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Semjid D, Ahn H, Bayarmagnai S, Gantumur M, Kim S, Lee JH. Identification of novel candidate genes associated with non-syndromic tooth agenesis in Mongolian families. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 28:56. [PMID: 38157055 PMCID: PMC10756872 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify genetic variants associated with non-syndromic tooth agenesis (TA) in nine families from Mongolia using whole-exome sequencing (WES) and bioinformatics analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study enrolled 41 participants, including three inherited and six non-inherited families. WES analysis was performed on 14 saliva samples from individuals with non-syndromic TA. The potential candidate genes were identified through variant filtering and segregation analysis. The filtered variants were then analyzed in silico mutation impact analysis. RESULTS WES analysis identified 21 variants associated with TA, and 5 of these variants met all filtering criteria. These variants were located in the exome region of MAST4, ITGA6, PITX2, CACNA1S, and CDON genes. The variant in PITX2 was found in eight participants from inherited and non-inherited families, while the MAST4 variant was identified in 6 participants from inherited families. CONCLUSIONS The study identified various genetic variant candidates associated with TA in different family groups, with PITX2 being the most commonly identified. Our findings suggest that MAST4 may also be a novel candidate gene for TA due to its association with the Wnt signaling pathway. Additionally, we found that five candidate genes related to focal adhesion and calcium channel complex were significant and essential in tooth development. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Identifying new pathogenic genes associated with TA can improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease, leading to better diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Early detection of TA based on biomarkers can improve dental management and facilitate orthodontic and prosthetic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejidnorov Semjid
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry at Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemoon-Gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Ahn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 80 Jigok-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Sapaar Bayarmagnai
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Chingeltei District, Nuuriin 2-21, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Munkhjargal Gantumur
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Chingeltei District, Nuuriin 2-21, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Sanguk Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 80 Jigok-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry at Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemoon-Gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea.
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Reinhold V, Syrjänen S, Kankuri‐Tammilehto M. New observation of severe tooth malformation in a female patient with ectodermal dysplasia due to the EDA splice acceptor variant c.742-2A>G. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023; 11:e2275. [PMID: 37665136 PMCID: PMC10724520 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectodermal dysplasias are inherited disorders, which are characterized by congenital defects in two or more ectodermal structures such as skin, sweat glands, hair, nails, teeth, and mucous membranes. METHOD Here, we describe a new observation of significant oligodontia in a female patient with the EDA gene variant c.742-2A>G. RESULTS The results strongly suggest that the EDA gene variant c.742-2A>G is pathogenic. The oligodontia in the proband was exceptionally severe. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that the very rare splice acceptor variant EDA c.742-2A>G is associated with severe oligodontia even in females. Our study points that this variant is pathogenic. An early identification of this variant is crucial for planning adequate treatment and follow-up in time by a multidisciplinary team.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stina Syrjänen
- Department of Oral Pathology and Radiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Department of PathologyTurku University Hospital, University of TurkuTurkuFinland
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Gao Y, Jiang X, Wei Z, Long H, Lai W. The EDA/EDAR/NF-κB pathway in non-syndromic tooth agenesis: A genetic perspective. Front Genet 2023; 14:1168538. [PMID: 37077539 PMCID: PMC10106650 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1168538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-syndromic tooth agenesis (NSTA) is one of the most common dental developmental malformations affected by genetic factors predominantly. Among all 36 candidate genes reported in NSTA individuals, EDA, EDAR, and EDARADD play essential roles in ectodermal organ development. As members of the EDA/EDAR/NF-κB signaling pathway, mutations in these genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of NSTA, as well as hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED), a rare genetic disorder that affects multiple ectodermal structures, including teeth. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the genetic basis of NSTA, with a focus on the pathogenic effects of the EDA/EDAR/NF-κB signaling pathway and the role of EDA, EDAR, and EDARADD mutations in developmental tooth defects. We also discuss the phenotypic overlap and genetic differences between NSTA and HED. Ultimately, this review highlights the importance of genetic analysis in diagnosing and managing NSTA and related ectodermal disorders, and the need for ongoing research to improve our understanding of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- Human Sperm Bank, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Wenli Lai,
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Al-Ani AH, Antoun JS, Thomson WM, Topless R, Merriman TR, Farella M. Common variants of EDA are associated with non-syndromic hypodontia. Orthod Craniofac Res 2020; 24:155-163. [PMID: 32772440 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the association between non-syndromic hypodontia and nineteen common variants of candidate genes ectodysplasin A (EDA), paired box 9 (PAX9), msh homeobox 1 (MSX1) and axis inhibition protein 2 (AXIN2). SETTINGS AND SAMPLE POPULATION Sixty-one hypodontia cases were frequency-matched to 253 controls with no missing teeth (excluding the third molars). MATERIAL AND METHODS Self-report data and DNA samples were collected from each participant. RESULTS The sample had a mean age of 16.6 years (SD = 7.3), with most participants being female (59.6%), and of New Zealand European origin (75.4%). Using multiple logistic regression analysis, it was found that the T-allele of rs12853659 (EDA) and the G-allele of rs2428151 (EDA) were both associated with a higher risk of hypodontia (odds ratio, OR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.11-7.01; and OR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.04-7.94, respectively). The G-allele of rs2520378 (EDA) showed a protective effect with an OR of 0.61 (95% CI = 0.38-0.99). The EDA SNP findings were consistent with previous reports included in a meta-analysis. No associations were found with the PAX9, AXIN2 and MSX1 genes, after adjusting for sex and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Common variants of the EDA genes are associated with specific phenotypes of non-syndromic hypodontia, thus confirming their role in the regulatory pathways of normal tooth development. However, larger samples are needed to investigate the association further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza H Al-Ani
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joseph S Antoun
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - William M Thomson
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ruth Topless
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tony R Merriman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mauro Farella
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Vincenzi M, Mercurio FA, Leone M. Sam Domains in Multiple Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:450-476. [PMID: 30306850 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181009114445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sterile alpha motif (Sam) domain is a small helical protein module, able to undergo homo- and hetero-oligomerization, as well as polymerization, thus forming different types of protein architectures. A few Sam domains are involved in pathological processes and consequently, they represent valuable targets for the development of new potential therapeutic routes. This study intends to collect state-of-the-art knowledge on the different modes by which Sam domains can favor disease onset and progression. METHODS This review was build up by searching throughout the literature, for: a) the structural properties of Sam domains, b) interactions mediated by a Sam module, c) presence of a Sam domain in proteins relevant for a specific disease. RESULTS Sam domains appear crucial in many diseases including cancer, renal disorders, cataracts. Often pathologies are linked to mutations directly positioned in the Sam domains that alter their stability and/or affect interactions that are crucial for proper protein functions. In only a few diseases, the Sam motif plays a kind of "side role" and cooperates to the pathological event by enhancing the action of a different protein domain. CONCLUSION Considering the many roles of the Sam domain into a significant variety of diseases, more efforts and novel drug discovery campaigns need to be engaged to find out small molecules and/or peptides targeting Sam domains. Such compounds may represent the pillars on which to build novel therapeutic strategies to cure different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Vincenzi
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council (CNR), Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Anna Mercurio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council (CNR), Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy.,Cirpeb, InterUniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Marilisa Leone
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council (CNR), Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy.,Cirpeb, InterUniversity Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone, 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
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王 皓, 刘 洋, 刘 浩, 韩 冬, 冯 海. [Detection and functional analysis of BMP2 gene mutation in patients with tooth agenesis]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2019; 51:9-15. [PMID: 30773537 PMCID: PMC7433555 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To screen for BMP2 mutation with functional impact in patients with congenital tooth agenesis and to make oral and skeletal phenotype record and functional analysis with in vitro experiments. METHODS We enrolled eighteen patients with congenital tooth agenesis. The medical and dental history was collected,and clinical and dental examinations including the X-ray examination of oral-facial and skeletal bone were performed for the phenotypic analysis. Blood samples were collected to extract DNA and whole exome sequencing was conducted. The genes involved in oral-facial development and congenital skeletal diseases were investigated for mutation screening. The mutations with functional impact were then investigated. In one patient, the BMP2 mutation with putative functional impact was selected for functional analysis. Wild type and mutant BMP2 plasmids with green fluorescent protein (GFP) tag were constructed and transfected into HEK293T cells. Subcellular protein distribution was observed under laser scanning confocal microscope. The activation of downstream SMAD1/5/9 phosphorylation by BMP2 was detected by Western blotting to investigate the functional impact and genetic pathogenicity. RESULTS BMP2 mutation NM_001200.3:c.393A>T (p.Arg131Ser), rs140417301 was detected in one patient with congenital tooth agenesis, while for other genes involved in oral-facial development and congenital skeletal diseases, no functionally significant mutation was found. The proband's parents didn't carry this mutation. The father had normal dentition, while the mother lacked one premolar, and both the parents showed normal palate and maxilla. The patient also had maxillary hypoplasia in both sagittal and coronal planes, palatal dysmorphology, and malocclusion, and was diagonsed with osteopenia after the X-ray examnination of his skeletal bone. Functional analysis showed this mutation had normal subcelluar localization but reduced phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/9 (reduction by 32%, 22%, and 27% in three independent replicates). Taken together with family co-segregation, this mutaion was considered as "likely pathogenic". CONCLUSION BMP2 mutation c.393A>T (p. Arg131Ser) affects bone morphogenetic protein signaling activity, and may affect the number of teeth, growth of maxilla and palate, and bone mineral density.
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Affiliation(s)
- 皓 王
- />北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,修复科 国家口腔疾病临床研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 洋 刘
- />北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,修复科 国家口腔疾病临床研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 浩辰 刘
- />北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,修复科 国家口腔疾病临床研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 冬 韩
- />北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,修复科 国家口腔疾病临床研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 海兰 冯
- />北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,修复科 国家口腔疾病临床研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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Higashino T, Lee JYW, McGrath JA. Advances in the genetic understanding of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1405806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Higashino
- St John’s Institute of Dermatology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - John Y. W. Lee
- St John’s Institute of Dermatology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - John A. McGrath
- St John’s Institute of Dermatology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
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Bock NC, Lenz S, Ruiz-Heiland G, Ruf S. Nonsyndromic oligodontia : Does the Tooth Agenesis Code (TAC) enable prediction of the causative mutation? J Orofac Orthop 2017; 78:112-120. [PMID: 28204848 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-016-0056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The literature suggests an association between phenotype and causative mutation in nonsyndromic oligodontia. Thus, the present study was designed to verify this hypothesis in a consecutive cohort of patients. METHODS All patients with nonsyndromic oligodontia who had been treated at the study center (Department of Orthodontics, University of Giessen, Germany) over the period 1986-2013 were contacted. Candidates were included only if at least one more family member had hypo- or oligodontia (i.e., without regard to the number of congenitally missing teeth). A total of 20 patients were included. After evaluating the dental status of each participant, the Tooth Agenesis Code (TAC) was applied. On this basis, a tentative diagnosis was made to predict which gene (MSX1, AXIN2, EDA, or PAX9) was likely to show mutation. Afterwards this hypothesis was confirmed or rejected by analyzing a saliva sample for mutation of the predicted gene. If confirmed, any available family members were also genetically analyzed. RESULTS Based on their TAC scores and sums, gene mutations were predicted for MXS1 in 11, AXIN2 in 3, EDA in 6, and PAX9 in none of the patients. The evaluation of MSX1 yielded variants in 4 of 11 cases, all of which were classified as nonpathogenic since they were not considered as functional mutations. The evaluation of EDA yielded a pathogenic exon-7 mutation in 2 of 6 patients, both being brothers with different TAC scores; the same mutation, which represents a novel missense mutation, was also found in other members of the same family. The evaluation of AXIN2 yielded variants in 3 of 3 cases, all of which were classified as nonpathogenic. CONCLUSIONS Our findings obtained in consecutive patients with nonsyndromic oligodontia did not reveal any clinically relevant associations between oligodontia phenotype (based on TAC) and causative mutations for nonsyndromic oligodontia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko C Bock
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Giessen, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | | | - Gisela Ruiz-Heiland
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Giessen, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Giessen, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Pharmacological stimulation of Edar signaling in the adult enhances sebaceous gland size and function. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:359-368. [PMID: 25207818 PMCID: PMC4269545 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Impaired Ectodysplasin A (EDA) – EDA receptor (EDAR) signaling affects ectodermally derived structures including teeth, hair follicles and cutaneous glands. X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED), resulting from EDA deficiency, can be rescued with lifelong benefits in animal models by stimulation of ectodermal appendage development with EDAR agonists. Treatments initiated later in the developmental period restore progressively fewer of the affected structures. It is unknown whether EDAR stimulation in adults with XLHED might have beneficial effects. In adult Eda mutant mice treated for several weeks with agonist anti-EDAR antibodies, we find that sebaceous glands size and function can be restored to wild type levels. This effect is maintained upon chronic treatment but reverses slowly upon cessation of treatment. Sebaceous glands in all skin regions respond to treatment, though to varying degrees, and this is accompanied in both Eda mutant and wild type mice by sebum secretion to levels higher than those observed in untreated controls. Edar is expressed at the periphery of the glands, suggesting a direct homeostatic effect of Edar stimulation on the sebaceous gland. Sebaceous gland size and sebum production may serve as biomarkers for EDAR stimulation, and EDAR agonists may improve skin dryness and eczema frequently observed in XLHED.
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Mues G, Bonds J, Xiang L, Vieira AR, Seymen F, Klein O, D'Souza RN. The WNT10A gene in ectodermal dysplasias and selective tooth agenesis. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2455-60. [PMID: 24700731 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the WNT10A gene were first detected in the rare syndrome odonto-onycho-dermal dysplasia (OODD, OMIM257980) but have now also been found to cause about 35-50% of selective tooth agenesis (STHAG4, OMIM150400), a common disorder that mostly affects the permanent dentition. In our random sample of tooth agenesis patients, 40% had at least one mutation in the WNT10A gene. The WNT10A Phe228Ile variant alone reached an allele frequency of 0.21 in the tooth agenesis cohort, about 10 times higher than the allele frequency reported in large SNP databases for Caucasian populations. Patients with bi-allelic WNT10A mutations have severe tooth agenesis while heterozygous individuals are either unaffected or have a mild phenotype. Mutations in the coding areas of the WNT10B gene, which is co-expressed with WNT10A during odontogenesis, and the WNT6 gene which is located at the same chromosomal locus as WNT10A in humans, do not contribute to the tooth agenesis phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Mues
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University-HSC Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
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Wawrzynek A, Ślęzak R, Wiśniewski SA, Trzeciak WH. A novel mutation in the ED1gene in a patient with X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Int J Dermatol 2013; 52:1121-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ruf S, Klimas D, Hönemann M, Jabir S. Genetic background of nonsyndromic oligodontia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orofac Orthop 2013; 74:295-308. [PMID: 23828301 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-013-0138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this work was to identify all known gene mutations that have been associated with the development of nonsyndromic oligodontia. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed electronically in two databases (PubMed, Medpilot) supplemented by a hand search. Articles published up to March 2012 were considered. Search terms were combined as follows: oligodontia and genes, oligodontia and mutations, tooth agenesis and genes, and tooth agenesis and mutations. A meta-analysis of the data was conducted based on the Tooth Agenesis Code (TAC). RESULTS Seven genes are currently known to have a potential for causing nonsyndromic oligodontia. All these genes vary both in terms of number of identified mutations and in terms of number of documented patients: 33 mutations and 93 patients are on record for PAX9, 10 mutations and 51 patients for EDA, 12 mutations and 33 patients for MSX1, 6 mutations and 17 patients for AXIN2, and 1 mutation in 1 patient for EDARADD, NEMO, and KRT17 each. A total TAC score of 250 was found to have cutoff properties, as 100% of MSX1 and 80% of EDA patients exhibited TAC ≤ 250, whereas 96.9% of PAX9 and 90% of AXIN2 patients exhibited TAC >250. Furthermore, 94.3% of EDA patients but only 28.6% of MSX1 patients exhibited odd-numbered TAC scores in at least one quadrant, and 72.7% of PAX9 but none of the AXIN2 patients were found to show TAC scores of 112 in at least one quadrant. CONCLUSION In order of decreasing frequency, PAX9, EDA, MSX1, AXIN2, EDARADD, NEMO, and KRT17 are the seven genes currently known to have a potential for causing nonsyndromic oligodontia. TAC scores enabled us to identify an association between oligodontia phenotypes and genotypes in the patients covered by this meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Germany.
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Huang Y, Lu Y, Mues G, Wang S, Bonds J, D'Souza R. Functional evaluation of a novel tooth agenesis-associated bone morphogenetic protein 4 prodomain mutation. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 121:313-8. [PMID: 23841782 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The detection of gene mutations in patients with congenitally missing teeth is not very complicated; however, proving causality is often quite difficult. Here, we report the detection of a substitution mutation, A42P, within the prodomain of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) in a small family with tooth agenesis and describe a functional alteration that may be responsible for the tooth phenotype. As BMP4 is essential for the development of teeth and also for many other organs, it would be of considerable interest to find a BMP4 mutation that is associated only with tooth agenesis. Our in vitro investigations revealed that the A42P mutation neither affected processing and secretion of BMP4 nor altered functional properties, such as the induction of alkaline phosphatase or signaling through Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation by the mature BMP4 ligand. However, immunofluorescence staining revealed that the prodomains of BMP4 which harbor the A42P substitution form fibrillar structures around transfected cells in culture and that this fibrillar network is significantly decreased when mutant prodomains are expressed. Our finding suggests that in vivo, BMP4 prodomain behavior might also be altered by the mutation and could influence storage or transport of mature BMP4 in the extracellular matrix of the developing tooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Nikopensius T, Annilo T, Jagomägi T, Gilissen C, Kals M, Krjutškov K, Mägi R, Eelmets M, Gerst-Talas U, Remm M, Saag M, Hoischen A, Metspalu A. Non-syndromic Tooth Agenesis Associated with a Nonsense Mutation in Ectodysplasin-A (EDA). J Dent Res 2013; 92:507-11. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034513487210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the ectodysplasin-A ( EDA) gene have been generally associated with X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED). Recently, missense mutations in EDA have been reported to cause familial non-syndromic tooth agenesis. In this study, we report a novel EDA mutation in an Estonian family segregating non-syndromic tooth agenesis with variable expressivity. Affected individuals had no associated defects in other ectodermal organs. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a heterozygous nonsense mutation c.874G>T (p.Glu292X) in the TNF homology domain of EDA in all affected female patients. This protein-altering variant arose de novo, and the potentially causative allele was transmitted to affected offspring from the affected mother. We suggest that the dental phenotype variability described in heterozygous female carriers of EDA mutation may occur because of the differential pattern of X-chromosome inactivation, which retains reduced levels of EDA-receptor signaling in tissues involved in tooth morphogenesis. This results in selective tooth agenesis rather than XLHED phenotype. The present study broadens the mutation spectrum for this locus and demonstrates that EDA mutations may result in non-syndromic tooth agenesis in heterozygous females.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Nikopensius
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - T. Annilo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - T. Jagomägi
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - C. Gilissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M. Kals
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - K. Krjutškov
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - R. Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - M. Eelmets
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - U. Gerst-Talas
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - M. Remm
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - M. Saag
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - A. Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A. Metspalu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Estonia
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15
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Deshmukh S, Prashanth S. Ectodermal dysplasia: a genetic review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2012; 5:197-202. [PMID: 25206167 PMCID: PMC4155886 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectodermal dysplasia is a rare hereditary disorder with a characteristic physiognomy. It is a genetic disorder affecting the development or function of the teeth, hair, nails and sweat glands. Depending on the particular syndrome ectodermal dysplasia can also affect the skin, the lens or retina of the eye, parts of the inner ear, the development of fingers and toes, the nerves and other parts of the body. Each syndrome usually involves a different combination of symptoms, which can range from mild to severe. The history and lessons learned from hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) may serve as an example for unraveling of the cause and pathogenesis of other ectodermal dysplasia syndromes by demonstrating that phenotypically identical syndromes can be caused by mutations in different genes (EDA, EDAR, EDARADD), that mutations in the same gene can lead to different phenotypes and that mutations in the genes further downstream in the same signaling pathway (NEMO) may modify the phenotype quite profoundly. The aim of this paper is to describe and discuss the etiology, genetic review, clinical manifestations and treatment options of this hereditary disorder. How to cite this article: Deshmukh S, Prashanth S. Ectodermal Dysplasia: A Genetic Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2012; 5(3):197-202.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Deshmukh
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, JSS Dental College and Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India e-mail:
| | - S Prashanth
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS University, Mysore Karnataka, India
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16
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Galluccio G, Castellano M, La Monaca C. Genetic basis of non-syndromic anomalies of human tooth number. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:918-30. [PMID: 22325622 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Teeth organogenesis develops through a well-ordered series of inductive events involving genes and BMP, FGF, SHH and WNT represent the main signalling pathways that regulate epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Moreover, progress in genetics and molecular biology indicates that more than 300 genes are involved in different phases of teeth development. Mutations in genes involved in odontogenesis are responsible for many dental anomalies, including a number of dental anomalies that can be associated with other systemic skeletal or organic manifestations (syndromic dental anomalies) or not (non-syndromic dental anomalies). The knowledge of the genetic development mechanisms of the latter is of major interest. Understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis of non-syndromic teeth anomalies would also clarify the role of teeth in craniofacial development, and this would represent an important contribution to the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of congenital malformations, and the eventual association to other severe diseases. Future research in this area is likely to lead to the development of tests for doctors to formulate an early diagnosis of these anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Galluccio
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Oral Medicine, Course of Dentistry Degree, Courses of Orthognatodontics 2 and Clinical Gnatology 2, Italy.
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17
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Mitsiadis TA, Luder HU. Genetic basis for tooth malformations: from mice to men and back again. Clin Genet 2011; 80:319-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Bergendal B, Klar J, Stecksén-Blicks C, Norderyd J, Dahl N. Isolated oligodontia associated with mutations in EDARADD, AXIN2, MSX1, and PAX9 genes. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:1616-22. [PMID: 21626677 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oligodontia is defined as the congenital lack of six or more permanent teeth, excluding third molars. Oligodontia as well as hypodontia (lack of one or more permanent teeth) are highly heritable conditions associated with mutations in the AXIN2, MSX1, PAX9, EDA, and EDAR genes. Here we define the prevalence of mutations in the AXIN2, MSX1, PAX9, EDA, and EDAR genes, and the novel candidate gene EDARADD in a cohort of 93 Swedish probands with non-syndromic, isolated oligodontia. Mutation screening was performed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and DNA sequence analysis. Analyses of the coding sequences of the six genes showed sequence alterations predicted to be damaging or potentially damaging in ten of 93 probands (10.8%). Mutations were identified in the EDARADD (n = 1), AXIN2 (n = 3), MSX1 (n = 2), and PAX9 (n = 4) genes, respectively. None of the 10 probands with mutations had other self-reported symptoms from ectodermal tissues. The oral parameters were similar when comparing individuals with and without mutations but a family history of oligodontia was three times more frequent for probands with mutations. EDARADD mutations have previously been reported in a few families segregating hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and this is, to our knowledge, the first report of an EDARADD mutation associated with isolated oligodontia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Bergendal
- National Oral Disability Centre, The Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden
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19
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Pawlowska E, Janik-Papis K, Poplawski T, Blasiak J, Szczepanska J. Mutations in the PAX9 gene in sporadic oligodontia. Orthod Craniofac Res 2010; 13:142-52. [PMID: 20618716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2010.01488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oligodontia, a congenital lack of six or more teeth, is often associated with mutations in the PAX9 gene; therefore, we searched for mutations in this gene. DESIGN In the present work, we sequenced fragments of the PAX9 gene in individuals with sporadic oligodontia. Next, we genotyped some mutations we found in patients with oligodontia and individuals without tooth agenesis. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION DNA sequencing was performed in the material isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes of six unrelated patients with sporadic, non-syndromic oligodontia. These patients were selected based upon explorative cluster analysis. Genotyping was performed in 38 patients with oligodontia and 100 control individuals. MATERIAL AND METHODS Direct sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR were employed. RESULTS We detected two homozygotic substitutions, IVS2-109G>C and IVS2-54A>G, in intron 2 in three patients. Another homozygotic substitution in intron 2, IVS2-41A>G, was revealed in two patients. Two patients had an IVS3+40G>A homozygotic change in intron 3 and 4 patients displayed a 717C>T transition in exon 4 (silent mutation). One patient had a heterozygotic 718G>C transversion, resulting in a missense Ala240Pro substitution. We detected also several other intronic substitutions. Further genotyping of the IVS2-54A>G, IVS2-109G>C, and IVS2-41A>G mutations suggested that they can display polymorphic changes. CONCLUSION The IVS2-54A>G, IVS2-109G>C, and IVS2-41A>G mutations of the PAX9 gene may represent polymorphism associated with sporadic oligodontia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pawlowska
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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20
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Genome-wide association study reveals multiple loci associated with primary tooth development during infancy. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000856. [PMID: 20195514 PMCID: PMC2829062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth development is a highly heritable process which relates to other growth and developmental processes, and which interacts with the development of the entire craniofacial complex. Abnormalities of tooth development are common, with tooth agenesis being the most common developmental anomaly in humans. We performed a genome-wide association study of time to first tooth eruption and number of teeth at one year in 4,564 individuals from the 1966 Northern Finland Birth Cohort (NFBC1966) and 1,518 individuals from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). We identified 5 loci at P<5×10−8, and 5 with suggestive association (P<5×10−6). The loci included several genes with links to tooth and other organ development (KCNJ2, EDA, HOXB2, RAD51L1, IGF2BP1, HMGA2, MSRB3). Genes at four of the identified loci are implicated in the development of cancer. A variant within the HOXB gene cluster associated with occlusion defects requiring orthodontic treatment by age 31 years. Genome-wide association studies have been used to identify genetic variants conferring susceptibility to diseases, intermediate phenotypes, and physiological traits such as height, hair color, and age at menarche. Here we analyze the NFBC1966 and ALSPAC birth cohorts to investigate the genetic determinants of a key developmental process: primary tooth development. The prospective nature of our studies allows us to exploit accurate measurements of age at first tooth eruption and number of teeth at one year, and also provides the opportunity to assess whether genetic variants affecting these traits are associated with dental problems later in the life course. Of the genes that we find to be associated with primary tooth development, several have established roles in tooth development and growth, and almost half have proposed links with the development of cancer. We find that one of the variants is also associated with occlusion defects requiring orthodontic treatment later in life. Our findings should provide a strong foundation for the study of the genetic architecture of tooth development, which as well as its relevance to medicine and dentistry, may have implications in evolutionary biology since teeth represent important markers of evolution.
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21
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Mues G, Tardivel A, Willen L, Kapadia H, Seaman R, Frazier-Bowers S, Schneider P, D'Souza RN. Functional analysis of Ectodysplasin-A mutations causing selective tooth agenesis. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:19-25. [PMID: 19623212 PMCID: PMC2795113 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the Ectodysplasin-A (EDA) gene are generally associated with the syndrome hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (MIM 305100), but they can also manifest as selective, non-syndromic tooth agenesis (MIM300606). We have performed an in vitro functional analysis of six selective tooth agenesis-causing EDA mutations (one novel and five known) that are located in the C-terminal tumor necrosis factor homology domain of the protein. Our study reveals that expression, receptor binding or signaling capability of the mutant EDA1 proteins is only impaired in contrast to syndrome-causing mutations, which we have previously shown to abolish EDA1 expression, receptor binding or signaling. Our results support a model in which the development of the human dentition, especially of anterior teeth, requires the highest level of EDA-receptor signaling, whereas other ectodermal appendages, including posterior teeth, have less stringent requirements and form normally in response to EDA mutations with reduced activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Mues
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aubry Tardivel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, CH, Switzerland
| | - Laure Willen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, CH, Switzerland
| | - Hitesh Kapadia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Robyn Seaman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sylvia Frazier-Bowers
- Department of Orthodontics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, CH, Switzerland
| | - Rena N D'Souza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
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