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Tolezano GC, Bastos GC, da Costa SS, Freire BL, Homma TK, Honjo RS, Yamamoto GL, Passos-Bueno MR, Koiffmann CP, Kim CA, Vianna-Morgante AM, de Lima Jorge AA, Bertola DR, Rosenberg C, Krepischi ACV. Burden of Rare Copy Number Variants in Microcephaly: A Brazilian Cohort of 185 Microcephalic Patients and Review of the Literature. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:1181-1212. [PMID: 36502452 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microcephaly presents heterogeneous genetic etiology linked to several neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). Copy number variants (CNVs) are a causal mechanism of microcephaly whose investigation is a crucial step for unraveling its molecular basis. Our purpose was to investigate the burden of rare CNVs in microcephalic individuals and to review genes and CNV syndromes associated with microcephaly. We performed chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) in 185 Brazilian patients with microcephaly and evaluated microcephalic patients carrying < 200 kb CNVs documented in the DECIPHER database. Additionally, we reviewed known genes and CNV syndromes causally linked to microcephaly through the PubMed, OMIM, DECIPHER, and ClinGen databases. Rare clinically relevant CNVs were detected in 39 out of the 185 Brazilian patients investigated by CMA (21%). In 31 among the 60 DECIPHER patients carrying < 200 kb CNVs, at least one known microcephaly gene was observed. Overall, four gene sets implicated in microcephaly were disclosed: known microcephaly genes; genes with supporting evidence of association with microcephaly; known macrocephaly genes; and novel candidates, including OTUD7A, BBC3, CNTN6, and NAA15. In the review, we compiled 957 known microcephaly genes and 58 genomic CNV loci, comprising 13 duplications and 50 deletions, which have already been associated with clinical findings including microcephaly. We reviewed genes and CNV syndromes previously associated with microcephaly, reinforced the high CMA diagnostic yield for this condition, pinpointed novel candidate loci linked to microcephaly deserving further evaluation, and provided a useful resource for future research on the field of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Cantini Tolezano
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Civitate Bastos
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Silvia Souza da Costa
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lucheze Freire
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 455 Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Thais Kataoka Homma
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 455 Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Rachel Sayuri Honjo
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 647 Avenida Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lopes Yamamoto
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 647 Avenida Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Celia Priszkulnik Koiffmann
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Chong Ae Kim
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 647 Avenida Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Angela Maria Vianna-Morgante
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Alexander Augusto de Lima Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 455 Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Débora Romeo Bertola
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 647 Avenida Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Carla Rosenberg
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Victorino Krepischi
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
- Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 277 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
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Paprocka J, Kaminiów K, Yetkin O, Tekturk P, Baykan B, Leiz S, Kluger G, Striano P. Clinical and epilepsy characteristics in Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (4p-): A review. Seizure 2024; 116:14-23. [PMID: 36526544 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is araredisorderwithan estimated prevalence being around 1 in 50,000 births. The syndrome is caused by the deletion of a critical region (Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome Critical region- WHSCR) on chromosome 4p16.3. WHS is clinically characterized by pre-and postnatal growth restriction, hypotonia, intellectual disability, craniofacial dysmorphismand congenital fusion anomalies. The clinical aspects are variable due to the deletion size.Consistently, epilepsy is one of the major concerns for parents and professionals caring for children with WHS. Seizures tend to occur in over 90% of patients, with onset within the first 3 years of life, and a peak incidence at around 6-12 months of age. Approximately 20% of patients had the first seizure onset within the first 6 months of age, almost 50% at 6 to 12 months of age and about 25% later than 12 months of age. The main types of epileptic seizures occurring in patients with WHS were generalized tonic-clonic seizures (around 70%). These were followed by tonic spasms (20%); focal seizures with impaired awareness (12%) and clonicseizures in 7% of patients.Seizures are often triggered by fever, followed by infections of various systems. Particularly, half of WHS patients experience status epilepticus in the first years of life, which can be fatal. Due to limited number of reports on the topic of EEG abnormalities in epilepsy among WHS patients, it is difficult to determine whether there are any characteristic deviations for WHS. Although more than 300 persons with WHS have been reported in the literature, there is sparse knowledge about epilepsy and methods of its anti-seizure medication (ASM) management with an assessment of their effectiveness. The purpose of this systematic review is to briefly summarize achievements and advances in the field of epilepsy in Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Paprocka
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Konrad Kaminiów
- Students' Scientific Society, Pediatric Neurology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ozgun Yetkin
- Department of Developmental Neurology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Pınar Tekturk
- Child Neurology and Neurology Departments, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiy
| | - Betül Baykan
- Clinical Neurophysiology and Neurology Departments, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Steffen Leiz
- Neuropädiatrie, KinderklinikDritter Orden, München, Germany
| | - Gerhard Kluger
- Institute for Transition, Rehabilitation and Palliation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Center for Pediatric Neurology, Neurorehabilitation and Epileptology, Schoen KlinikVogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Pasquale Striano
- IRCCS IstitutoGianninaGaslini", Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Espinosa-Mojica AA, Varo Varo C. Determining the Linguistic Profile of Children With Rare Genetic Disorders. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2024; 67:170-186. [PMID: 38085694 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-23-00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Language studies on populations with rare genetic disorders are limited. Hence, there is little data on commonly found or expected developmental linguistic traits and cognitive mechanisms that may be impaired. Based on the hypothesis that there is a close connection between language and cognition and the relevance of specific genetic changes in the development of each, our goal was to provide linguistic data on relationships with other executive functioning mechanisms. METHOD This study assessed language skills, communicative behaviors, and executive functions in four children, aged 7-9 years, with rare genetic disorders, using standardized protocols and tests. RESULTS The findings revealed different levels of language impairment and executive functioning problems in each case. The overall executive function index performance for each of the four cases studied was clinically significantly high, indicating executive dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS The cases analyzed illustrate different types of atypical development that affect both language and other cognitive mechanisms and underscore the importance of executive skills and the various ways in which they are involved in diverse levels of language that might be affected to a greater or lesser degree in rare genetic disorders. In conclusion, we found that language dysfunction is a salient feature of the rare genetic disorders included in our study, although this is not necessarily true for all genetic disorders. Along with these conclusive results, we performed a qualitative analysis of the linguistic and cognitive components that enable functional communication in order to allow optimal interpretation of the data we have collected, laying the foundations for a more effective therapeutic approach.
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Xia C, Kumar D, You B, Streck DL, Osborne L, Dermody J, Jiang JG, Pletcher BA. Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome with Hyperparathyroidism: A Case Report and a Narrative Review of the Literature. J Pediatr Genet 2023; 12:312-317. [PMID: 38162156 PMCID: PMC10756731 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a contiguous gene deletion condition. The WHS core phenotype includes developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, seizures, and distinctive facial features. Various other comorbidities have also been reported, such as hearing loss, heart defects, as well as eye problems and kidney problems. In this report, we present a case of WHS accompanied by hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia, which has not been previously reported. A girl was born at 37 weeks of gestation by vaginal delivery. She was small for the gestational age (2,045 g) and admitted to neonatal intensive care unit. She had typical WHS facial features and was found to have bilateral small kidneys associated with transient metabolic acidosis and renal insufficiency. She had right-sided sensorineural hearing loss, a small atrial septal defect, and colpocephaly and hypoplasia of corpus callosum. She had a single seizure which was well controlled with an oral antiepileptic medication. Cytogenetic studies demonstrated a large terminal chromosome 4p deletion (21.4 Mb) and 4p duplication (2.1 Mb) adjacent to the deletion. A unique finding in this patient is her consistently elevated levels of parathyroid hormone and serum calcium, suggesting hyperparathyroidism. We present this rare case along with a review of the literature and hope to draw an attention to a potential relationship between WHS and hyperparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xia
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Dibyendu Kumar
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Bei You
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Deanna L. Streck
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Lisa Osborne
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - James Dermody
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Jie-Gen Jiang
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Beth A. Pletcher
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States
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Hsueh HW, Kao HJ, Chao CC, Hsueh SJ, Huang YN, Lin WJ, Su JP, Shy HT, Yeh TY, Lin CC, Kwok PY, Lee NC, Hsieh ST. Identification of an 85-kb Heterozygous 4p Microdeletion With Full Genome Analysis in Autosomal Dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. Neurol Genet 2023; 9:e200078. [PMID: 37346931 PMCID: PMC10281236 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a syndrome of a hereditary neurodegenerative condition affecting the peripheral nervous system and is a single gene disorder. Deep phenotyping coupled with advanced genetic techniques is critical in discovering new genetic defects of rare genetic disorders such as CMT. Methods We applied multidisciplinary investigations to examine the neurophysiology and nerve pathology in a family that fulfilled the diagnosis of CMT2. When phenotype-guided first-tier genetic tests and whole-exome sequencing did not yield a molecular diagnosis, we conducted full genome analysis by examining phased whole-genome sequencing and whole-genome optical mapping data to search for the causal variation. We then performed a systematic review to compare the reported patients with interstitial microdeletion in the short arm of chromosome 4. Results In this family with CMT2, we reported the discovery of a heterozygous 85-kb microdeletion in the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p16.3)[NC_000004.12:g.1733926_1819031del] spanning 3 genes [TACC3 (intron 6-exon 16), FGFR3 (total deletion), and LETM1 (intron 10-exon14)] that cosegregated with disease phenotypes in family members. The clinical features of peripheral nerve degeneration in our family are distinct from the well-known 4p microdeletion syndrome of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, in which brain involvement is the major phenotype. Discussion In summary, we used the full genome analysis approach to discover a new microdeletion in a family with CMT2. The deleted segment contains 3 genes (TACC3, FGFR3, and LETM1) that likely play a role in the pathogenesis of nerve degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh Wen Hsueh
- From the Department of Neurology (H.W.H., C.-C.C., Y.-N.H., S.-T.H.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (H.W.H., H.-T.S., T.-Y.Y., C.-C.L., S.-T.H.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (H.-J.K., W.-J.L., J.-P.S., P.-Y.K.), Academia Sinica, Taipei; Department of Neurology (S.-J.H.), National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch; Institute for Human Genetics (P.-Y.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Medical Genetics (N.-C.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Hsiao-Jung Kao
- From the Department of Neurology (H.W.H., C.-C.C., Y.-N.H., S.-T.H.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (H.W.H., H.-T.S., T.-Y.Y., C.-C.L., S.-T.H.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (H.-J.K., W.-J.L., J.-P.S., P.-Y.K.), Academia Sinica, Taipei; Department of Neurology (S.-J.H.), National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch; Institute for Human Genetics (P.-Y.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Medical Genetics (N.-C.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Chi-Chao Chao
- From the Department of Neurology (H.W.H., C.-C.C., Y.-N.H., S.-T.H.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (H.W.H., H.-T.S., T.-Y.Y., C.-C.L., S.-T.H.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (H.-J.K., W.-J.L., J.-P.S., P.-Y.K.), Academia Sinica, Taipei; Department of Neurology (S.-J.H.), National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch; Institute for Human Genetics (P.-Y.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Medical Genetics (N.-C.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Sung-Ju Hsueh
- From the Department of Neurology (H.W.H., C.-C.C., Y.-N.H., S.-T.H.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (H.W.H., H.-T.S., T.-Y.Y., C.-C.L., S.-T.H.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (H.-J.K., W.-J.L., J.-P.S., P.-Y.K.), Academia Sinica, Taipei; Department of Neurology (S.-J.H.), National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch; Institute for Human Genetics (P.-Y.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Medical Genetics (N.-C.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Yu-Ning Huang
- From the Department of Neurology (H.W.H., C.-C.C., Y.-N.H., S.-T.H.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (H.W.H., H.-T.S., T.-Y.Y., C.-C.L., S.-T.H.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (H.-J.K., W.-J.L., J.-P.S., P.-Y.K.), Academia Sinica, Taipei; Department of Neurology (S.-J.H.), National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch; Institute for Human Genetics (P.-Y.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Medical Genetics (N.-C.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Wan-Jia Lin
- From the Department of Neurology (H.W.H., C.-C.C., Y.-N.H., S.-T.H.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (H.W.H., H.-T.S., T.-Y.Y., C.-C.L., S.-T.H.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (H.-J.K., W.-J.L., J.-P.S., P.-Y.K.), Academia Sinica, Taipei; Department of Neurology (S.-J.H.), National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch; Institute for Human Genetics (P.-Y.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Medical Genetics (N.-C.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Jen-Ping Su
- From the Department of Neurology (H.W.H., C.-C.C., Y.-N.H., S.-T.H.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (H.W.H., H.-T.S., T.-Y.Y., C.-C.L., S.-T.H.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (H.-J.K., W.-J.L., J.-P.S., P.-Y.K.), Academia Sinica, Taipei; Department of Neurology (S.-J.H.), National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch; Institute for Human Genetics (P.-Y.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Medical Genetics (N.-C.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Horng-Tzer Shy
- From the Department of Neurology (H.W.H., C.-C.C., Y.-N.H., S.-T.H.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (H.W.H., H.-T.S., T.-Y.Y., C.-C.L., S.-T.H.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (H.-J.K., W.-J.L., J.-P.S., P.-Y.K.), Academia Sinica, Taipei; Department of Neurology (S.-J.H.), National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch; Institute for Human Genetics (P.-Y.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Medical Genetics (N.-C.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Ti-Yen Yeh
- From the Department of Neurology (H.W.H., C.-C.C., Y.-N.H., S.-T.H.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (H.W.H., H.-T.S., T.-Y.Y., C.-C.L., S.-T.H.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (H.-J.K., W.-J.L., J.-P.S., P.-Y.K.), Academia Sinica, Taipei; Department of Neurology (S.-J.H.), National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch; Institute for Human Genetics (P.-Y.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Medical Genetics (N.-C.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Cheng-Chen Lin
- From the Department of Neurology (H.W.H., C.-C.C., Y.-N.H., S.-T.H.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (H.W.H., H.-T.S., T.-Y.Y., C.-C.L., S.-T.H.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (H.-J.K., W.-J.L., J.-P.S., P.-Y.K.), Academia Sinica, Taipei; Department of Neurology (S.-J.H.), National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch; Institute for Human Genetics (P.-Y.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Medical Genetics (N.-C.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- From the Department of Neurology (H.W.H., C.-C.C., Y.-N.H., S.-T.H.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (H.W.H., H.-T.S., T.-Y.Y., C.-C.L., S.-T.H.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (H.-J.K., W.-J.L., J.-P.S., P.-Y.K.), Academia Sinica, Taipei; Department of Neurology (S.-J.H.), National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch; Institute for Human Genetics (P.-Y.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Medical Genetics (N.-C.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Ni-Chung Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (H.W.H., C.-C.C., Y.-N.H., S.-T.H.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (H.W.H., H.-T.S., T.-Y.Y., C.-C.L., S.-T.H.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (H.-J.K., W.-J.L., J.-P.S., P.-Y.K.), Academia Sinica, Taipei; Department of Neurology (S.-J.H.), National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch; Institute for Human Genetics (P.-Y.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Medical Genetics (N.-C.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
| | - Sung-Tsang Hsieh
- From the Department of Neurology (H.W.H., C.-C.C., Y.-N.H., S.-T.H.), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (H.W.H., H.-T.S., T.-Y.Y., C.-C.L., S.-T.H.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Institute of Biomedical Sciences (H.-J.K., W.-J.L., J.-P.S., P.-Y.K.), Academia Sinica, Taipei; Department of Neurology (S.-J.H.), National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch; Institute for Human Genetics (P.-Y.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco; and Department of Medical Genetics (N.-C.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
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Cai M, Que Y, Chen M, Zhang M, Huang H, Xu L, Lin N. Pathogenic copy number variations are associated with foetal short femur length in a tertiary referral centre study. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:2354-2361. [PMID: 37401003 PMCID: PMC10424293 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Shortened foetal femur length (FL) is a common abnormal phenotype that often causes anxiety in pregnant women, and standard clinical treatments remain unavailable. We investigated the clinical characteristics, genetic aetiology and obstetric pregnancy outcomes of foetuses with short FL and provided a reference for perinatal management of such cases. Chromosomal microarray analysis was used to analyse the copy number variations (CNV) in short FL foetuses. Of the 218 foetuses with short FL, 33 foetuses exhibited abnormal CNVs, including 19 with pathogenic CNVs and 14 with variations of uncertain clinical significance. Of the 19 foetuses with pathogenic CNVs, four had aneuploidy, 14 had deletions/duplications, and one had pathogenic uniparental diploidy. The 7q11.23 microdeletion was detected in three foetuses. The severity of short FL was not associated with the rate of pathogenic CNVs. The duration of short FL for the intrauterine ultrasound phenotype in foetuses carrying a pathogenic CNV was independent of the gestational age. Further, maternal age was not associated with the incidence of foetal pathogenic CNVs. Adverse pregnancy outcomes occurred in 77 cases, including termination of pregnancy in 63 cases, postnatal dwarfed foetuses with intellectual disability in 11 cases, and three deaths within 3 months of birth. Pathogenic CNVs closely related to foetal short FL were identified, among which the 7q11.23 microdeletion was highly associated with short FL development. This study provides a reference for the perinatal management of foetuses with short FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Cai
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth DefectFuzhouChina
| | - Yanting Que
- College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and PediatricsFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Meihuan Chen
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth DefectFuzhouChina
| | - Min Zhang
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth DefectFuzhouChina
| | - Hailong Huang
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth DefectFuzhouChina
| | - Liangpu Xu
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth DefectFuzhouChina
| | - Na Lin
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Key Laboratory for Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth DefectFuzhouChina
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7
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Floriani MA, Santos AS, Diniz BL, Glaeser AB, Gazzola Zen PR, Machado Rosa RF. 22q11 Copy Number Variations in a Brazilian Cohort of Children with Congenital Heart Disorders. Mol Syndromol 2023; 14:1-10. [PMID: 36777701 PMCID: PMC9911999 DOI: 10.1159/000525247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of congenital defect reported to be one of the leading causes of mortality in the first year of life. Microdeletion and microduplication syndromes (MMS) are associated with cardiac malformations. Understanding which genetic factors are involved in these conditions directly impacts treatment decisions. We aimed to identify the occurrence of genetic alterations and their association with MMS in CHD pediatric patients evaluated in a reference service of Southern Brazil. Methods Participants were recruited during 2010 in the intensive care unit of a pediatric hospital. MMs and regions of chromosome 22 were screened by SALSA MLPA Probemix P245 Microdeletion Syndromes-1A kit for detection of copy number variations (CNVs). Results MMS were detected in 11 from 207 patients (5.3%). Heterozygous deletion in the 22q11.2 chromosome region was the most prevalent CNV (5 from 11 patients). Also, atypical RTDR1 deletion and 22q11.2 duplication were detected. MLPA was able to reveal microdeletions in SNRPN and NF1 genes in patients with a normal karyotype and FISH. Conclusion Our study reports the prevalence and variability of genomic alterations associated with MMS in CHD pediatric patients. The results by MLPA are of great help in planning and specialized care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara A. Floriani
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna L. Diniz
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andressa B. Glaeser
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. Gazzola Zen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Genetics, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil,Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael F. Machado Rosa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Genetics, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil,Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil,*Rafael Fabiano Machado Rosa,
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8
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Bastos GC, Tolezano GC, Krepischi ACV. Rare CNVs and Known Genes Linked to Macrocephaly: Review of Genomic Loci and Promising Candidate Genes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122285. [PMID: 36553552 PMCID: PMC9778424 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocephaly frequently occurs in single-gene disorders affecting the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway; however, epigenetic mutations, mosaicism, and copy number variations (CNVs) are emerging relevant causative factors, revealing a higher genetic heterogeneity than previously expected. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of rare CNVs in patients with macrocephaly and review genomic loci and known genes. We retrieved from the DECIPHER database de novo <500 kb CNVs reported on patients with macrocephaly; in four cases, a candidate gene for macrocephaly could be pinpointed: a known microcephaly gene-TRAPPC9, and three genes based on their functional roles-RALGAPB, RBMS3, and ZDHHC14. From the literature review, 28 pathogenic CNV genomic loci and over 300 known genes linked to macrocephaly were gathered. Among the genomic regions, 17 CNV loci (~61%) exhibited mirror phenotypes, that is, deletions and duplications having opposite effects on head size. Identifying structural variants affecting head size can be a preeminent source of information about pathways underlying brain development. In this study, we reviewed these genes and recurrent CNV loci associated with macrocephaly, as well as suggested novel potential candidate genes deserving further studies to endorse their involvement with this phenotype.
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9
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Simonini C, Hoopmann M, Kagan KO, Schröder T, Gembruch U, Geipel A. Prenatal sonographic findings in confirmed cases of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:327. [PMID: 35428251 PMCID: PMC9013087 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a common genetic condition and prenatal diagnosis is difficult due to heterogeneous expression of this syndrome and rather non-specific ultrasound findings. Objective of this study was to examine the prenatal ultrasound findings in fetuses with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS). Methods Retrospective assessment of 18 pregnancies that were seen at three tertiary referral centers (Universities of Bonn, Tuebingen and Nuernberg / Germany). Findings of prenatal ultrasound examinations, genetic results and outcome were compared. Additionally, findings of our study were compared to previous small case series from the literature and then compared to data on postnatal frequencies and abnormalities in affected patients. Results Median gestational age at the time of examination was 23 + 1 weeks’ (range: 13 + 4 to 29 + 1 weeks’) with female-to-male ratio of > 2.5:1. Most frequent ultrasound findings were facial abnormalities, symmetric IUGR and microcephaly that presented in 94.4, 83.3 and 72.2% of cases, respectively. The combination of microcephaly and hypoplastic nasal bone was a particularly characteristic finding. Growth retardation presented in all fetuses > 20 weeks, but not below. Other frequent abnormalities included cardiac anomalies in 50 and single umbilical artery (SUA) in 44.4% of fetuses. Conclusion WHS should be considered in the presence of symmetric IUGR together with microcephaly, hypoplastic nasal bone and facial abnormalities on prenatal ultrasound. Genetic testing by chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) is strongly recommended in this context.
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10
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Wang J, Zhou S, He F, Zhang X, Lu J, Zhang J, Zhang F, Xu X, Yang F, Xiong F. Familial Translocation t(2;4) (q37.3;p16.3), Resulting in a Partial Trisomy of 2q (or 4p) and a Partial Monosomy of 4p (or 2q), Causes Dysplasia. Front Genet 2021; 12:741607. [PMID: 34887900 PMCID: PMC8650131 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.741607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, a well-known contiguous microdeletion syndrome, is caused by deletions on chromosome 4p. While the clinical symptoms and the critical region for this disorder have been identified based on genotype-phenotype correlations, duplications in this region have been infrequently reported. Conclusion: Our case report shows that both deletions and duplications of the Wolf-Hirshhorn critical region cause intellectual disability/developmental delay and multiple congenital anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyuan Zhou
- Henan Provincial Research Institute for Population and Family Planning Zhengzhou China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei He
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianqi Lu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu Xiong
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Single Cell Technology and Application, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Gavril EC, Luca AC, Curpan AS, Popescu R, Resmerita I, Panzaru MC, Butnariu LI, Gorduza EV, Gramescu M, Rusu C. Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome: Clinical and Genetic Study of 7 New Cases, and Mini Review. CHILDREN 2021; 8:children8090751. [PMID: 34572183 PMCID: PMC8471045 DOI: 10.3390/children8090751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS), a rare disorder determined by distal 4p deletion, is characterized by a pre and postnatal growth retardation, hypotonia, intellectual disability, epilepsy, craniofacial dysmorphism, and congenital fusion anomalies. The clinical aspects are dependent on the deletion’ size. Our aim was to identify rare specific characteristics in a cohort of seven cases with 4p deletion and to assess the utility of Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) (cheap and sensitive test)—combined kits—as a diagnostic test and selection tool for cases that require other investigations (chromosomal microarray analysis—CMA, karyotype). For all cases we conducted a clinical examination with the main features identified: facial dysmorphism, intellectual disability, postnatal development delay, cardiac defects and hypotonia. In some cases, we observed seizures, structural brain abnormalities, immunodeficiencies, and renal anomalies. Prenatal growth retardation was detected in a relatively small number of cases, but postnatal growth failure was a constant feature. In all cases, the clinical diagnosis was confirmed by genetic analyses: karyotype and/or MLPA. In conclusion, renal and brain defects, as well as immunodeficiency are rare manifestations and should be looked for. Although CMA is the standard test, in our experience, MLPA is also a reliable screening method as the identified cases were either confirmed by MLPA or selected for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Cristiana Gavril
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Street, No 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (E.-C.G.); (R.P.); (I.R.); (M.C.P.); (L.I.B.); (E.V.G.); (M.G.); (C.R.)
| | - Alina Costina Luca
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Street, No 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- “St. Mary” Children’s Hospital, Vasile Lupu Street, No 62-64, 700309 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.L.); (A.-S.C.)
| | - Alexandrina-Stefania Curpan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Bd. Carol I, 20A, 700505 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.L.); (A.-S.C.)
| | - Roxana Popescu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Street, No 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (E.-C.G.); (R.P.); (I.R.); (M.C.P.); (L.I.B.); (E.V.G.); (M.G.); (C.R.)
- “St. Mary” Children’s Hospital, Vasile Lupu Street, No 62-64, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Resmerita
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Street, No 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (E.-C.G.); (R.P.); (I.R.); (M.C.P.); (L.I.B.); (E.V.G.); (M.G.); (C.R.)
| | - Monica Cristina Panzaru
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Street, No 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (E.-C.G.); (R.P.); (I.R.); (M.C.P.); (L.I.B.); (E.V.G.); (M.G.); (C.R.)
- “St. Mary” Children’s Hospital, Vasile Lupu Street, No 62-64, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Lacramioara Ionela Butnariu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Street, No 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (E.-C.G.); (R.P.); (I.R.); (M.C.P.); (L.I.B.); (E.V.G.); (M.G.); (C.R.)
- “St. Mary” Children’s Hospital, Vasile Lupu Street, No 62-64, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Eusebiu Vlad Gorduza
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Street, No 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (E.-C.G.); (R.P.); (I.R.); (M.C.P.); (L.I.B.); (E.V.G.); (M.G.); (C.R.)
| | - Mihaela Gramescu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Street, No 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (E.-C.G.); (R.P.); (I.R.); (M.C.P.); (L.I.B.); (E.V.G.); (M.G.); (C.R.)
| | - Cristina Rusu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Street, No 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (E.-C.G.); (R.P.); (I.R.); (M.C.P.); (L.I.B.); (E.V.G.); (M.G.); (C.R.)
- “St. Mary” Children’s Hospital, Vasile Lupu Street, No 62-64, 700309 Iasi, Romania
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12
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Mekkawy MK, Kamel AK, Thomas MM, Ashaat EA, Zaki MS, Eid OM, Ismail S, Hammad SA, Megahed H, ElAwady H, Refaat KM, Hussien S, Helmy N, Abd Allah SG, Mohamed AM, El Ruby MO. Clinical and genetic characterization of ten Egyptian patients with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome and review of literature. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 9:e1546. [PMID: 33217222 PMCID: PMC8077161 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) (OMIM 194190) is a multiple congenital anomalies/intellectual disability syndrome. It is caused by partial loss of genetic material from the distal portion of the short arm of chromosome. Methods We studied the phenotype–genotype correlation. Results We present the clinical manifestations and cytogenetic results of 10 unrelated Egyptian patients with 4p deletions. Karyotyping, FISH and MLPA was performed for screening for microdeletion syndromes. Array CGH was done for two patients. All patients exhibited the cardinal clinical manifestation of WHS. FISH proved deletion of the specific WHS locus in all patients. MLPA detected microdeletion of the specific locus in two patients with normal karyotypes, while array CGH, performed for two patients, has delineated the extent of the deleted segments and the involved genes. LETM1, the main candidate gene for the seizure phenotype, was found deleted in the two patients tested by array CGH; nevertheless, one of them did not manifest seizures. The study emphasized the previous. Conclusion WHS is a contiguous gene syndrome resulting from hemizygosity of the terminal 2 Mb of 4p16.3 region. The Branchial fistula, detected in one of our patients is a new finding that, to our knowledge, was not reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona K Mekkawy
- Human Cytogenetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa K Kamel
- Human Cytogenetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manal M Thomas
- Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Engy A Ashaat
- Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ola M Eid
- Human Cytogenetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samira Ismail
- Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saida A Hammad
- Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hisham Megahed
- Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba ElAwady
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum unIversity, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Refaat
- Human Cytogenetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shymaa Hussien
- Human Cytogenetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nivine Helmy
- Human Cytogenetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sally G Abd Allah
- Human Cytogenetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amal M Mohamed
- Human Cytogenetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona O El Ruby
- Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Espeche LD, Solari AP, Mori MÁ, Arenas RM, Palomares M, Pérez M, Martínez C, Lotersztein V, Segovia M, Armando R, Dain LB, Nevado J, Lapunzina P, Rozental S. Implementation of chromosomal microarrays in a cohort of patients with intellectual disability at the Argentinean public health system. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6863-6878. [PMID: 32920771 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Intellectual disability is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors are involved. In consequence, the determination of its etiology is usually complex. Though many countries have migrated from conventional cytogenetic analysis to chromosomal microarrays as the first-tier genetic test for patients with this condition, this last technique was implemented in our country a few years ago. We report on the results of the implementation of chromosomal microarrays in a cohort of 133 patients with intellectual disability and dysmorphic features, normal karyotype and normal subtelomeric MLPA results in an Argentinean public health institution. Clinically relevant copy number variants were found in 12% of the patients and one or more copy number variants classified as variants of uncertain significance were found in 5.3% of them. Although the diagnostic yield of chromosomal microarrays is greater than conventional cytogenetics for these patients, there are financial limitations to adopt this technique as a first-tier test in our country, especially in the public health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Daniela Espeche
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica "Dr. Eduardo Castilla"- ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Paula Solari
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica "Dr. Eduardo Castilla"- ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Ángeles Mori
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,ITHACA European Reference Network, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín Arenas
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,ITHACA European Reference Network, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Palomares
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,ITHACA European Reference Network, Madrid, Spain
| | - Myriam Pérez
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica "Dr. Eduardo Castilla"- ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cinthia Martínez
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica "Dr. Eduardo Castilla"- ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Lotersztein
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica "Dr. Eduardo Castilla"- ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mabel Segovia
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica "Dr. Eduardo Castilla"- ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Armando
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital de Niños "Dr. Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Beatriz Dain
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica "Dr. Eduardo Castilla"- ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julián Nevado
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,ITHACA European Reference Network, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,ITHACA European Reference Network, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Rozental
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica "Dr. Eduardo Castilla"- ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ministerio de Salud, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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14
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Ren X, Yang N, Wu N, Xu X, Chen W, Zhang L, Li Y, Du RQ, Dong S, Zhao S, Chen S, Jiang LP, Wang L, Zhang J, Wu Z, Jin L, Qiu G, Lupski JR, Shi J, Zhang F, Liu P. Increased TBX6 gene dosages induce congenital cervical vertebral malformations in humans and mice. J Med Genet 2020; 57:371-379. [PMID: 31888956 PMCID: PMC9179029 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2019-106333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital vertebral malformations (CVMs) manifest with abnormal vertebral morphology. Genetic factors have been implicated in CVM pathogenesis, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear in most subjects. We previously reported that the human 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 deletion and its associated TBX6 dosage reduction caused CVMs. We aim to investigate the reciprocal 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 duplication and its potential genetic contributions to CVMs. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients who were found to carry the 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 duplication by chromosomal microarray analysis were retrospectively analysed for their vertebral phenotypes. The spinal assessments in seven duplication carriers showed that four (57%) presented characteristics of CVMs, supporting the contention that increased TBX6 dosage could induce CVMs. For further in vivo functional investigation in a model organism, we conducted genome editing of the upstream regulatory region of mouse Tbx6 using CRISPR-Cas9 and obtained three mouse mutant alleles (Tbx6up1 to Tbx6up3 ) with elevated expression levels of Tbx6. Luciferase reporter assays showed that the Tbx6up3 allele presented with the 160% expression level of that observed in the reference (+) allele. Therefore, the homozygous Tbx6up3/up3 mice could functionally mimic the TBX6 dosage of heterozygous carriers of 16p11.2 BP4-BP5 duplication (approximately 150%, ie, 3/2 gene dosage of the normal level). Remarkably, 60% of the Tbx6up3/up3 mice manifested with CVMs. Consistent with our observations in humans, the CVMs induced by increased Tbx6 dosage in mice mainly affected the cervical vertebrae. CONCLUSION Our findings in humans and mice consistently support that an increased TBX6 dosage contributes to the risk of developing cervical CVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Ren
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weisheng Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingping Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren-Qian Du
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shuangshuang Dong
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxia Chen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ping Jiang
- State key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianlei Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Jin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Medical Research Center of Orthopedics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiangang Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Baylor Genetics, Houston, Texas, USA
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Lasser M, Pratt B, Monahan C, Kim SW, Lowery LA. The Many Faces of Xenopus: Xenopus laevis as a Model System to Study Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome. Front Physiol 2019; 10:817. [PMID: 31297068 PMCID: PMC6607408 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a rare developmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability and various physical malformations including craniofacial, skeletal, and cardiac defects. These phenotypes, as they involve structures that are derived from the cranial neural crest, suggest that WHS may be associated with abnormalities in neural crest cell (NCC) migration. This syndrome is linked with assorted mutations on the short arm of chromosome 4, most notably the microdeletion of a critical genomic region containing several candidate genes. However, the function of these genes during embryonic development, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the disorder, are still unknown. The model organism Xenopus laevis offers a number of advantages for studying WHS. With the Xenopus genome sequenced, genetic manipulation strategies can be readily designed in order to alter the dosage of the WHS candidate genes. Moreover, a variety of assays are available for use in Xenopus to examine how manipulation of WHS genes leads to changes in the development of tissue and organ systems affected in WHS. In this review article, we highlight the benefits of using X. laevis as a model system for studying human genetic disorders of development, with a focus on WHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Lasser
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Benjamin Pratt
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Connor Monahan
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Seung Woo Kim
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Laura Anne Lowery
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
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Vevera J, Zarrei M, Hartmannová H, Jedličková I, Mušálková D, Přistoupilová A, Oliveriusová P, Trešlová H, Nosková L, Hodaňová K, Stránecký V, Jiřička V, Preiss M, Příhodová K, Šaligová J, Wei J, Woodbury-Smith M, Bleyer AJ, Scherer SW, Kmoch S. Rare copy number variation in extremely impulsively violent males. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 18:e12536. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vevera
- Department of Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine; Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
- Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education; Prague Czech Republic
- Psychology Department; National Institute of Mental Health; Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Mehdi Zarrei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Hana Hartmannová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Jedličková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Dita Mušálková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Anna Přistoupilová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petra Oliveriusová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Helena Trešlová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Nosková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hodaňová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Stránecký
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Václav Jiřička
- Prison Service of the Czech Republic, Directorate General; Department of Psychology; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Marek Preiss
- Psychology Department; National Institute of Mental Health; Klecany Czech Republic
- Psychology Department; University of New York in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Příhodová
- Psychology Department; National Institute of Mental Health; Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Jana Šaligová
- Children's Faculty Hospital; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Kosice Slovakia
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Pavel Jozef Šafárik University Kosice; Kosice Slovakia
| | - John Wei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Marc Woodbury-Smith
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Anthony J. Bleyer
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine; Medical Center Blvd.; Winston-Salem North Carolina USA
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology; The Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics and McLaughlin Centre; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University; Prague Czech Republic
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Wang C, Ren H, Dong H, Liang M, Wu Q, Liao Y. 18q22.1-qter deletion and 4p16.3 microduplication in a boy with speech delay and mental retardation: case report and review of the literature. Mol Cytogenet 2018; 11:55. [PMID: 30377449 PMCID: PMC6194714 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-018-0404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deletions involving the long arm of chromosome 18 have been associated with a highly variable phenotypic spectrum that is related to the extent of the deleted region. Duplications in chromosomal region 4p16.3 have also been shown to cause 4p16.3 microduplication syndrome. Most reported patients of trisomy 4p16.3 have more duplications, including the Wolf-Hirschhorn critical region (WHSCR). Here, we present a patient with speech delay and mental retardation caused by a deletion of 18q (18q22.1-qter) and terminal microduplication of 4p (4p16.3-pter) distal to WHSCR. Case presentation The patient was a 23-month-old boy with moderate growth retardation, severe speech delay, mental retardation, and dysmorphic features. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis confirmed an 11.2-Mb terminal deletion at 18q22.1 and revealed a 1.8-Mb terminal duplication of 4p16.3. Our patient showed clinical overlap with these two syndromes, although his overall features were milder than what had been previously described. Some dosage-sensitive genes on the 18q terminal deleted region and 4p16.3 duplicated region of the present case may have contributed to his phenotype. Conclusions This is the first report of a patient with combined terminal deletion of 18q22.1 and duplication of 4p16.3. In this report, we provide clinical and molecular evidence supporting that the microduplication in 4p16.3, distal to WHSCR, is pathogenic. The coexistence of two chromosome aberrations complicates the clinical picture and creates a chimeric phenotype. This report provides further information on the genotype-phenotype correlation of 18q terminal deletion and 4p microduplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjing Wang
- 1Department of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui 233030 People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Ren
- 1Department of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui 233030 People's Republic of China
| | - Huaifu Dong
- 2Department of Paediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui China
| | - Meng Liang
- 1Department of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui 233030 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wu
- 1Department of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui 233030 People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Liao
- 1Department of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Avenue, Bengbu, Anhui 233030 People's Republic of China
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Bernardini L, Radio FC, Acquaviva F, Gorgone C, Postorivo D, Torres B, Alesi V, Magliozzi M, Lonardo F, Monica MD, Nardone AM, Cesario C, Mattina T, Scarano G, Dallapiccola B, Digilio MC, Novelli A. Small 4p16.3 deletions: Three additional patients and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2501-2508. [PMID: 30244530 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome is a well-defined disorder due to 4p16.3 deletion, characterized by distinct facial features, intellectual disability, prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, and seizures. Genotype-phenotype correlations based on differently sized deletions have been attempted, and some candidate genes have been suggested. We report on clinical characteristics of three patients with pure interstitial submicroscopic 4p16.3 deletions, ranging in size from 68 to 166 kb, involving WHSCR1 and/or part of WHSCR2, and review published cases with overlapping 4p16.3 losses. The present study highlights a major role of NSD2 gene in the pathogenesis of the WHS main features and predicts that loss-of-function mutations affecting NSD2 gene could result in microcephaly, prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, psychomotor and language delay, and craniofacial features. Absent seizures in all subjects corroborate the suggestion that this specific feature is causally linked with at least one additional causative gene. Finally, we suggest that mir-943 could play a role in the pathogenesis of CHD in some of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bernardini
- Cytogenetics Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Francesca C Radio
- Medical Genetics Unit and Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Acquaviva
- Medical Genetics Unit, A.O.R.N. "G. Rummo", Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Diana Postorivo
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Torres
- Cytogenetics Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Viola Alesi
- Medical Genetics Unit and Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Monia Magliozzi
- Medical Genetics Unit and Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Della Monica
- Medical Genetics and Laboratory of Medical Genetics Unit, A.O. "Antonio Cardarelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Anna M Nardone
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Cesario
- Medical Genetics Unit and Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Medical Genetics Unit and Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria C Digilio
- Medical Genetics Unit and Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Medical Genetics Unit and Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Chen CP, Chen CY, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Lai ST, Chuang TY, Yang CW, Chen LF, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis of a 1.6-Mb 4p16.3 interstitial microdeletion encompassing FGFRL1 and TACC3 associated with bilateral cleft lip and palate of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome facial dysmorphism and short long bones. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 56:821-826. [PMID: 29241927 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present prenatal diagnosis of a 4p16.3 interstitial microdeletion associated with bilateral cleft lip and palate and short long bones on prenatal ultrasound, and we discuss the genotype-phenotype correlation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 32-year-old woman underwent amniocentesis at 22 weeks of gestation because of bilateral cleft lip and palate and short limbs on prenatal ultrasound. Conventional cytogenetic analysis was performed on cultured amniocytes and parental bloods. Oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was performed on the DNAs extracted from uncultured amniocytes, parental bloods and umbilical cord. Metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on cultured amniocytes. RESULTS Amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 46,XY. The parental karyotypes were normal. aCGH analysis on uncultured amniocytes revealed a 1.66-Mb interstitial microdeletion at 4p16.3 encompassing 23 Online Mendelian Inheritance of in Man (OMIM) genes including FGFRL1 and TACC3. The parents did not have such a deletion. The pregnancy was subsequently terminated, and a malformed fetus was delivered with typical Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) facial appearance and bilateral cleft lip and palate. aCGH analysis of the umbilical cord confirmed the prenatal diagnosis with a result of arr 4p16.3 (72,447-1,742,649) × 1.0 [GRCh37 (hg19)]. Metaphase FISH analysis of cultured amniocytes confirmed a 4p16.3 microdeletion. CONCLUSION Haploinsufficiency of FGFRL1 and TACC3 at 4p16.3 can be associated with bilateral cleft lip and palate of WHS facial dysmorphism and short long bones. Prenatal diagnosis of facial cleft with short long bones should raise a suspicion of chromosome microdeletion syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Yu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei, Taiwan; MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yun Chuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Yang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Feng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Derar N, Al-Hassnan ZN, Al-Owain M, Monies D, Abouelhoda M, Meyer BF, Moghrabi N, Alkuraya FS. De novo truncating variants in WHSC1 recapitulate the Wolf–Hirschhorn (4p16.3 microdeletion) syndrome phenotype. Genet Med 2018; 21:185-188. [DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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21
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Xing Y, Holder JL, Liu Y, Yuan M, Sun Q, Qu X, Deng L, Zhou J, Yang Y, Guo M, Cheung SW, Sun L. Prenatal diagnosis of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome: from ultrasound findings, diagnostic technology to genetic counseling. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 298:289-295. [PMID: 29808250 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-018-4798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a contiguous gene syndrome due to terminal chromosome 4p deletions. We explored prenatal diagnosis of WHS by ultrasound as well as karyotype and single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP array) to characterize the structural variants of WHS prenatally. METHODS Ten prenatal cases of WHS were evaluated for the indication of the invasive testing, the ultrasound features, and cytogenetic and microarray results. RESULTS Eight cases were diagnosed by karyotyping and SNP array, while two cases were detected only by SNP array. Combining our cases with 37 prenatal cases from the literature, the most common sonographic features were IUGR (97.7%) and typical facial appearance (82.9%). Other less common phenotypes included renal hypoplasia (36.2%), cardiac malformation (29.8%), cleft lip and palate (25.5%), cerebral abnormalities (25.5%), skeletal anomalies (21.3%), and increased nuchal translucency/nuchal fold thickness (NT/NF) (19%). CONCLUSIONS The most common intrauterine phenotypes of WHS were severe IUGR and typical facial appearance with other less consistent ultrasound findings. Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is one very promising screening tool for WHS. SNP array can improve diagnostic precision for detecting WHS, especially for the cryptic aberrations that cannot be identified by the traditional karyotyping. Ectopic kidney may be a previously unrecognized phenotype of WHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Xing
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 2699 West Gaoke Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Jimmy Lloyd Holder
- Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 2699 West Gaoke Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Meizhen Yuan
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 2699 West Gaoke Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 2699 West Gaoke Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Xiaoxing Qu
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 2699 West Gaoke Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Linbei Deng
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 2699 West Gaoke Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 2699 West Gaoke Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Yingjun Yang
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 2699 West Gaoke Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 2699 West Gaoke Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Sau-Wai Cheung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luming Sun
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 2699 West Gaoke Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 201204, China.
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de Sena Cortabitarte A, Berkel S, Cristian FB, Fischer C, Rappold GA. A direct regulatory link between microRNA-137 and SHANK2: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neurodev Disord 2018; 10:15. [PMID: 29665782 PMCID: PMC5905159 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-018-9233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the SHANK genes, which encode postsynaptic scaffolding proteins, have been linked to a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders. The SHANK genes and the schizophrenia-associated microRNA-137 show convergence on several levels, as they are both expressed at the synapse, influence neuronal development, and have a strong link to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders like intellectual disability, autism, and schizophrenia. This compiled evidence raised the question if the SHANKs might be targets of miR-137. METHODS In silico analysis revealed a putative binding site for microRNA-137 (miR-137) in the SHANK2 3'UTR, while this was not the case for SHANK1 and SHANK3. Luciferase reporter assays were performed by overexpressing wild type and mutated SHANK2-3'UTR and miR-137 in human neuroblastoma cells and mouse primary hippocampal neurons. miR-137 was also overexpressed or inhibited in hippocampal neurons, and Shank2 expression was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. Additionally, expression levels of experimentally validated miR-137 target genes were analyzed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of schizophrenia and control individuals using the RNA-Seq data from the CommonMind Consortium. RESULTS miR-137 directly targets the 3'UTR of SHANK2 in a site-specific manner. Overexpression of miR-137 in mouse primary hippocampal neurons significantly lowered endogenous Shank2 protein levels without detectable influence on mRNA levels. Conversely, miR-137 inhibition increased Shank2 protein expression, indicating that miR-137 regulates SHANK2 expression by repressing protein translation rather than inducing mRNA degradation. To find out if the miR-137 signaling network is altered in schizophrenia, we compared miR-137 precursor and miR-137 target gene expression in the DLPFC of schizophrenia and control individuals using the CommonMind Consortium RNA sequencing data. Differential expression of 23% (16/69) of known miR-137 target genes was detected in the DLPFC of schizophrenia individuals compared with controls. We propose that in further targets (e.g., SHANK2, as described in this paper) which are not regulated on RNA level, effects may only be detectable on protein level. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that a direct regulatory link exists between miR-137 and SHANK2 and supports the finding that miR-137 signaling might be altered in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Berkel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Christine Fischer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gudrun A. Rappold
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Corrêa T, Mergener R, Leite JCL, Galera MF, Moreira LMDA, Vargas JE, Riegel M. Cytogenomic Integrative Network Analysis of the Critical Region Associated with Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5436187. [PMID: 29721507 PMCID: PMC5867687 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5436187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Deletions in the 4p16.3 region are associated with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS), a contiguous gene deletion syndrome involving variable size deletions. In this study, we perform a cytogenomic integrative analysis combining classical cytogenetic methods, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), and systems biology strategies, to establish the cytogenomic profile involving the 4p16.3 critical region and suggest WHS-related intracellular cell signaling cascades. The cytogenetic and clinical patient profiles were evaluated. We characterized 12 terminal deletions, one interstitial deletion, two ring chromosomes, and one classical translocation 4;8. CMA allowed delineation of the deletions, which ranged from 3.7 to 25.6 Mb with breakpoints from 4p16.3 to 4p15.33. Furthermore, the smallest region of overlapping (SRO) encompassed seven genes in a terminal region of 330 kb in the 4p16.3 region, suggesting a region of susceptibility to convulsions and microcephaly. Therefore, molecular interaction networks and topological analysis were performed to understand these WHS-related symptoms. Our results suggest that specific cell signaling pathways including dopamine receptor, NAD+ nucleosidase activity, and fibroblast growth factor-activated receptor activity are associated with the diverse pathological WHS phenotypes and their symptoms. Additionally, we identified 29 hub-bottlenecks (H-B) nodes with a major role in WHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Corrêa
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Mergener
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Loguercio Leite
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcial Francis Galera
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT), 78600-000 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Lilia Maria de Azevedo Moreira
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Biodiversity, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Campus Ondina, 40170-290 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Vargas
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariluce Riegel
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90035-903 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Mbuyi-Musanzayi S, Lumaka A, Kasole TL, Ilunga EK, Asani BY, Tshilobo PL, Muenze PK, Reychler H, Katombe FT, Devriendt K. Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome: Clinical and Genetic Data from a First Case Diagnosed in Central Africa. J Pediatr Genet 2017; 6:186-190. [PMID: 28794913 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1599194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a multiple congenital anomaly-intellectual disability syndrome caused by a deletion involving chromosome 4p16.3. We report clinical and genetic findings of the first WHS patient diagnosed in central Africa. This boy who presented with cleft palate, microcephaly, severe growth delay, and intellectual disability was 12 years old. Typical craniofacial features were present, though the characteristic "Greek helmet" appearance of the nose was less evident, probably reflecting a variable expression related to the genetic background. The clinical diagnosis of WHS was confirmed by array CGH, which revealed a terminal 4p16.3 deletion of 3.47 Mb, typically associated with a milder phenotype, contributing to the long survival of this child in a developing country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Mbuyi-Musanzayi
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR Congo.,Center for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR Congo
| | - Aimé Lumaka
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, University of Kinshasa, Kin XI, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Center for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kin XI, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Toni Lubala Kasole
- Center for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR Congo.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR Congo
| | - Erick Kasamba Ilunga
- Center for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR Congo.,Department of Basic sciences, University Hospital, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR Congo
| | - Bienvenu Yogolelo Asani
- Center for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR Congo.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR Congo
| | - Prosper Lukusa Tshilobo
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, University of Kinshasa, Kin XI, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Center for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kin XI, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Prosper Kalenga Muenze
- Center for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR Congo.,Department of Basic sciences, University Hospital, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR Congo.,Department of Gynecology, University Hospital, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, DR Congo
| | - Hervé Reychler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, University Hospital, UC Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Koenraad Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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