 wt% rGO-doping has a high sensitivity (37,491.2%) within the humidity range as well as the fast response time (80 s) and recover time (4 s). Furthermore, the sensor with 2 wt% rGO-doping remains good flexibility and stability in the case of bending (1000 times). The sensitivity of the 2 wt% rGO-doping sensor at the bending radius (8 mm and 4 mm) is 48,219% and 91,898%, respectively. More importantly, the sensor could reflect different breathing states clearly and track breathing intervals as short as 3 s. The SnO2/rGO flexible humidity sensor with accuracy, flexibility and instantaneity as well as the facile fabrication strategy is conceivable to be applied in the potential application for human health real-time monitoring.
Collapse
|
46
|
Chai C, Yi M, Zhang Z, Huang Z, Fan Q, Hao J. Ultra-Sensitive and Ultra-Stretchable Strain Sensors Based on Emulsion Gels with Broad Operating Temperature. Chemistry 2021; 27:13161-13171. [PMID: 34383383 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels with mechanical elasticity and conductivity are ideal materials in wearable devices. However, traditional hydrogels are fragile upon mechanical loading and lose functions in climate change because the internal water undergoes freeze and dehydration. Herein, we synthesize stable emulsions at high and low temperatures by introducing glycerol into the W/W emulsions. Then the high-stable emulsions are used as templates to produce the freestanding emulsion gels with enhanced mechanical strength and conductivity. The introduction of glycerol endows emulsions and emulsion gels with high and low temperature resistance (-20 to 90 °C). The fabricated strain sensors based on emulsion gels show high sensitivity (gauge factor=6.240), high stretchability (1081 %), fatigue resistance, self-healing and adhesion properties, realizing the repeatable and accurate detection of various human motions. These high-performance and eco-friendly emulsion gels can be promising candidates for next-generation artificial skin and human-machine interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Chai
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry and, Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials (Ministry of Education) & State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Mengjiao Yi
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry and, Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials (Ministry of Education) & State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry and, Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials (Ministry of Education) & State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry and, Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials (Ministry of Education) & State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Qi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry and, Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials (Ministry of Education) & State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Jingcheng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry and, Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials (Ministry of Education) & State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhao H, Wang Z, Li Y, Yang M. Single-sided and integrated polyaniline/ poly(vinylidene fluoride) flexible membrane with micro/nanostructures as breathable, nontoxic and fast response wearable humidity sensor. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:367-377. [PMID: 34509111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Harmless and breathable flexible humidity sensor has important applications in continuous and real-time detection of human physiological activities. In this work, with hydrophobic poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane as both the template and substrate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a structure regulator, polyaniline (PANI) was unilaterally deposited on a PVDF microporous membrane to facilely fabricate a single-sided integrated flexible humidity sensor (IFHS). Such IFHS is featured with unique micro/nano structure and good air permeability. Moreover, it exhibits good humidity sensing properties at room temperature including fast response, small hysteresis and stable response even under bending deformation. The flexible sensor could realize non-contact monitoring of human respiration and speaking activities. Unilateral deposition of PANI and good breathability of IFHS avoids direct contact between PANI and human skin, thus averting harms to human and minimizing the deterioration of humidity sensing properties of PANI layer. The simple method is universal to the preparation of single-sided, integrated, breathable, nontoxic and fast response wearable humidity sensors based on PANI and hydrophobic microporous polymer membranes, offering useful references for the construction of advanced flexible sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Mujie Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wen F, Zhang Z, He T, Lee C. AI enabled sign language recognition and VR space bidirectional communication using triboelectric smart glove. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5378. [PMID: 34508076 PMCID: PMC8433305 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25637-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sign language recognition, especially the sentence recognition, is of great significance for lowering the communication barrier between the hearing/speech impaired and the non-signers. The general glove solutions, which are employed to detect motions of our dexterous hands, only achieve recognizing discrete single gestures (i.e., numbers, letters, or words) instead of sentences, far from satisfying the meet of the signers' daily communication. Here, we propose an artificial intelligence enabled sign language recognition and communication system comprising sensing gloves, deep learning block, and virtual reality interface. Non-segmentation and segmentation assisted deep learning model achieves the recognition of 50 words and 20 sentences. Significantly, the segmentation approach splits entire sentence signals into word units. Then the deep learning model recognizes all word elements and reversely reconstructs and recognizes sentences. Furthermore, new/never-seen sentences created by new-order word elements recombination can be recognized with an average correct rate of 86.67%. Finally, the sign language recognition results are projected into virtual space and translated into text and audio, allowing the remote and bidirectional communication between signers and non-signers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou, China
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou, China
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tianyiyi He
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou, China
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou, China.
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School-Integrative Sciences and Engineering Program (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang G, Zhang Q, Wang Q, Zhou L, Gao G. Bio-Based Hydrogel Transducer for Measuring Human Motion with Stable Adhesion and Ultrahigh Toughness. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:24173-24182. [PMID: 33988972 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Adaptability could meet basic technological application requirements. Therefore, a hydrogel-based transducer with durable adhesion, ultrahigh toughness, and super resilience was highly demanded. Here, a skin-like hydrogel transducer was successfully prepared through introducing carboxymethyl chitosan and sodium caseinate into a polyacrylamide hydrogel system. In addition, the polyacrylamide-sodium casein-carboxymethyl chitosan (PAAM-SC-CC) hydrogel has strong mechanical properties and excellent mechanical flexibility, largely due to the adequate energy dissipation mechanism. Surprisingly, the PAAM-SC-CC hydrogel exhibited stable and reproducible adhesion to various solid substrates and the human skin. Due to abundant free ions driven from sodium caseinate, the PAAM-SC-CC hydrogel could maintain stable and sensitive ionic conductivity without adding additional fillers. Experiments have proved that it can be applied to the field of human motion monitoring with complex signals. Therefore, the PAAM-SC-CC hydrogel sensor could monitor human movement in different strain ranges, including throat movement and joint extension. Such a flexible hydrogel-based transducer with various properties is conceivable to broaden the application field of bioelectrodes, human machines, personalized medical health fields, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Wang
- Polymeric and Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Polymeric and Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Polymeric and Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lubin Zhou
- Polymeric and Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Guanghui Gao
- Polymeric and Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Delipinar T, Shafique A, Gohar MS, Yapici MK. Fabrication and Materials Integration of Flexible Humidity Sensors for Emerging Applications. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8744-8753. [PMID: 33842746 PMCID: PMC8028014 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, humidity measurements have ubiquitously gained consideration in the wide range of application paradigms such as industrial predictive maintenance, instrumentation, automation, agriculture, climate monitoring, healthcare, and semiconductor industries. Accurate humidity measurements and cost-effective fabrication processes for large-volume and high-performance sensors with flexible form factors are essential to meet the stringent performance requirements of the emerging application areas. To address this need, recent efforts focus on development of innovative sensing modalities, process technologies, and exploration and integration of new materials to enable low-cost, robust, and flexible humidity sensors with ultrahigh sensitivity and linearity, large dynamic range, low hysteresis, and fast response time. In this review paper, we present an overview of flexible humidity sensors based on distinct sensing mechanisms, employed processing techniques, and various functional sensing layers and substrate materials for specific applications. Furthermore, we present the critical device design parameters considered to be indicative of sensor performance such as relative humidity range, along with a discussion on some of the specific applications and use cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Delipinar
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci
University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Atia Shafique
- Flexible
Electronics R&D Platform, Kordsa, Izmit 41310, Turkey
| | - Maryam Sepehri Gohar
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci
University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Murat Kaya Yapici
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci
University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- SUNUM
Nanotechnology Research Center, Sabanci
University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|