1
|
Lei B, Huang Q, Li B, Ma H, Yang B. Treatment of Asymmetric Crying Face by Fascia lata Grafting. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2024; 61:917-920. [PMID: 36594218 DOI: 10.1177/10556656221148902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate and discuss the plastic surgery treatment of asymmetric crying face. METHODS From 2019 to 2022, 60 patients with asymmetric crying face were treated by fascia lata grafting. We evaluated the postoperative improvement, summarized experiences and reviewed literatures about the treatment of asymmetric crying face. RESULTS 59 patients showed varying degrees of improvement in the movement of the affected corner of mouth, and no complications were found during the follow-up period of 6 months to 24 months. CONCLUSIONS The cause of asymmetric crying face is still uncertain. Fascia lata grafting has shown a certain effect in the treatment of asymmetric crying face. This study evaluated this method with quite large sample. More researches are needed to explore the most appropriate treatment for asymmetric crying face.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Lei
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Huang
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Binghang Li
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Digital Plastic Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hengyuan Ma
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Digital Plastic Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Broca-Brisson L, Harati R, Disdier C, Mozner O, Gaston-Breton R, Maïza A, Costa N, Guyot AC, Sarkadi B, Apati A, Skelton MR, Madrange L, Yates F, Armengaud J, Hamoudi R, Mabondzo A. Deciphering neuronal deficit and protein profile changes in human brain organoids from patients with creatine transporter deficiency. eLife 2023; 12:RP88459. [PMID: 37830910 PMCID: PMC10575631 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine transporter deficiency (CTD) is an X-linked disease caused by mutations in the SLC6A8 gene. The impaired creatine uptake in the brain results in intellectual disability, behavioral disorders, language delay, and seizures. In this work, we generated human brain organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells of healthy subjects and CTD patients. Brain organoids from CTD donors had reduced creatine uptake compared with those from healthy donors. The expression of neural progenitor cell markers SOX2 and PAX6 was reduced in CTD-derived organoids, while GSK3β, a key regulator of neurogenesis, was up-regulated. Shotgun proteomics combined with integrative bioinformatic and statistical analysis identified changes in the abundance of proteins associated with intellectual disability, epilepsy, and autism. Re-establishment of the expression of a functional SLC6A8 in CTD-derived organoids restored creatine uptake and normalized the expression of SOX2, GSK3β, and other key proteins associated with clinical features of CTD patients. Our brain organoid model opens new avenues for further characterizing the CTD pathophysiology and supports the concept that reinstating creatine levels in patients with CTD could result in therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léa Broca-Brisson
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la SantéGif sur YvetteFrance
| | - Rania Harati
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of SharjahSharjahUnited Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of SharjahSharjahUnited Arab Emirates
| | | | - Orsolya Mozner
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH, and Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Semmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Romane Gaston-Breton
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la SantéGif sur YvetteFrance
| | - Auriane Maïza
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la SantéGif sur YvetteFrance
| | - Narciso Costa
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la SantéGif sur YvetteFrance
| | - Anne-Cécile Guyot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la SantéGif sur YvetteFrance
| | - Balazs Sarkadi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH, and Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Semmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Agota Apati
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH, and Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, Semmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Matthew R Skelton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research FoundationCincinnatiUnited States
| | - Lucie Madrange
- SupBiotech/Service d'Etude des Prions et des Infections Atypiques (SEPIA), Institut François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris SaclayParisFrance
| | - Frank Yates
- SupBiotech/Service d'Etude des Prions et des Infections Atypiques (SEPIA), Institut François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris SaclayParisFrance
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPIBagnols-sur-CèzeFrance
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of SharjahSharjahUnited Arab Emirates
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, University of SharjahSharjahUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Aloïse Mabondzo
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la SantéGif sur YvetteFrance
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Okoye O, Capasso J, Kopinsky SM, Amlie-Wolf L, Levin AV, Schneider A. SOX2 pathogenic variants with normal eyes: Expanding the phenotypic spectrum. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:2198-2203. [PMID: 37163579 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
SOX2 pathogenic variants, though rare, constitute the most commonly known genetic cause of clinical anophthalmia and microphthalmia. However, patients without major ocular malformation, but with multi-system developmental disorders, have been reported, suggesting that the range of clinical phenotypes is broader than previously appreciated. We detail two patients with bilateral structurally normal eyes along with 11 other previously published patients. Our findings suggest that there is no obvious phenotypic or genotypic pattern that may help set apart patients with normal eyes. Our patients provide further evidence for broadening the phenotypic spectrum of SOX2 mutations and re-appraising the designation of SOX2 disorder as an anophthalmia/microphthalmia syndrome. We emphasize the importance of considering SOX2 pathogenic variants in the differential diagnoses of individuals with normal eyes, who may have varying combinations of features such as developmental delay, urogenital abnormalities, gastro-intestinal anomalies, pituitary dysfunction, midline structural anomalies, and complex movement disorders, seizures or other neurological issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Onochie Okoye
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Jenina Capasso
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, New York, New York, USA
- Pediatric Genetics, Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Alex V Levin
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, New York, New York, USA
- Pediatric Genetics, Golisano Children's Hospital, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Adele Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Amlie-Wolf L, Bardakjian T, Kopinsky SM, Reis LM, Semina EV, Schneider A. Review of 37 patients with SOX2 pathogenic variants collected by the Anophthalmia/Microphthalmia Clinical Registry and DNA research study. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:187-198. [PMID: 34562068 PMCID: PMC9169870 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SOX2 variants and deletions are a common cause of anophthalmia and microphthalmia (A/M). This article presents data from a cohort of patients with SOX2 variants, some of whom have been followed for 20+ years. Medical records from patients enrolled in the A/M Research Registry and carrying SOX2 variants were reviewed. Thirty-seven patients were identified, ranging in age from infant to 30 years old. Eye anomalies were bilateral in 30 patients (81.1%), unilateral in 5 (13.5%), and absent in 2 (5.4%). Intellectual disability was present in all with data available and ranged from mild to profound. Seizures were noted in 18 of 27 (66.6%) patients, usually with abnormal brain MRIs (10/15, 66.7%). Growth issues were reported in 14 of 21 patients (66.7%) and 14 of 19 (73.7%) had gonadotropin deficiency. Genitourinary anomalies were seen in 15 of 19 (78.9%) male patients and 5 of 15 (33.3%) female patients. Patients with SOX2 nucleotide variants, whole gene deletions or translocations are typically affected with bilateral or unilateral microphthalmia and anophthalmia. Other associated features include intellectual disability, seizures, brain anomalies, growth hormone deficiency, gonadotropin deficiency, and genitourinary anomalies. Recommendations for newly diagnosed patients with SOX2 variants include eye exams, MRI of the brain and orbits, endocrine and neurology examinations. Since the clinical spectrum associated with SOX2 alleles has expanded beyond the originally reported phenotypes, we propose a broader term, SOX2-associated disorder, for this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Amlie-Wolf
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Nemours Children’s Hospital Delaware, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Tanya Bardakjian
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarina M. Kopinsky
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Linda M. Reis
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elena V. Semina
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia, West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Adele Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, 330 South Ninth Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, Wills Eye Hospital, 840 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yamada H, Okanishi T, Okazaki T, Oguri M, Fukuda H, Uchiyama Y, Mizuguchi T, Matsumoto N, Maegaki Y. Gait disturbance in a patient with de novo 1.0-kb SOX2 microdeletion. Brain Dev 2022; 44:68-72. [PMID: 34332824 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) plays an important role in the early embryogenesis of the eye, forebrain, and hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Anophthalmia, microphthalmia, and hormonal abnormalities are commonly observed in patients with SOX2-related disorders. Although gait disturbance, particularly ataxic gait, has recently been observed in several cases, detailed data regarding the clinical course of gait disturbance in SOX2-related disorders are limited. CASE REPORT A 9-year-old Japanese boy presented with focal dyskinesia only during walking and running after he started walking at the age of 3 years. He also exhibited intellectual disability and mild dysmorphic features, including microcephaly, micropenis, and short stature associated with hormonal abnormalities. Gait disturbance with involuntary extremity movements only during walking and running was indicative of choreoathetosis and dystonia. Genetic analysis detected a de novo heterozygous 1.0-kb deletion including SOX2 at 3q26.32, as described in a previous technical paper. CONCLUSIONS SOX2-related disorders should be considered in patients with some anomalies having a differential diagnosis of dyskinesia. Focal dyskinesia only during walking and running may be a characteristic feature of SOX2-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamada
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan.
| | - Tohru Okanishi
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Okazaki
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Oguri
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan; Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiromi Fukuda
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuri Uchiyama
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Rare Disease Genomics, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mizuguchi
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Maegaki
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Daich Varela M, Hufnagel RB, Guan B, Blain D, Sapp JC, Gropman AL, Alur R, Johnston JJ, Biesecker LG, Brooks BP. Clinical diagnosis of presumed SOX2 gonadosomatic mosaicism. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:320-325. [PMID: 33719903 PMCID: PMC8154737 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1888127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To describe a family with presumed SOX2 gonadosomatic mosaicism diagnosed upon ophthalmic examination of the proband’s mother. Methods: The family underwent comprehensive ophthalmic and physical examination. Variant detection was performed using trio exome analysis on peripheral leukocyte DNA from blood and saliva samples. Variant segregation analysis was performed using a custom panel NGS sequencing. An identified variant in the SOX2 gene was confirmed in the proband by Sanger sequencing. Results: We report an individual with bilateral microphthalmia, developmental delay, hearing loss, and dysmorphic features. Her mother was found to have asymptomatic forme fruste uveal coloboma affecting her anterior segment. Her father, aunt, and sisters were unaffected. Trio exome sequence analysis showed an apparent de novo heterozygous deletion in the proband, NM_003106.3:c.70_89del, NP_003097.1:p. (Asn24Argfs*65), classified as pathogenic. Testing of the other family members’ peripheral blood and saliva was negative for this variant. The iris transillumination abnormalities in the proband’s mother supports a gonadosomatic mosaicism scenario. Conclusions: The results from this family underscore the importance of performing detailed evaluations of the parents of apparently sporadically affected individuals with heritable ophthalmic disorders. The identification of mildly affected individuals could substantially alter recurrence risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malena Daich Varela
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert B Hufnagel
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bin Guan
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Delphine Blain
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie C Sapp
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea L Gropman
- Division of Neurogenetics and Developmental Pediatrics, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Alur
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer J Johnston
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leslie G Biesecker
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Foglio B, Rossini L, Garbelli R, Regondi MC, Mercurio S, Bertacchi M, Avagliano L, Bulfamante G, Coras R, Maiorana A, Nicolis S, Studer M, Frassoni C. Dynamic expression of NR2F1 and SOX2 in developing and adult human cortex: comparison with cortical malformations. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:1303-1322. [PMID: 33661352 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neocortex, the most recently evolved brain region in mammals, is characterized by its unique areal and laminar organization. Distinct cortical layers and areas can be identified by the presence of graded expression of transcription factors and molecular determinants defining neuronal identity. However, little is known about the expression of key master genes orchestrating human cortical development. In this study, we explored the expression dynamics of NR2F1 and SOX2, key cortical genes whose mutations in human patients cause severe neurodevelopmental syndromes. We focused on physiological conditions, spanning from mid-late gestational ages to adulthood in unaffected specimens, but also investigated gene expression in a pathological context, a developmental cortical malformation termed focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). We found that NR2F1 follows an antero-dorsallow to postero-ventralhigh gradient as in the murine cortex, suggesting high evolutionary conservation. While SOX2 is mainly expressed in neural progenitors next to the ventricular surface, NR2F1 is found in both mitotic progenitors and post-mitotic neurons at GW18. Interestingly, both proteins are highly co-expressed in basal radial glia progenitors of the outer sub-ventricular zone (OSVZ), a proliferative region known to contribute to cortical expansion and complexity in humans. Later on, SOX2 becomes largely restricted to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes although it is also detected in scattered mature interneurons. Differently, NR2F1 maintains its distinct neuronal expression during the whole process of cortical development. Notably, we report here high levels of NR2F1 in dysmorphic neurons and NR2F1 and SOX2 in balloon cells of surgical samples from patients with FCD, suggesting their potential use in the histopathological characterization of this dysplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Foglio
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, C/O AmadeoLab, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Rossini
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, C/O AmadeoLab, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Garbelli
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, C/O AmadeoLab, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Regondi
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, C/O AmadeoLab, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Mercurio
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Bertacchi
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, C/O AmadeoLab, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Laura Avagliano
- Departement of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Bulfamante
- Departement of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital Medical School University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roland Coras
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antonino Maiorana
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Pathology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Nicolis
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Carolina Frassoni
- Clinical and Experimental Epileptology Unit, C/O AmadeoLab, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pilz RA, Korenke GC, Steeb R, Strom TM, Felbor U, Rath M. Exome sequencing identifies a recurrent SOX2 deletion in a patient with gait ataxia and dystonia lacking major ocular malformations. J Neurol Sci 2019; 401:34-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
9
|
Martinez E, Madsen EC. Status dystonicus, hyperpyrexia, and acute kidney injury in a patient with SOX2-anophthalmia syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1395-1397. [PMID: 30945433 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edmundo Martinez
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University and Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Erik C Madsen
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University and Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Minnerop M, Kurzwelly D, Wagner H, Schüle R, Ramirez A. Reply: Biallelic POLR3A variants confirmed as a frequent cause of hereditary ataxia and spastic paraparesis. Brain 2019; 142:e13. [PMID: 30847463 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Minnerop
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Juelich, Jülich, Germany.,Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Department of Neurology and Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Holger Wagner
- Division for Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Division for Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Horton RH, Lucassen AM. Recent developments in genetic/genomic medicine. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:697-708. [PMID: 30837331 PMCID: PMC6399103 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genetic technology are having a major impact in the clinic, and mean that many perceptions of the role and scope of genetic testing are having to change. Genomic testing brings with it a greater opportunity for diagnosis, or predictions of future diagnoses, but also an increased chance of uncertain or unexpected findings, many of which may have impacts for multiple members of a person's family. In the past, genetic testing was rarely able to provide rapid results, but the increasing speed and availability of genomic testing is changing this, meaning that genomic information is increasingly influencing decisions around patient care in the acute inpatient setting. The landscape of treatment options for genetic conditions is shifting, which has evolving implications for clinical discussions around previously untreatable disorders. Furthermore, the point of access to testing is changing with increasing provision direct to the consumer outside the formal healthcare setting. This review outlines the ways in which genetic medicine is developing in light of technological advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Horton
- Clinical Ethics and Law, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anneke M Lucassen
- Clinical Ethics and Law, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Genetics of anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Part 1: Non-syndromic anophthalmia/microphthalmia. Hum Genet 2019; 138:799-830. [PMID: 30762128 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-01977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eye formation is the result of coordinated induction and differentiation processes during embryogenesis. Disruption of any one of these events has the potential to cause ocular growth and structural defects, such as anophthalmia and microphthalmia (A/M). A/M can be isolated or occur with systemic anomalies, when they may form part of a recognizable syndrome. Their etiology includes genetic and environmental factors; several hundred genes involved in ocular development have been identified in humans or animal models. In humans, around 30 genes have been repeatedly implicated in A/M families, although many other genes have been described in single cases or families, and some genetic syndromes include eye anomalies occasionally as part of a wider phenotype. As a result of this broad genetic heterogeneity, with one or two notable exceptions, each gene explains only a small percentage of cases. Given the overlapping phenotypes, these genes can be most efficiently tested on panels or by whole exome/genome sequencing for the purposes of molecular diagnosis. However, despite whole exome/genome testing more than half of patients currently remain without a molecular diagnosis. The proportion of undiagnosed cases is even higher in those individuals with unilateral or milder phenotypes. Furthermore, even when a strong gene candidate is available for a patient, issues of incomplete penetrance and germinal mosaicism make diagnosis and genetic counseling challenging. In this review, we present the main genes implicated in non-syndromic human A/M phenotypes and, for practical purposes, classify them according to the most frequent or predominant phenotype each is associated with. Our intention is that this will allow clinicians to rank and prioritize their molecular analyses and interpretations according to the phenotypes of their patients.
Collapse
|
13
|
Blackburn PR, Chacon-Camacho OF, Ortiz-González XR, Reyes M, Lopez-Uriarte GA, Zarei S, Bhoj EJ, Perez-Solorzano S, Vaubel RA, Murphree MI, Nava J, Cortes-Gonzalez V, Parisi JE, Villanueva-Mendoza C, Tirado-Torres IG, Li D, Klee EW, Pichurin PN, Zenteno JC. Extension of the mutational and clinical spectrum of SOX2 related disorders: Description of six new cases and a novel association with suprasellar teratoma. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2710-2719. [PMID: 30450772 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SOX2 is a transcription factor that is essential for maintenance of pluripotency and has several conserved roles in early embryonic development. Heterozygous loss-of-function variants in SOX2 are identified in approximately 40% of all cases of bilateral anophthalmia/micropthalmia (A/M). Increasingly SOX2 mutation-positive patients without major eye findings, but with a range of other developmental disorders including autism, mild to moderate intellectual disability with or without structural brain changes, esophageal atresia, urogenital anomalies, and endocrinopathy are being reported, suggesting that the clinical phenotype associated with SOX2 loss is much broader than previously appreciated. In this report we describe six new cases, four of which carry novel pathogenic SOX2 variants. Four cases presented with bilateral anophthalmia in addition to extraocular involvement. Another individual presented with only unilateral anophthalmia. One individual did not have any eye findings but presented with a suprasellar teratoma in infancy and was found to have the recurrent c.70del20 mutation in SOX2 (c.70_89del, p.Asn24Argfs*65). This is this first time this tumor type has been reported in the context of a de novo SOX2 mutation. Notably, individuals with hypothalamic hamartomas and slow-growing hypothalamo-pituitary tumors have been reported previously, but it is still unclear how SOX2 loss contributes to their formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Blackburn
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Oscar F Chacon-Camacho
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Xilma R Ortiz-González
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mariana Reyes
- Department of Genetics, Hospital "Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes", Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela A Lopez-Uriarte
- Genetics Department, University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González" and Medical School, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Shabnam Zarei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth J Bhoj
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sofia Perez-Solorzano
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rachael A Vaubel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Jessica Nava
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vianney Cortes-Gonzalez
- Department of Genetics, Hospital "Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes", Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joseph E Parisi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cristina Villanueva-Mendoza
- Department of Genetics, Hospital "Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes", Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iris G Tirado-Torres
- Genetics Department, University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González" and Medical School, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Dong Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric W Klee
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Pavel N Pichurin
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Juan C Zenteno
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology "Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Slavotinek A. Genetics of anophthalmia and microphthalmia. Part 2: Syndromes associated with anophthalmia-microphthalmia. Hum Genet 2018; 138:831-846. [PMID: 30374660 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As new genes for A/M are identified in the genomic era, the number of syndromes associated with A/M has greatly expanded. In this review, we provide a brief synopsis of the clinical presentation and molecular genetic etiology of previously characterized pathways involved in A/M, including the Sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), Orthodenticle Homeobox 2 (OTX2) and Paired box protein-6 (PAX6) genes, and the Stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 homolog (STRA6), Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family Member A3 (ALDH1A3), and RA Receptor Beta (RARβ) genes that are involved in retinoic acid synthesis. Less common genetic causes of A/M, including genes involved in BMP signaling [Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4), Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 (BMP7) and SPARC-related modular calcium-binding protein 1 (SMOC1)], genes involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex [Holocytochrome c-type synthase (HCCS), Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 7B (COX7B), and NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase subunit B11 (NDUFB11)], the BCL-6 corepressor gene (BCOR), Yes-Associated Protein 1 (YAP1) and Transcription Factor AP-2 Alpha (TFAP2α), are more briefly discussed. We also review several recently described genes and pathways associated with A/M, including Smoothened (SMO) that is involved in Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, Structural maintenance of chromosomes flexible hinge domain containing 1 (SMCHD1) and Solute carrier family 25 member 24 (SLC25A24), emphasizing phenotype-genotype correlations and shared pathways where relevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Slavotinek
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco Room RH384C, 1550 4th St, San Francisco, CA, 94143-2711, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cerrato V, Mercurio S, Leto K, Fucà E, Hoxha E, Bottes S, Pagin M, Milanese M, Ngan CY, Concina G, Ottolenghi S, Wei CL, Bonanno G, Pavesi G, Tempia F, Buffo A, Nicolis SK. Sox2 conditional mutation in mouse causes ataxic symptoms, cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, and postnatal defects of Bergmann glia. Glia 2018; 66:1929-1946. [PMID: 29732603 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sox2 is a transcription factor active in the nervous system, within different cell types, ranging from radial glia neural stem cells to a few specific types of differentiated glia and neurons. Mutations in the human SOX2 transcription factor gene cause various central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, involving hippocampus and eye defects, as well as ataxia. Conditional Sox2 mutation in mouse, with different Cre transgenes, previously recapitulated different essential features of the disease, such as hippocampus and eye defects. In the cerebellum, Sox2 is active from early embryogenesis in the neural progenitors of the cerebellar primordium; Sox2 expression is maintained, postnatally, within Bergmann glia (BG), a differentiated cell type essential for Purkinje neurons functionality and correct motor control. By performing Sox2 Cre-mediated ablation in the developing and postnatal mouse cerebellum, we reproduced ataxia features. Embryonic Sox2 deletion (with Wnt1Cre) leads to reduction of the cerebellar vermis, known to be commonly related to ataxia, preceded by deregulation of Otx2 and Gbx2, critical regulators of vermis development. Postnatally, BG is progressively disorganized, mislocalized, and reduced in mutants. Sox2 postnatal deletion, specifically induced in glia (with GLAST-CreERT2), reproduces the BG defect, and causes (milder) ataxic features. Our results define a role for Sox2 in cerebellar function and development, and identify a functional requirement for Sox2 within postnatal BG, of potential relevance for ataxia in mouse mutants, and in human patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cerrato
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Sara Mercurio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Elisa Fucà
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Eriola Hoxha
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Sara Bottes
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Miriam Pagin
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Marco Milanese
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, Genoa, 16148, Italy
| | - Chew-Yee Ngan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Giulia Concina
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Sergio Ottolenghi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| | - Chia-Lin Wei
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Giambattista Bonanno
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, Genoa, 16148, Italy
| | - Giulio Pavesi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, 20100, Italy
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Torino, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole, 10, Orbassano, (Torino), 10043, Italy
| | - Silvia K Nicolis
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 2, Milano, 20126, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Errichiello E, Gorgone C, Giuliano L, Iadarola B, Cosentino E, Rossato M, Kurtas NE, Delledonne M, Mattina T, Zuffardi O. SOX2: Not always eye malformations. Severe genital but no major ocular anomalies in a female patient with the recurrent c.70del20 variant. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 61:335-340. [PMID: 29371155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
SOX2 variants have been identified in multiple patients with severe ocular anomalies and pituitary dysfunction, in addition to various systemic features. We investigated a 26-year-old female patient suffering from spastic paraparesis, hypoplasia of corpus callosum, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) and intellectual disability, who was monitored for over 20 years, allowing a detailed genotype-phenotype correlation along time. Whole exome sequencing on the patient and her relatives identified a de novo SOX2 c.70del20 variant, which has been frequently reported in individuals with SOX2-related anophthalmia. Importantly, our patient lacked major ocular phenotype but showed vaginal agenesis, a feature never reported before. Although the involvement of male urogenital tract (cryptorchidism, hypospadias, small penis), is a well known consequence of SOX2 variants, their effect on the female genitalia has never been properly addressed, even considering the paradoxical female excess of SOX2 cases in the literature. Our findings emphasize the importance of testing for SOX2 variants in individuals with HH and genital anomalies even though anophthalmia or microphthalmia are not observed. Moreover, our case strengthens the role of SOX2 as a master regulator of female gonadal differentiation, as widely demonstrated for other SOX genes related to 46, XX sex reversal, such as SOX3 and SOX9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Gorgone
- Speciality School of Medical Genetics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Loretta Giuliano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Barbara Iadarola
- Department of Biotechnologies, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Marzia Rossato
- Department of Biotechnologies, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - Teresa Mattina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|