1
|
Chen Z, Tang Y, Guo P, Zhang W, Peng J, Xiong Y, Ma B, Lai W. Integration of a biocompatible metal-phenolic network and fluorescence microspheres as labels for sensitive and stable detection of carbendazim with a lateral flow immunoassay. Food Chem 2024; 450:139260. [PMID: 38626714 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
High fluorescence intensity microspheres such as aggregation-induced emission fluorescence microspheres (AIEFM) have improved the sensitivity of lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). The preparation of immune probes in LFIA usually adopts the chemical coupling strategy with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide for antibody coupling, which has the problems of low coupling efficiency, tedious coupling process, and poor repeatability. A biocompatible metal-phenolic network (MPN), which contains large amounts of phenols and galloyl groups, could easily, quickly, and stably couple with antibodies. Herein, we proposed a strategy based on MPN modification on ultrabright AIEFM surface as a novel label for the rapid detection of carbendazim. The limit of detection of AIEFM@MPN-LFIA was 0.019 ng/mL, which was 4.9 times lower than that of AIEFM-LFIA. In spiked samples, the average recoveries of AIEFM@MPN-LFIA ranged from 80% to 118% (coefficient of variation <13.45%). Therefore, AIEFM@MPN was a promising signal label that could improve the detection performance of LFIA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongyou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ping Guo
- Jiangxi General Institute of Testing and Certification, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangxi General Institute of Testing and Certification, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Juan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Bingfeng Ma
- Jiangxi General Institute of Testing and Certification, Nanchang 330029, China.
| | - Weihua Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen X, Li ZW, Duan H, Sun YW, Su Y, Peng S, Guo Y, Xiong Y, Tang BZ, Huang X. A Ligand-Directed Spatial Regulation to Structural and Functional Tunability in Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogen-Functionalized Organic-Inorganic Nanoassemblies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313381. [PMID: 38647215 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen)-functionalized organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles (OINPs) are an emerging category of multifunctional nanomaterials with vast potential applications. The spatial arrangement and positioning of AIEgens and inorganic compounds in AIEgen-functionalized OINPs determine the structures, properties, and functionalities of the self-assembled nanomaterials. In this work, a facile and general emulsion self-assembly tactic for synthesizing well-defined AIEgen-functionalized OINPs is proposed by coassembling alkane chain-functionalized inorganic nanoparticles with hydrophobic organic AIEgens. As a proof of concept, the self-assembly and structural evolution of plasmonic-fluorescent hybrid nanoparticles (PFNPs) from concentric circle to core shell and then to Janus structures is demonstrated by using alkane chain-modified AuNPs and AIEgens as building blocks. The spatial position of AuNPs in the signal nanocomposite is controlled by varying the alkane ligand length and density on the AuNP surface. The mechanism behind the formation of various PFNP nanostructures is also elucidated through experiments and theoretical simulation. The obtained PFNPs with diverse structures exhibit spatially tunable optical and photothermal properties for advanced applications in multicolor and multimode immunolabeling and photothermal sterilization. This work presents an innovative synthetic approach of constructing AIEgen-functionalized OINPs with diverse structures, compositions, and functionalities, thereby championing the progressive development of these OINPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xirui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Zhan-Wei Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hong Duan
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yu-Wei Sun
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Shiyu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Yuqian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen Y, Ye B, Ning M, Li M, Pu Y, Liu Z, Zhong H, Hu C, Guo Z. Food-borne bacteria analysis using a diatomite bioinspired SERS platform. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5974-5981. [PMID: 38809058 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00488d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive detection of food-borne bacteria has remained challenging over the past few decades. We propose a surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensing strategy based on a novel bioinspired surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate, which can directly detect dye molecular residues and food-borne pathogen microorganisms in the environment. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering platform consists of a natural diatomite microporous array decorated with a metal-phenolic network that enables the in situ reduction of gold nanoparticles. The as-prepared nanocomposites display excellent surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity with the lowest limit of detection and the maximum Raman enhancement factor of dye molecules up to 10-11 M and 1.18 × 107, respectively. For food-borne bacterial detection, a diatomite microporous array decorated with a metal polyphenol network and gold nanoparticle-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering analysis is capable of distinguishing the biochemical fingerprint information of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, indicating the great potential for strain identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Chen
- Healthy Medical Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China.
| | - Binggang Ye
- Healthy Medical Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, P. R. China
| | - Mengling Ning
- Healthy Medical Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China.
| | - Meng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China.
| | - Yixuan Pu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiming Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China.
| | - Huiqing Zhong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China.
| | - Chaofan Hu
- College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China.
| | - Zhouyi Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & SATCM Third Grade Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Photonics Technology, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shi Q, Xu J, Xu H, Wang Q, Huang S, Wang X, Wang P, Hu F. Polystyrene-Based Matrix to Enhance the Fluorescence of Aggregation-Induced Emission Luminogen for Fluorescence-Guided Surgery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309589. [PMID: 38105589 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Achieving ultrabright fluorogens is a key issue for fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS). Fluorogens with aggregation-induced emission (AIEgens) are potential agents for FGS on the benefit of the bright fluorescence in physiological conditions. Herein, the fluorescence brightness of AIEgen is further improved by preparing the nanoparticle using a polystyrene-based matrix and utilizing it for tumor FGS with a high signal-to-background ratio. After encapsulating AIEgen into polystyrene-poly (ethylene glycol) (PS-PEG), the fluorescence intensity of the prepared AIE@PS-PEG nanoparticles is multiple times that of nanoparticles in 1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-poly (ethylene glycol) (DSPE-PEG), a commonly used polymer matrix for nanoparticle preparation. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that higher free energy is required for the outer rings of AIEgen to rotate in polystyrene than in the DSPE, indicating that the benzene rings in polystyrene can restrict the intramolecular motions of AIEgen better than the alkyl chain in DSPE-PEG. Fluorescence correlation microscopy detections suggest that the triplet excited state of AIEgens is less in PS-PEG than in DSPE-PEG. The restricted intramolecular motions and suppressed triplet excited state result in ultrabright AIE@PS-PEG nanoparticles, which are more conducive to illuminating tumor tissues in the intestine for FGS. The illumination of metastatic tumors in lungs by AIE@PS-PEG nanoparticles is also tried.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Shi
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jieying Xu
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shaohui Huang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Xiaorui Wang
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fang Hu
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu C, Shen H, Liu TM, Kwok RT, Lam JW, Tang BZ. Restriction of molecular motion to a higher level: Towards bright AIE dots for biomedical applications. iScience 2023; 26:106568. [PMID: 37128609 PMCID: PMC10148129 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the late 19th century, scientists began to study the photophysical differences between chromophores in the solution and aggregate states, which breed the recognition of the prototypical processes of aggregation-caused quenching and aggregation-induced emission (AIE). In particular, the conceptual discovery of the AIE phenomenon has spawned the innovation of luminogenic materials with high emission in the aggregate state based on their unique working principle termed the restriction of intramolecular motion. As AIE luminogens have been practically fabricated into AIE dots for bioimaging, further improvement of their brightness is needed although this is technically challenging. In this review, we surveyed the recent advances in strategic molecular engineering of highly emissive AIE dots, including nanoscale crystallization and matrix-assisted rigidification. We hope that this timely summary can deepen the understanding about the root cause of the high emission of AIE dots and provide inspiration to the rational design of functional aggregates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changhuo Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hanchen Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ryan T.K. Kwok
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacky W.Y. Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Functional Aggregate, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang W, Deng C, Shi X, Xu Y, Dai C, Wang H, Bian K, Cui T, Zhang B. Structural and Molecular Fusion MRI Nanoprobe for Differential Diagnosis of Malignant Tumors and Follow-Up Chemodynamic Therapy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4009-4022. [PMID: 36757738 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced imaging techniques using contrast agents enable high-resolution structural imaging to reveal space-occupying lesions but rarely provide detailed molecular information. To this end, we report a structural and molecular fusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) nanoprobe for differential diagnosis between benign and malignant tumors. This fusion nanoprobe, termed FFT NPs, follows a working mechanism involving a T1-/T2-weighted magnetic resonance tuning effect (MRET) between a magnetic Fe3O4 core and a paramagnetic Fe-tannic acid (Fe-TA) shell. The FFT NPs with an "always-on" inert T2 signal provide structural MRI (sMRI) contrast of tumors while affording an activated T1 signal in the presence of ATP, which is overproduced during the rapid growth of malignant tumors to enable molecular MRI (mMRI) of tumor lesions. We propose the use of the ratiometric mMRI:sMRI intensity to assist in the differential diagnosis of malignant 4T1 tumors from benign L929 fibroblast tumors. Furthermore, the dissociated FFT NPs were found to be able to catalyze H2O2 conversion in 4T1 tumors to generate excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) for chemodynamic therapy. The described fusion nanoprobe strategy enables the differential diagnosis of tumors from a combined spatial and molecular perspective with one-stop MRI imaging with potential applications in precision intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Yang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Cuijun Deng
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Xiudong Shi
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Chenyu Dai
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Kexin Bian
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Tianming Cui
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Bingbo Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou Z, Li K, Shi L, Wang Y, He Y, Hu W, Guo J. Self-Assembled Integrative Nutrient Carrier Platform Containing Green Tea Catechin for Short Bowel Syndrome Treatment. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2201933. [PMID: 36337003 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extensive resection of the small intestine leads to the development of short bowel syndrome (SBS), which reduces the effective absorptive surface area of the intestine and predisposes patients to emaciation, malnutrition, and other severe symptoms. Herein, green tea catechin (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and ferrous ions (Fe2+ ) are utilized to construct a nutrient carrier platform that self-assembles with nutrients to form phenolic-based nutrient complexes (PNCs). PNCs effectively prolong the residence and absorption time of nutrients in the intestine. Further this platform is applied to integrate full nutrient formula, an enteral nutrition (EN) preparation containing a range of full nutrient components. In an SBS rat model, the prepared phenolic-based integrative nutrient complexes (PINCs) enhance nutritional status, improve anemia and immune function, as well as facilitate the growth of remaining intestinal villi and crypts, and maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier. In addition, PINCs enable the modulation of gut microbial dysbiosis, enrich the abundance of beneficial bacteria, and have no toxic effects after the long-term ingestion. These results provide a proof of principle for the use of polyphenol-based nanocomplexes as EN preparation, offering a feasible strategy for both nutritional support and therapeutic perspectives for SBS treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yunxiang He
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and Nanointerfaces, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Wen Hu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Junling Guo
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and Nanointerfaces, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China.,Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cen P, Cui C, Zhong Y, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Xu P, Luo X, Xue L, Cheng Z, Wei Y, He Q, Zhang H, Tian M. Visualization of Mitochondria During Embryogenesis in Zebrafish by Aggregation-Induced Emission Molecules. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:1007-1017. [PMID: 35835950 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) molecules have been widely utilized for fluorescence imaging in many biomedical applications, benefited from large Stokes shift, high quantum yield, good biocompatibility, and resistance to photobleaching. And visualization of mitochondria is almost investigated in vitro and ex vivo, but in vivo study of mitochondria is more essential for systematic biological research, especially during embryogenesis. Therefore, suitable and time-saving alternatives with simple operation based on AIE molecules are urgently needed compared with traditional transgenic approach. PROCEDURES Five tetraphenylethylene isoquinolinium (TPE-IQ)-based molecules with AIE characteristics and their ability of mitochondrial visualization in vitro and in vivo and mitochondrial tracking during embryogenesis on zebrafish model were investigated. The biosafety of these AIE molecules was also evaluated systematically in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS All these five AIE molecules could image mitochondria in vitro with good biocompatibility. In them, TPE-IQ1 exhibited excellent imaging quality for in vivo visualization and tracking of mitochondria during the 4-day embryogenesis in zebrafish, in comparison with the conventional transgenic fluorescent protein. Furthermore, TPE-IQ1 could visualize mitochondrial damage induced by chemicals in real time on 24-h post fertilization (hpf) embryos. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated TPE-IQ-based AIE molecules had the potential for mitochondrial imaging and tracking during embryogenesis and mitochondrial damage visualization in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peili Cen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China.,Key of Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunyi Cui
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China.,Key of Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China.,Key of Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youyou Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China.,Key of Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence From Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Women's Hospital and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China.,Key of Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Le Xue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China.,Key of Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yen Wei
- Department of Chemistry and the Tsinghua Center for Frontier Polymer Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qinggang He
- College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China. .,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China. .,Key of Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China. .,College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Mei Tian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China. .,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China. .,Key of Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 31009, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang X, Wang X, Ning M, Wang P, Wang W, Zhang X, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Li S. Fast Synthesis of Au Nanoparticles on Metal-Phenolic Network for Sweat SERS Analysis. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2977. [PMID: 36080014 PMCID: PMC9458096 DOI: 10.3390/nano12172977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical composition of sweat is closely related to the human physiological state, which provides a favorable window for the monitoring of human health status, especially for the athlete. Herein, an ultra-simple strategy based on the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique for sweat analysis is established. Metal-phenolic network (MPN), an outstanding organic-inorganic hybrid material, is adopted as the reductant and platform for the in situ formation of Au-MPN, which displays excellent SERS activity with the limit of detection to 10-15 M for 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA). As an ultrasensitive SERS sensor, Au-MPN is capable of discriminating the molecular fingerprints of sweat components acquired from a volunteer after exercise, such as urea, uric acid, lactic acid, and amino acid. For pH sensing, Au-MPN/4-MBA efficiently presents the pH values of the volunteer's sweat, which can indicate the electrolyte metabolism during exercise. This MPN-based SERS sensing strategy unlocks a new route for the real-time physiological monitoring of human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Physical Education, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Mengling Ning
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiaozhou Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yanjiao Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Shaoxin Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yao T, Kong L, Liu Y, Li H, Yuan R, Chai Y. Highly Efficient Quadruped DNA Walker Guided by Ordered DNA Tracks for Rapid and Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Detection of miRNA-21. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12256-12262. [PMID: 35996894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a long period liner DNA tandem (Lr-DNT) was intelligently designed as DNA track for quadruped DNA walker (q-walker) to run in an orderly and efficient manner, which could be applied to construct an electrochemical biosensor for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of microRNA-21 (miRNA-21). Impressively, benefiting from the orderliness and equidistance of Lr-DNT, the q-walker could be endowed with a high controllability, directionality as well as a quite short reaction time down to 20 min compared with those of traditional DNA walkers walked on the stochastic tracks. Once the target miRNA-21 interacted with the locked q-walker, the q-walker could be activated to expeditiously cleave Lr-DNT for releasing amounts of signal probes ferrocene (Fc) with the assistance of the Nt.BbvCI enzyme. This way, the developed q-walker could not only readily overcome the problem of low reaction efficiency but also address the drawback of time consumption in a previous strategy. As a proof of concept, the prepared biosensor could accomplish sensitive detection of target miRNA-21 with a detection limit down to 31 aM. As a result, this tactic gave impetus to design high-performance sensing platform with ultimate application in clinical sample analysis and nucleic acid based cancer diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Lingqi Kong
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yaqin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shen H, Sun F, Zhu X, Zhang J, Ou X, Zhang J, Xu C, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Chen S, Kwok RTK, Lam JWY, Sun J, Zhang F, Tang BZ. Rational Design of NIR-II AIEgens with Ultrahigh Quantum Yields for Photo- and Chemiluminescence Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15391-15402. [PMID: 35948438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) using small-molecule dyes has high potential for clinical use. However, many NIR-II dyes suffer from the emission quenching effect and extremely low quantum yields (QYs) in the practical usage forms. The AIE strategy has been successfully utilized to develop NIR-II dyes with donor-acceptor (D-A) structures with acceptable QYs in the aggregate state, but there is still large room for QY improvement. Here, we rationally designed a NIR-II emissive dye named TPE-BBT and its derivative (TPEO-BBT) by changing the electron-donating triphenylamine unit to tetraphenylethylene (TPE). Their nanoparticles exhibited ultrahigh relative QYs of 31.5% and 23.9% in water, respectively. By using an integrating sphere, the absolute QY of TPE-BBT nanoparticles was measured to be 1.8% in water. Its crystals showed an absolute QY of 10.4%, which is the highest value among organic small molecules reported so far. The optimized D-A interaction and the higher rigidity of TPE-BBT in the aggregate state are believed to be the two key factors for its ultrahigh QY. Finally, we utilized TPE-BBT for NIR-II photoluminescence (PL) and chemiluminescence (CL) bioimaging through successive CL resonance energy transfer and Förster resonance energy transfer processes. The ultrahigh QY of TPE-BBT realized an excellent PL imaging quality in mouse blood vessels and an excellent CL imaging quality in the local arthrosis inflammation in mice with a high signal-to-background ratio of 130. Thus, the design strategy presented here brings new possibilities for the development of bright NIR-II dyes and NIR-II bioimaging technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanchen Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Division of Life Science, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Feiyi Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Division of Life Science, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xinyan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and IChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Division of Life Science, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xinwen Ou
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Division of Life Science, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jianquan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Division of Life Science, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Changhuo Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Division of Life Science, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Herman H Y Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Division of Life Science, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ian D Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Division of Life Science, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Sijie Chen
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sha Tin, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ryan T K Kwok
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Division of Life Science, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Division of Life Science, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Division of Life Science, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and IChEM, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional Materials, Division of Life Science, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China.,Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Sha Tin, Hong Kong 999077, China.,School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu C, Ye R, Shen H, Lam JWY, Zhao Z, Zhong Tang B. Molecular Motion and Nonradiative Decay: Towards Efficient Photothermal and Photoacoustic Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204604. [PMID: 35543996 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonradiative decay invariably competes with radiative decay during the deexcitation process of matter. In the community of luminescence research, nonradiative decay has been deemed less attractive than radiative decay. However, all things in their being are good for something and so is nonradiative decay. As the molecular motion-facilitated nonradiative decay (MMFND) effect is inevitable in photophysical processes, it provides a new avenue to convert the harvested light energy into exploitable forms by harnessing molecular motion. In many cases, active molecular motion enables thermal deactivation from excited states. In this Minireview, recent advances in photothermal and photoacoustic systems with MMFND character are summarized. We believe that this presentation of the rational engineering of molecular motion for efficient photothermal generation will deepen the understanding of the relationship between molecular motion and nonradiative decay and navigate people to rethink the positive aspects of nonradiative decay for the establishment of new light-controllable techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changhuo Xu
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China.,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ruquan Ye
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Hanchen Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, China.,Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu C, Ye R, Shen H, Lam JWY, Zhao Z, Zhong Tang B. Molecular Motion and Nonradiative Decay: Towards Efficient Photothermal and Photoacoustic Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changhuo Xu
- School of Science and Engineering Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong 518172 China
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Ruquan Ye
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Hanchen Shen
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Jacky W. Y. Lam
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- School of Science and Engineering Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong 518172 China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong 518172 China
- Department of Chemistry Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong 999077 China
| |
Collapse
|