1
|
Pang MJ, Wang MW, Mao LF, Guo Z, Qian C, Zheng XH, Fang WJ. The Osmolality and Hemolysis of High-Concentration Monoclonal Antibody Formulations. Pharm Res 2024; 41:281-291. [PMID: 38172366 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSES Highly concentrated monoclonal antibody (mAb) formulations for subcutaneous administration are becoming increasingly preferred within the biopharmaceutical industry for ease of use and improved patient compliance. A common phenomenon observed in the industry is that osmolality detected via freezing-point depression (FPD) in high-concentration mAb formulations is much higher than the theoretical concentrations, yet the occurrence of this phenomenon and its possible safety issues have been rarely reported. METHODS The current study summarized theoretical osmolality of U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved high-concentration mAb formulations and evaluated effects of high osmolality on safety using hemolysis experiments for the first time. Two mAbs formulated at 150 mg/mL were used as models and configured into two isotonic solutions: a, a theoretically calculated molarity in the isotonic range (H) and b, an osmolality value measured via the FPD in the isotonic range (I). The H and I formulations of each mAb were individually subjected to hemolysis experiments, and the hemolysis rates of the two formulations of the same mAb were compared. Besides, the effect of mAb concentration on osmolality detected by FPD was explored as well. RESULTS The results indicated that the hemolysis rates were similar between the H and I formulations of mAbs at the same sample addition volume, and the osmolality values increased approximately linearly with the increase in mAb concentration. CONCLUSIONS High osmolality for high-concentration mAb formulations would not affect product safety and the excipients could be added at relatively high levels to maintain product stability, especially for labile products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Juan Pang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Meng-Wen Wang
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Li-Fei Mao
- Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Ze Guo
- Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Ci Qian
- Zhejiang Bioray Biopharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Xiao-He Zheng
- Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Taizhou, 317000, China
| | - Wei-Jie Fang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- Innovation Center of Translational Pharmacy, Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321000, China.
- Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Taizhou, 317000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dhanasekaran V, Nair SC, Geevar T, Singh S, Mammen JJ. Utility of Cryohemolysis Test in the Diagnosis of Hereditary Spherocytosis. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 2023; 39:499-502. [PMID: 37304467 PMCID: PMC10247663 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-022-01615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) often requires time-consuming and/or expensive tests. Cryohemolysis test (CHT) is a simple and easy to perform test with high predictive value for HS diagnosis. In this prospective study, we evaluated the diagnostic utility of CHT for the diagnosis of HS. We included 60 suspected HS patients, 18 patients with Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and 120 healthy controls. Among the 60 suspected cases, there were 36 HS cases and 24 with other hemolytic anemias. The mean CHT (%) ± SD for controls, AIHA, other hemolytic anemias, and HS was 6.63 ± 2.79, 6.79 ± 4.36, 6.61 ± 2.76 and 26.7 ± 8.9, respectively. The CHT % was significantly higher in HS group when compared to controls (p = < 0.0001), AIHA (p = < 0.0001) and other hemolytic anemia groups (p = < 0.0001). At a CHT cut off of > 18.3%, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for diagnosis of HS in our study were 97.1%, 94.4%, 97.2% and 90.3%, respectively. CHT is a simple and sensitive test for the diagnosis of HS but remains underutilized. The addition of CHT in the diagnostic workup of HS will be very useful, especially in a resource limited setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Dhanasekaran
- Department of Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
- Present Address: Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012 India
| | - Sukesh Chandran Nair
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 India
| | - Tulasi Geevar
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 India
| | - Surendar Singh
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 India
| | - Joy John Mammen
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632004 India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Z, Liu Y, Lu W, Fu YV, Zhou Z. Blood identification at the single-cell level based on a combination of laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy and machine learning. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7568-7581. [PMID: 35003853 PMCID: PMC8713663 DOI: 10.1364/boe.445149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) combines optical tweezers technology and Raman spectroscopy to obtain biomolecular compositional information from a single cell without invasion or destruction, so it can be used to "fingerprint" substances to characterize numerous types of biological cell samples. In the current study, LTRS was combined with two machine learning algorithms, principal component analysis (PCA)-linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and random forest, to achieve high-precision multi-species blood classification at the single-cell level. The accuracies of the two classification models were 96.60% and 96.84%, respectively. Meanwhile, compared with PCA-LDA and other classification algorithms, the random forest algorithm is proved to have significant advantages, which can directly explain the importance of spectral features at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instruments, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instruments, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China
| | - Weilai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Vincent Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhehai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and Instruments, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Emilse LAM, Cecilia H, María TM, Eugenia MM, Alicia IB, Lazarte SS. Cryohemolysis, erythrocyte osmotic fragility, and supplementary hematimetric indices in the diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis. Blood Res 2018; 53:10-17. [PMID: 29662857 PMCID: PMC5898988 DOI: 10.5045/br.2018.53.1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is a chronic hemolytic anemia characterized by microspherocytes in the peripheral blood and increased erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF). This study evaluated the cryohemolysis test (CHT); initial hemolysis (IH); immediate and incubated hemolysis percentage in 5.5 g/L NaCl (H5.5); mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC); red blood cell distribution width (RDW); and Hb/MCHC, Hb/RDW, and MCHC/RDW ratios for the diagnosis of HS. Methods Data from 13 patients with HS were evaluated at the Instituto de Bioquímica Aplicada and compared with data from 14 unaffected individuals and 11 patients with anemia due to another etiology. Total blood and reticulocyte counts, CHT, and immediate and incubated EOF were performed in all subjects; sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, and Youden index (YI) were calculated. Results Eight patients with HS had MCHC ≥345 g/L, 10 had RDW ≥14.5%, 12 had IH >5.0 g/L, 11 had immediate H5.5 ≥5%, and 13 had incubated H5.5 ≥50% (the cut-off value to consider HS). The efficiency and YI were: immediate H5.5 (0.94–0.85), incubated H5.5 (0.89–0.82), IH (0.89–0.78), MCHC (0.87–0.62), CHT (0.84–0.54), and Hb/MCHC (0.71–0.56), respectively. The calculated ratios could distinguish subjects with HS from unaffected individuals (P<0.05), but not those with anemia of another etiology (P>0.05). Conclusion Although the CHT and supplementary hematimetric indexes were useful to differentiate individuals with SH from healthy controls, they cannot distinguish from anemias of other etiology. CHT and MCHC, in addition to EOF, are recommended for diagnosing HS patients because of their low cost and efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ledesma Achem Miryam Emilse
- Instituto de Bioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Haro Cecilia
- Instituto de Bioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Terán Magdalena María
- Instituto de Bioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Mónaco María Eugenia
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Issé Blanca Alicia
- Instituto de Bioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Sandra Stella Lazarte
- Instituto de Bioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A prospective study to assess the predictive value for hereditary spherocytosis using five laboratory tests (cryohemolysis test, eosin-5'-maleimide flow cytometry, osmotic fragility test, autohemolysis test, and SDS-PAGE) on 50 hereditary spherocytosis families in Argentina. Ann Hematol 2010; 90:625-34. [PMID: 21080168 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-010-1112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This prospective study was carried out to assess the usefulness of five laboratory tests in the diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis (HS), based on the correlation of erythrocyte membrane protein defects with clinical and laboratory features, and also to determine the membrane protein deficiencies detected in Argentina. Of 116 patients and their family members tested, 62 of them were diagnosed to have HS. The specificity of cryohemolysis (CH) test was 95.2%, and its cut-off value to distinguish HS from normal was 2.8%. For flow cytometry, cut-off points of 17% for mean channel fluorescence (MCF) decrease and 14% coefficient of variation (CV) increase showed 95.9% and 92.2% specificity, respectively. Both tests showed the highest percentages of positive results for diagnosis. Either CH or flow cytometry was positive in 93.5% of patients. In eight patients, flow cytometry was positive only through CV increase. Protein defects were detected in 72.3% of patients; ankyrin and spectrin were the most frequently found deficiencies. The CV of the fluorescence showed significantly higher increases in moderate and severe anemia than in mild anemia (p = 0.003). Severity of anemia showed no other correlation with tests results, type of deficient protein, inheritance pattern, or neonatal jaundice. CH and flow cytometry are easy methods with the highest diagnostic accuracy. Simultaneous reading of mean channel fluorescence (MCF) decrease and CV increase improve diagnostic usefulness of flow cytometry. This test seems to be a reliable predictor of severity. The type of detected protein deficiency has no predictive value for outcome. Predominant ankyrin and spectrin deficiencies agree with reports from other Latin American countries.
Collapse
|
6
|
Stoya G, Gruhn B, Vogelsang H, Baumann E, Linss W. Flow cytometry as a diagnostic tool for hereditary spherocytosis. Acta Haematol 2006; 116:186-91. [PMID: 17016037 DOI: 10.1159/000094679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometric analysis of eosin-5'-maleimide-labeled red blood cells has been proposed as a new method of identifying hereditary spherocytosis (HS). The aim of the present study was to analyze sensitivity and specificity of this method. Red blood cells from patients with HS (n = 58) revealed significantly lower mean channel fluorescence values than red blood cells from normal subjects (n = 110), unaffected HS family members (n = 8), and patients with other anemias (n = 44). Taking a mean channel fluorescence of 400.0 units as the threshold value identified by logistic regression, sensitivity and specificity of the test for HS were 96.6 and 99.1%, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis is a valuable screening test for the diagnosis of HS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Stoya
- Institute of Anatomy I, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Streichman S, Gescheidt Y. Cryohemolysis for the detection of hereditary spherocytosis: correlation studies with osmotic fragility and autohemolysis. Am J Hematol 1998; 58:206-12. [PMID: 9662272 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8652(199807)58:3<206::aid-ajh8>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory methods aimed to assess the presence of spheroidal cells such as osmotic fragility, autohemolysis, and glycerol lysis time are very elaborate, time consuming, and often give inconclusive results. We have developed a diagnostic test based on a unique sensitivity of HS cells to hypertonic cryohemolysis and analyzed blood samples of 55 HS patients. The patients were divided into two subgroups, clinically affected probands and their relatives. To get quantitative comparisons with the classic methods, the cryohemolysis results were compared to two parameters of the osmotic fragility test: the salt concentration that causes 50% hemolysis, and the percent lysis at a constant salt concentration. Autohemolysis results were also compared. To evaluate which of these tests has the best analytical power, we calculated the mean results and 2 SDs of each parameter in a control group, and then looked to see which of them was best in identifying the patients. The cryohemolysis test was the single parameter that identified all cases including asymptomatic carriers of the disease. The ability of this test to identify the less severe cases probably reflects the dependency of the cryohemolysis on factors that are more related to the primary membrane molecular defects and less by the surface area to volume ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Streichman
- Department of Hematology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Streichman S, Gesheidt Y, Tatarsky I. Hypertonic cryohemolysis: a diagnostic test for hereditary spherocytosis. Am J Hematol 1990; 35:104-9. [PMID: 2399901 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830350208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells of subjects with hereditary spherocytosis are specifically susceptible to temperature changes while suspended in hypertonic solutions. Based on this property, a new diagnostic test for hereditary spherocytosis is presented. The suggested method is 100% sensitive in the diagnosis of all patients, including asymptomatic obligate carriers with hereditary spherocytosis, and is very specific in different control groups. Unlike other methods designed for the diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis, this test does not depend on the cells' surface- area-to-volume ratio. Normal red blood cells that were induced to become spherocytes by different means (i.e., vinblastine, lysophosphatidyl choline, and heat) and showed increased osmotic fragility did not become susceptible to the hypertonic cryohemolysis conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Streichman
- Department of Hematology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Betticher DC, Geiser J. Resistance of mammalian red blood cells of different size to hypertonic milieu. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 93:429-32. [PMID: 2573457 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(89)90061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. The resistance of different mammalian red blood cells (RBCs) to hyperosmotic environments was studied. RBCs of six mammalian species were exposed to 10 increasingly hyperosmotic NaCl solutions for 24 hr at 5 degrees C. 2. The osmolality at which the amount of liberated haemoglobin reached a preset level (e.g. 3-4% of the total haemoglobin) showed a linear correlation with negative slope with RBC volume. This indicates that small RBCs are more resistant to hyperosmotic milieu than large ones. 3. A similar relation can be found from literature data when maximal urinary tonicities are plotted as a function of RBC volume, i.e. animals with the ability to produce highly concentrated urine have small RBCs. 4. RBC volume and maximal urinary tonicity in mammals are therefore tightly linked. Future research will have to show whether this correlation is fortuitous or not and whether, as can be speculated, RBC size is directly or indirectly regulated by the kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Betticher
- Institut de Physiologie, Université de Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|