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von Mueffling A, Garcia-Forn M, De Rubeis S. DDX3X syndrome: From clinical phenotypes to biological insights. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38976626 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
DDX3X syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder accounting for up to 3% of cases of intellectual disability (ID) and affecting primarily females. Individuals diagnosed with DDX3X syndrome can also present with behavioral challenges, motor delays and movement disorders, epilepsy, and congenital malformations. DDX3X syndrome is caused by mutations in the X-linked gene DDX3X, which encodes a DEAD-box RNA helicase with critical roles in RNA metabolism, including mRNA translation. Emerging discoveries from animal models are unveiling a fundamental role of DDX3X in neuronal differentiation and development, especially in the neocortex. Here, we review the current knowledge of genetic and neurobiological mechanisms underlying DDX3X syndrome and their relationship with clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa von Mueffling
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
- The Alper Center for Neural Development and Regeneration, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
- Barnard College, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Marta Garcia-Forn
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
- The Alper Center for Neural Development and Regeneration, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Silvia De Rubeis
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
- The Alper Center for Neural Development and Regeneration, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
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Verma SK, Kuyumcu-Martinez MN. RNA binding proteins in cardiovascular development and disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 156:51-119. [PMID: 38556427 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect affecting>1.35 million newborn babies worldwide. CHD can lead to prenatal, neonatal, postnatal lethality or life-long cardiac complications. RNA binding protein (RBP) mutations or variants are emerging as contributors to CHDs. RBPs are wizards of gene regulation and are major contributors to mRNA and protein landscape. However, not much is known about RBPs in the developing heart and their contributions to CHD. In this chapter, we will discuss our current knowledge about specific RBPs implicated in CHDs. We are in an exciting era to study RBPs using the currently available and highly successful RNA-based therapies and methodologies. Understanding how RBPs shape the developing heart will unveil their contributions to CHD. Identifying their target RNAs in the embryonic heart will ultimately lead to RNA-based treatments for congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Verma
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, United States.
| | - Muge N Kuyumcu-Martinez
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, United States; Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States; University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
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Patrick EM, Yadav R, Senanayake K, Cotter K, Putnam AA, Jankowsky E, Comstock MJ. High-resolution fleezers reveal duplex opening and stepwise assembly by an oligomer of the DEAD-box helicase Ded1p. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.29.582829. [PMID: 38496418 PMCID: PMC10942383 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.29.582829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
DEAD-box RNA helicases are ubiquitous in all domains of life where they bind and remodel RNA and RNA-protein complexes. DEAD-box helicases unwind RNA duplexes by local opening of helical regions without directional movement through the duplexes and some of these enzymes, including Ded1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, oligomerize to effectively unwind RNA duplexes. Whether and how DEAD-box helicases coordinate oligomerization and unwinding is not known and it is unclear how many base pairs are actively opened. Using high-resolution optical tweezers and fluorescence, we reveal a highly dynamic and stochastic process of multiple Ded1p protomers assembling on and unwinding an RNA duplex. One Ded1p protomer binds to a duplex-adjacent ssRNA tail and promotes binding and subsequent unwinding of the duplex by additional Ded1p protomers in 4-6 bp steps. The data also reveal rapid duplex unwinding and rezipping linked with binding and dissociation of individual protomers and coordinated with the ATP hydrolysis cycle.
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Rosa E Silva I, Smetana JHC, de Oliveira JF. A comprehensive review on DDX3X liquid phase condensation in health and neurodevelopmental disorders. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129330. [PMID: 38218270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
DEAD-box helicases are global regulators of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), a process that assembles membraneless organelles inside cells. An outstanding member of the DEAD-box family is DDX3X, a multi-functional protein that plays critical roles in RNA metabolism, including RNA transcription, splicing, nucleocytoplasmic export, and translation. The diverse functions of DDX3X result from its ability to bind and remodel RNA in an ATP-dependent manner. This capacity enables the protein to act as an RNA chaperone and an RNA helicase, regulating ribonucleoprotein complex assembly. DDX3X and its orthologs from mouse, yeast (Ded1), and C. elegans (LAF-1) can undergo LLPS, driving the formation of neuronal granules, stress granules, processing bodies or P-granules. DDX3X has been related to several human conditions, including neurodevelopmental disorders, such as intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. Although the research into the pathogenesis of aberrant biomolecular condensation in neurodegenerative diseases is increasing rapidly, the role of LLPS in neurodevelopmental disorders is underexplored. This review summarizes current findings relevant for DDX3X phase separation in neurodevelopment and examines how disturbances in the LLPS process can be related to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Rosa E Silva
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Ruault V, Burger P, Gradels‐Hauguel J, Ruiz N, Jamra RA, Afenjar A, Alembik Y, Alessandri J, Arpin S, Barcia G, Bendová Š, Bruel A, Charles P, Chatron N, Chopra M, Conrad S, Daire VC, Cospain A, Coubes C, Coursimault J, Delahaye‐Duriez A, Doco M, Dufour W, Durand B, Engel C, Faivre L, Ferroul F, Fradin M, Frenkiel H, Fusco C, Garavelli L, Garde A, Gerard B, Germanaud D, Goujon L, Gouronc A, Ginglinger E, Goldenberg A, Hancarova M, Havlovicová M, Heron D, Isidor B, Marçais NJ, Keren B, Koch‐Hogrebe M, Kuentz P, Lamure V, Lebre A, Lecoquierre F, Lehman N, Lesca G, Lyonnet S, Martin D, Mignot C, Neuhann TM, Nicolas G, Nizon M, Petit F, Philippe C, Piton A, Pollazzon M, Prchalová D, Putoux A, Rio M, Rondeau S, Rossi M, Sabbagh Q, Saugier‐Veber P, Schmetz A, Steffann J, Thauvin‐Robinet C, Toutain A, Them FTM, Trimarchi G, Vincent M, Vlčková M, Wieczorek D, Willems M, Yauy K, Zelinová M, Ziegler A, Chaumette B, Sadikovic B, Mandel J, Geneviève D. Lessons from two series by physicians and caregivers' self-reported data in DDX3X-related disorders. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2363. [PMID: 38284452 PMCID: PMC10801341 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND METHODS We report two series of individuals with DDX3X variations, one (48 individuals) from physicians and one (44 individuals) from caregivers. RESULTS These two series include several symptoms in common, with fairly similar distribution, which suggests that caregivers' data are close to physicians' data. For example, both series identified early childhood symptoms that were not previously described: feeding difficulties, mean walking age, and age at first words. DISCUSSION Each of the two datasets provides complementary knowledge. We confirmed that symptoms are similar to those in the literature and provides more details on feeding difficulties. Caregivers considered that the symptom attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were most worrisome. Both series also reported sleep disturbance. Recently, anxiety has been reported in individuals with DDX3X variants. We strongly suggest that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, and sleep disorders need to be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Ruault
- Genetic DepartmentMontpellier University, INSERM Unit 1183MontpellierFrance
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases Developmental Anomaly and Malformative Syndromes, Genetics DepartmentMontpellier HospitalMontpellierFrance
| | - Pauline Burger
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC)Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR7104IllkirchFrance
| | - Johanna Gradels‐Hauguel
- Center for Rare Psychiatric Disorders – GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences – Paris – France APHPGHU Sainte AnneParisFrance
| | - Nathalie Ruiz
- Genetic DepartmentMontpellier University, INSERM Unit 1183MontpellierFrance
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases Developmental Anomaly and Malformative Syndromes, Genetics DepartmentMontpellier HospitalMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human GeneticsUniversity of Leipzig Medical CenterLeipzigGermany
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Département de Génétique ParisCentre de Référence Malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet et déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares, APHP, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Yves Alembik
- Service de Génétique MédicaleInstitut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | | | - Stéphanie Arpin
- Genetics DepartmentUniversity Hospital, UMR1253 iBrain INSERM, University of ToursToursFrance
| | - Giulia Barcia
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies RaresHôpital Necker – Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisParisFrance
| | - Šárka Bendová
- Department of Biology and Medical GeneticsCharles University Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital MotolPragueCzech Republic
| | - Ange‐Line Bruel
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des maladies raresCHU Dijon BourgogneDijonFrance
- UFR Des Sciences de SantéINSERM‐Université de Bourgogne UMR1231 GAD “Génétique des Anomalies du Développement”, FHUTRANSLADDijonFrance
| | | | - Nicolas Chatron
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity Hospital of Lyon and Claude Bernard Lyon I UniversityLyonFrance
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle (PNMG)UCBL, CNRS UMR5261 – INSERM U1315LyonFrance
| | - Maya Chopra
- Department of Neurology, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience CenterBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Genetic DepartmentHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Solène Conrad
- Genetic DepartmentCHU Nantes, Service de GénétiqueNantesFrance
| | - Valérie Cormier Daire
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies RaresHôpital Necker – Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisParisFrance
| | - Auriane Cospain
- Genetic DepartmentCHU Rennes, Service de Génétique, CLAD Ouest CRDIRennesFrance
| | - Christine Coubes
- Genetic DepartmentMontpellier University, INSERM Unit 1183MontpellierFrance
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases Developmental Anomaly and Malformative Syndromes, Genetics DepartmentMontpellier HospitalMontpellierFrance
| | - Juliette Coursimault
- Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental DisordersUniversity of Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, CHU RouenRouenFrance
| | - Andrée Delahaye‐Duriez
- Medical Genomics and Clinical Genetics UnitAP‐HP, Hôpital Jean VerdierBondyFrance
- Genetic DepartmentUFR SMBH, Université Sorbonne Paris NordParisFrance
- Genetic DepartmentInserm 1141 NeuroDiderotParisFrance
| | - Martine Doco
- Genetic DepartmentCHU Nantes, Service de GénétiqueNantesFrance
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de ReimsPôle de Biologie Médicale et Pathologie, Service de GénétiqueReimsFrance
| | - William Dufour
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity Hospital of Lyon and Claude Bernard Lyon I UniversityLyonFrance
| | - Benjamin Durand
- Service de Génétique MédicaleInstitut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Camille Engel
- Oncobiologie Génétique BioinformatiquePC BIO, CHU BesançonBesançonFrance
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des maladies raresCHU Dijon BourgogneDijonFrance
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de référence maladies rares « Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs », FHU TRANSLADHôpital d'Enfants, CHU DijonDijonFrance
| | - Fanny Ferroul
- CHU La Réunion, Service de génétiqueSaint DenisFrance
| | - Mélanie Fradin
- Genetic DepartmentCHU Rennes, Service de Génétique, CLAD Ouest CRDIRennesFrance
- CH Saint Brieuc, Service de GénétiqueSaint BrieuxFrance
| | | | - Carlo Fusco
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry UnitAzienda USL‐IRCCS di Reggio EmiliaReggio EmiliaItaly
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Medical Genetics UnitAzienda USL‐IRCCS di Reggio EmiliaReggio EmiliaItaly
| | - Aurore Garde
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des maladies raresCHU Dijon BourgogneDijonFrance
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de référence maladies rares « Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs », FHU TRANSLADHôpital d'Enfants, CHU DijonDijonFrance
| | - Bénédicte Gerard
- Service de Génétique MédicaleInstitut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - David Germanaud
- Genetic DepartmentCEA Paris‐Saclay, NeuroSpinGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
- Département de GénétiqueCentre de référence Déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares, Assistance publique‐Hopitaux de Paris (AP‐HP), Hopital Robert‐DebréParisFrance
| | - Louise Goujon
- Genetic DepartmentCEA Paris‐Saclay, NeuroSpinGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
- Département de GénétiqueCentre de référence Déficiences intellectuelles de causes rares, Assistance publique‐Hopitaux de Paris (AP‐HP), Hopital Robert‐DebréParisFrance
| | - Aurélie Gouronc
- Service de Génétique MédicaleInstitut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | | | - Alice Goldenberg
- Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental DisordersUniversity of Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, CHU RouenRouenFrance
| | - Miroslava Hancarova
- Department of Biology and Medical GeneticsCharles University Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital MotolPragueCzech Republic
| | - Markéta Havlovicová
- Department of Biology and Medical GeneticsCharles University Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital MotolPragueCzech Republic
| | | | - Bertrand Isidor
- Genetic DepartmentCHU Nantes, Service de GénétiqueNantesFrance
| | | | - Boris Keren
- Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes RaresAPHP Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Margarete Koch‐Hogrebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Paul Kuentz
- UFR Des Sciences de SantéINSERM‐Université de Bourgogne UMR1231 GAD “Génétique des Anomalies du Développement”, FHUTRANSLADDijonFrance
- Oncobiologie Génétique BioinformatiquePC BIO, CHU BesançonBesançonFrance
| | - Victoria Lamure
- Genetic DepartmentUFR SMBH, Université Sorbonne Paris NordParisFrance
| | - Anne‐Sophie Lebre
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de ReimsPôle de Biologie Médicale et Pathologie, Service de GénétiqueReimsFrance
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP)INSERM U1266, Université Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - François Lecoquierre
- Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental DisordersUniversity of Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, CHU RouenRouenFrance
| | - Natacha Lehman
- Genetic DepartmentMontpellier University, INSERM Unit 1183MontpellierFrance
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases Developmental Anomaly and Malformative Syndromes, Genetics DepartmentMontpellier HospitalMontpellierFrance
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity Hospital of Lyon and Claude Bernard Lyon I UniversityLyonFrance
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle (PNMG)UCBL, CNRS UMR5261 – INSERM U1315LyonFrance
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies RaresHôpital Necker – Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisParisFrance
- Laboratoire Embryologie et Génétique des MalformationsUniversité Paris Cité, INSERM, IHU Imagine – Institut des maladies génétiquesParisFrance
| | | | - Cyril Mignot
- Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes RaresAPHP Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | | | - Gaël Nicolas
- Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental DisordersUniversity of Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, CHU RouenRouenFrance
| | - Mathilde Nizon
- Genetic DepartmentCHU Nantes, Service de GénétiqueNantesFrance
| | - Florence Petit
- Genetic DepartmentCHU Lille, Clinique de Génétique Guy FontaineLilleFrance
| | - Christophe Philippe
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des maladies raresCHU Dijon BourgogneDijonFrance
- UFR Des Sciences de SantéINSERM‐Université de Bourgogne UMR1231 GAD “Génétique des Anomalies du Développement”, FHUTRANSLADDijonFrance
| | - Amélie Piton
- Service de Génétique MédicaleInstitut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
| | - Marzia Pollazzon
- Medical Genetics UnitAzienda USL‐IRCCS di Reggio EmiliaReggio EmiliaItaly
| | - Darina Prchalová
- Department of Biology and Medical GeneticsCharles University Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital MotolPragueCzech Republic
| | - Audrey Putoux
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity Hospital of Lyon and Claude Bernard Lyon I UniversityLyonFrance
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GENDEV TeamUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1BronFrance
| | - Marlène Rio
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies RaresHôpital Necker – Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisParisFrance
| | - Sophie Rondeau
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies RaresHôpital Necker – Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisParisFrance
| | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Department of Medical GeneticsUniversity Hospital of Lyon and Claude Bernard Lyon I UniversityLyonFrance
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GENDEV TeamUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1BronFrance
| | - Quentin Sabbagh
- Genetic DepartmentMontpellier University, INSERM Unit 1183MontpellierFrance
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases Developmental Anomaly and Malformative Syndromes, Genetics DepartmentMontpellier HospitalMontpellierFrance
| | - Pascale Saugier‐Veber
- Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental DisordersUniversity of Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245, CHU RouenRouenFrance
| | - Ariane Schmetz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Julie Steffann
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies RaresHôpital Necker – Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de ParisParisFrance
| | - Christel Thauvin‐Robinet
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des maladies raresCHU Dijon BourgogneDijonFrance
- UFR Des Sciences de SantéINSERM‐Université de Bourgogne UMR1231 GAD “Génétique des Anomalies du Développement”, FHUTRANSLADDijonFrance
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de référence maladies rares « Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs », FHU TRANSLADHôpital d'Enfants, CHU DijonDijonFrance
| | - Annick Toutain
- Genetics DepartmentUniversity Hospital, UMR1253 iBrain INSERM, University of ToursToursFrance
| | - Frederic Tran Mau Them
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des maladies raresCHU Dijon BourgogneDijonFrance
- UFR Des Sciences de SantéINSERM‐Université de Bourgogne UMR1231 GAD “Génétique des Anomalies du Développement”, FHUTRANSLADDijonFrance
| | - Gabriele Trimarchi
- Medical Genetics UnitAzienda USL‐IRCCS di Reggio EmiliaReggio EmiliaItaly
| | - Marie Vincent
- Genetic DepartmentCHU Nantes, Service de GénétiqueNantesFrance
| | - Markéta Vlčková
- Department of Biology and Medical GeneticsCharles University Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital MotolPragueCzech Republic
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical FacultyUniversity Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Marjolaine Willems
- Genetic DepartmentMontpellier University, INSERM Unit 1183MontpellierFrance
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases Developmental Anomaly and Malformative Syndromes, Genetics DepartmentMontpellier HospitalMontpellierFrance
| | - Kevin Yauy
- Genetic DepartmentMontpellier University, INSERM Unit 1183MontpellierFrance
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases Developmental Anomaly and Malformative Syndromes, Genetics DepartmentMontpellier HospitalMontpellierFrance
| | - Michaela Zelinová
- Department of Biology and Medical GeneticsCharles University Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital MotolPragueCzech Republic
| | - Alban Ziegler
- Genetic DepartmentService de Génétique, CHU d'AngersAngers Cedex 9France
| | - GENIDA Project
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC)Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR7104IllkirchFrance
| | - Boris Chaumette
- Center for Rare Psychiatric Disorders – GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences – Paris – France APHPGHU Sainte AnneParisFrance
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of ParisUniversité Paris Cité, INSERM U1266ParisFrance
- Department of PsychiatryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Bekim Sadikovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome CentreLondon Health Sciences CentreLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Jean‐Louis Mandel
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC)Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR7104IllkirchFrance
- Genetic DepartmentUniversity of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies (USIAS)StrasbourgFrance
| | - David Geneviève
- Genetic DepartmentMontpellier University, INSERM Unit 1183MontpellierFrance
- Reference Center for Rare Diseases Developmental Anomaly and Malformative Syndromes, Genetics DepartmentMontpellier HospitalMontpellierFrance
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6
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Stefaniak U, Malak R, Kaczmarek A, Samborski W, Mojs E. DDX3X Syndrome Behavioral Manifestations with Particular Emphasis on Psycho-Pathological Symptoms-A Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3046. [PMID: 38002045 PMCID: PMC10669308 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Identification of typical behavioral manifestations in patients with DEAD-Box Helicase 3 X-linked gene (DDX3X) variants plays a crucial role in accurately diagnosing and managing the syndrome. The objective of this paper was to carry out a review of medical and public databases and assess the behavioral features of the DDX3X syndrome (DDX3X), with a particular focus on psycho-pathological symptoms. (2) Methods: An extensive computerized search was conducted in various databases, including PubMed, Medline Complete, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science. Specific keywords and Medical Subject Headings were used to ensure the inclusion of relevant studies. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were applied to assess the methodological quality of the manuscripts. (3) Results: Only nine papers out of the 272 assessed met the inclusion criteria. These articles revealed various psycho-pathological manifestations in patients with the DDX3X syndrome. Intellectual disability (ID) or developmental disability (DD), speech delay, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), self-injurious behaviors (SIBs), sensory symptoms and sleep disturbance were demonstrated to be the most common psycho-pathological behavior manifestations. (4) Conclusions: Patients with the DDX3X syndrome manifest a wide spectrum of psycho-pathological symptoms. A comprehensive investigation of these symptoms in patients is essential for early diagnosis and effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Stefaniak
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Roksana Malak
- Department and Clinic of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznan, Poland; (R.M.); (W.S.)
| | - Ada Kaczmarek
- Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Włodzimierz Samborski
- Department and Clinic of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-545 Poznan, Poland; (R.M.); (W.S.)
| | - Ewa Mojs
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
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7
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Venus S, Tandjigora K, Jankowsky E. The Viral Protein K7 Inhibits Biochemical Activities and Condensate Formation by the DEAD-box Helicase DDX3X. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168217. [PMID: 37517790 PMCID: PMC10528715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3X promotes translation initiation and associates with stress granules. A range of diverse viruses produce proteins that target DDX3X, including hepatitis C, dengue, vaccinia, and influenza A. The interaction of some of these viral proteins with DDX3X has been shown to affect antiviral intracellular signaling, but it is unknown whether and how viral proteins impact the biochemical activities of DDX3X and its physical roles in cells. Here we show that the protein K7 from vaccinia virus, which binds to an intrinsically disordered region in the N-terminus of DDX3X, inhibits RNA helicase and RNA-stimulated ATPase activities, as well as liquid-liquid phase separation of DDX3X in vitro. We demonstrate in HCT 116 cells that K7 inhibits association of DDX3X with stress granules, as well as the formation of aberrant granules induced by expression of DDX3X with a point mutation linked to medulloblastoma and DDX3X syndrome. The results show that targeting of the intrinsically disordered N-terminus is an effective viral strategy to modulate the biochemical functions and subcellular localization of DDX3X. Our findings also have potential therapeutic implications for diseases linked to aberrant DDX3X granule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Venus
- Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44016, United States
| | - Kaba Tandjigora
- Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44016, United States
| | - Eckhard Jankowsky
- Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44016, United States.
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8
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Bohnsack KE, Yi S, Venus S, Jankowsky E, Bohnsack MT. Cellular functions of eukaryotic RNA helicases and their links to human diseases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:749-769. [PMID: 37474727 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
RNA helicases are highly conserved proteins that use nucleoside triphosphates to bind or remodel RNA, RNA-protein complexes or both. RNA helicases are classified into the DEAD-box, DEAH/RHA, Ski2-like, Upf1-like and RIG-I families, and are the largest class of enzymes active in eukaryotic RNA metabolism - virtually all aspects of gene expression and its regulation involve RNA helicases. Mutation and dysregulation of these enzymes have been linked to a multitude of diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders. In this Review, we discuss the regulation and functional mechanisms of RNA helicases and their roles in eukaryotic RNA metabolism, including in transcription regulation, pre-mRNA splicing, ribosome assembly, translation and RNA decay. We highlight intriguing models that link helicase structure, mechanisms of function (such as local strand unwinding, translocation, winching, RNA clamping and displacing RNA-binding proteins) and biological roles, including emerging connections between RNA helicases and cellular condensates formed through liquid-liquid phase separation. We also discuss associations of RNA helicases with human diseases and recent efforts towards the design of small-molecule inhibitors of these pivotal regulators of eukaryotic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Bohnsack
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Soon Yi
- Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Venus
- Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Eckhard Jankowsky
- Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Markus T Bohnsack
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Göttingen Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
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9
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Gadek M, Sherr EH, Floor SN. The variant landscape and function of DDX3X in cancer and neurodevelopmental disorders. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:726-739. [PMID: 37422363 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
RNA molecules rely on proteins across their life cycle. DDX3X encodes an X-linked DEAD-box RNA helicase with a Y-linked paralog, DDX3Y. DDX3X is central to the RNA life cycle and is implicated in many conditions, including cancer and the neurodevelopmental disorder DDX3X syndrome. DDX3X-linked conditions often exhibit sex differences, possibly due to differences between expression or function of the X- and Y-linked paralogs DDX3X and DDX3Y. DDX3X-related diseases have different mutational landscapes, indicating different roles of DDX3X. Understanding the role of DDX3X in normal and disease states will inform the understanding of DDX3X in disease. We review the function of DDX3X and DDX3Y, discuss how mutation type and sex bias contribute to human diseases involving DDX3X, and review possible DDX3X-targeting treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Gadek
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elliott H Sherr
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Stephen N Floor
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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10
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Kamble VS, Pachpor TA, Khandagale SB, Wagh VV, Khare SP. Translation initiation and dysregulation of initiation factors in rare diseases. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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11
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Sun Y, Qian Y, Sun HX, Chen M, Luo Y, Xu X, Yan K, Wang L, Hu J, Dong M. Case Report: De novo DDX3X mutation caused intellectual disability in a female with skewed X-chromosome inactivation on the mutant allele. Front Genet 2022; 13:999442. [PMID: 36299587 PMCID: PMC9589230 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.999442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Skewed XCI plays an important role in the phenotypic heterogeneities of many X-linked disorders, even involving in diseases caused by XCI-escaping genes. DDX3X-related intellectual disability is more common in females and less common in males, who usually inherit from unaffected heterozygous mothers. As an X inactivation (XCI) escaping gene, the role of skewed XCI in the phenotype of DDX3X mutant female is unknown. Here we reported a DDX3X: c.694_711dup18 de novo heterozygous mutation in a female with intellectual disability on the maternal X chromosome on the basis of SNPs detected by PCR-sanger sequencing. AR assay revealed that the maternal mutant X chromosome was extremely inactivated in the proband. Using RNA sequencing and whole-exome sequencing, we quantified allelic read counts and allele-specific expression, and confirmed that the mutant X chromosome was inactive. Further, we verified that the mutant DDX3X allele had a lower expression level by RNA sequencing and RT-PCR, and the normal and mutated DDX3X expression accounted for respectively 70% and 30% of total. In conclusion, we found a symptomatic female with extreme skewing XCI in the DDX3X mutant allele. It was discovered that XCI in the mutant allele was insufficient to reverse the phenotype of DDX3X-related neurodevelopmental disorder. It contributed to a better understanding of the role of skewed XCI in phenotypic differences, which can aid in the genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis of disorders in females with DDX3X defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Sun
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Women’s Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yangwen Qian
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Women’s Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai-Xi Sun
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Women’s Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqin Luo
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Women’s Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojing Xu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Yan
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Women’s Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Women’s Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Women’s Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minyue Dong
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Women’s Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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12
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Ng-Cordell E, Kolesnik-Taylor A, O'Brien S, Astle D, Scerif G, Baker K. Social and emotional characteristics of girls and young women with DDX3X-associated intellectual disability: a descriptive and comparative study. J Autism Dev Disord 2022:10.1007/s10803-022-05527-w. [PMID: 35536379 PMCID: PMC9087164 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05527-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DDX3X variants are a common cause of intellectual disability (ID) in females, and have been associated with autism spectrum disorder and emotional-behavioural difficulties. In this study, we compared phenotypic data for 23 females with DDX3X variants, to 23 females with ID and other genetic diagnoses. We found a wide range of adaptive, social and emotional function within the DDX3X group. Autism characteristics did not differ between DDX3X and comparison groups, while levels of anxiety and self-injurious behaviour (SIB) were significantly higher in the DDX3X group. Within the DDX3X group, adaptive function, autism characteristics, anxiety and SIB scores were positively correlated, with evidence for group-specific associations with SIB. Future work is warranted to explore the multilevel mechanisms contributing to social and emotional development in individuals with DDX3X variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Ng-Cordell
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Kolesnik-Taylor
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sinéad O'Brien
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Astle
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gaia Scerif
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Baker
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. .,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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13
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Mutations in genes encoding regulators of mRNA decapping and translation initiation: links to intellectual disability. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1199-1211. [PMID: 32412080 PMCID: PMC7329352 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) affects at least 1% of the population, and typically presents in the first few years of life. ID is characterized by impairments in cognition and adaptive behavior and is often accompanied by further delays in language and motor skills, as seen in many neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). Recent widespread high-throughput approaches that utilize whole-exome sequencing or whole-genome sequencing have allowed for a considerable increase in the identification of these pathogenic variants in monogenic forms of ID. Notwithstanding this progress, the molecular and cellular consequences of the identified mutations remain mostly unknown. This is particularly important as the associated protein dysfunctions are the prerequisite to the identification of targets for novel drugs of these rare disorders. Recent Next-Generation sequencing-based studies have further established that mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in RNA metabolism are a major cause of NDD. Here, we review recent studies linking germline mutations in genes encoding factors mediating mRNA decay and regulators of translation, namely DCPS, EDC3, DDX6 helicase and ID. These RNA-binding proteins have well-established roles in mRNA decapping and/or translational repression, and the mutations abrogate their ability to remove 5′ caps from mRNA, diminish their interactions with cofactors and stabilize sub-sets of transcripts. Additional genes encoding RNA helicases with roles in translation including DDX3X and DHX30 have also been linked to NDD. Given the speed in the acquisition, analysis and sharing of sequencing data, and the importance of post-transcriptional regulation for brain development, we anticipate mutations in more such factors being identified and functionally characterized.
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14
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Perfetto M, Xu X, Lu C, Shi Y, Yousaf N, Li J, Yien YY, Wei S. The RNA helicase DDX3 induces neural crest by promoting AKT activity. Development 2021; 148:dev.184341. [PMID: 33318149 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the RNA helicase DDX3 have emerged as a frequent cause of intellectual disability in humans. Because many individuals carrying DDX3 mutations have additional defects in craniofacial structures and other tissues containing neural crest (NC)-derived cells, we hypothesized that DDX3 is also important for NC development. Using Xenopus tropicalis as a model, we show that DDX3 is required for normal NC induction and craniofacial morphogenesis by regulating AKT kinase activity. Depletion of DDX3 decreases AKT activity and AKT-dependent inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK3β, leading to reduced levels of β-catenin and Snai1: two GSK3β substrates that are crucial for NC induction. DDX3 function in regulating these downstream signaling events during NC induction is likely mediated by RAC1, a small GTPase whose translation depends on the RNA helicase activity of DDX3. These results suggest an evolutionarily conserved role of DDX3 in NC development by promoting AKT activity, and provide a potential mechanism for the NC-related birth defects displayed by individuals harboring mutations in DDX3 and its downstream effectors in this signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Perfetto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.,Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Xiaolu Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Congyu Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Natasha Yousaf
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jiejing Li
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yvette Y Yien
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Shuo Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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15
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Patmore DM, Jassim A, Nathan E, Gilbertson RJ, Tahan D, Hoffmann N, Tong Y, Smith KS, Kanneganti TD, Suzuki H, Taylor MD, Northcott P, Gilbertson RJ. DDX3X Suppresses the Susceptibility of Hindbrain Lineages to Medulloblastoma. Dev Cell 2020; 54:455-470.e5. [PMID: 32553121 PMCID: PMC7483908 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DEAD-Box Helicase 3 X-Linked (DDX3X) is frequently mutated in the Wingless (WNT) and Sonic hedghog (SHH) subtypes of medulloblastoma-the commonest malignant childhood brain tumor, but whether DDX3X functions as a medulloblastoma oncogene or tumor suppressor gene is not known. Here, we show that Ddx3x regulates hindbrain patterning and development by controlling Hox gene expression and cell stress signaling. In mice predisposed to Wnt- or Shh medulloblastoma, Ddx3x sensed oncogenic stress and suppressed tumor formation. WNT and SHH medulloblastomas normally arise only in the lower and upper rhombic lips, respectively. Deletion of Ddx3x removed this lineage restriction, enabling both medulloblastoma subtypes to arise in either germinal zone. Thus, DDX3X is a medulloblastoma tumor suppressor that regulates hindbrain development and restricts the competence of cell lineages to form medulloblastoma subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Patmore
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Amir Jassim
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Erica Nathan
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Reuben J Gilbertson
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Daniel Tahan
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Nadin Hoffmann
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Yiai Tong
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kyle S Smith
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hiromichi Suzuki
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Paul Northcott
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Gilbertson
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK; Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.
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16
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Vuocolo B, Holder JL. Unwind and Relax: DDX3X RNA Helicase as a Critical Mediator of Cortical Neurogenesis. Neuron 2020; 106:357-358. [PMID: 32380046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Lennox et al. (2020) report the largest cohort of patients to date with DDX3X syndrome, discovering unique genotype-phenotype relationships that inform molecular pathogenesis. They then uncover unique roles of DDX3X in cortical neuron development and ribonucleoprotein granule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Vuocolo
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Lloyd Holder
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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17
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Hu L, Xin X, Lin S, Luo M, Chen J, Qiu H, Ma L, Huang J. A child with a novel DDX3X variant mimicking cerebral palsy: a case report. Ital J Pediatr 2020; 46:88. [PMID: 32600431 PMCID: PMC7325255 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-020-00850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive disorder of movement and posture due to a static insult to the brain. In CP, the depth of investigation is guided by the patients’ medical history and their clinical examination. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a high yield and is widely used for investigation in CP. Case presentation In this paper, we report a novel DDX3X variant in a girl afflicted with the X-linked mental retardation-102 (MRX102). The girl had been misdiagnosed with CP in her early life based on a comprehensive clinical evaluation and associated clinical features, such as developmental delay, reduced activities of the arms and legs, and abnormal brain MRI. Subsequently, whole-exome sequencing was applied to better distinguish between CP and actual MRX102 with similar characteristics. Conclusions We report on a de novo heterozygous DDX3X variant mimicking cerebral palsy and suggest a thorough and conscientious review during diagnosis of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Hu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ganzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoqin Xin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shaobin Lin
- Fetal Medicine Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Pediatric Neurorehabilitation, Ganzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Junkun Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ganzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hongsheng Qiu
- Neonatology Department, Ganzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Ganzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jungao Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ganzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi Province, China.
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18
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Lennox AL, Hoye ML, Jiang R, Johnson-Kerner BL, Suit LA, Venkataramanan S, Sheehan CJ, Alsina FC, Fregeau B, Aldinger KA, Moey C, Lobach I, Afenjar A, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Bézieau S, Blackburn PR, Bunt J, Burglen L, Campeau PM, Charles P, Chung BHY, Cogné B, Curry C, D'Agostino MD, Di Donato N, Faivre L, Héron D, Innes AM, Isidor B, Keren B, Kimball A, Klee EW, Kuentz P, Küry S, Martin-Coignard D, Mirzaa G, Mignot C, Miyake N, Matsumoto N, Fujita A, Nava C, Nizon M, Rodriguez D, Blok LS, Thauvin-Robinet C, Thevenon J, Vincent M, Ziegler A, Dobyns W, Richards LJ, Barkovich AJ, Floor SN, Silver DL, Sherr EH. Pathogenic DDX3X Mutations Impair RNA Metabolism and Neurogenesis during Fetal Cortical Development. Neuron 2020; 106:404-420.e8. [PMID: 32135084 PMCID: PMC7331285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
De novo germline mutations in the RNA helicase DDX3X account for 1%-3% of unexplained intellectual disability (ID) cases in females and are associated with autism, brain malformations, and epilepsy. Yet, the developmental and molecular mechanisms by which DDX3X mutations impair brain function are unknown. Here, we use human and mouse genetics and cell biological and biochemical approaches to elucidate mechanisms by which pathogenic DDX3X variants disrupt brain development. We report the largest clinical cohort to date with DDX3X mutations (n = 107), demonstrating a striking correlation between recurrent dominant missense mutations, polymicrogyria, and the most severe clinical outcomes. We show that Ddx3x controls cortical development by regulating neuron generation. Severe DDX3X missense mutations profoundly disrupt RNA helicase activity, induce ectopic RNA-protein granules in neural progenitors and neurons, and impair translation. Together, these results uncover key mechanisms underlying DDX3X syndrome and highlight aberrant RNA metabolism in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Lennox
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mariah L Hoye
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ruiji Jiang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Lindsey A Suit
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Srivats Venkataramanan
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Charles J Sheehan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fernando C Alsina
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brieana Fregeau
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Ching Moey
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Iryna Lobach
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexandra Afenjar
- Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet et Département de génétique et embryologie médicale, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Dusica Babovic-Vuksanovic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stéphane Bézieau
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France; Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Patrick R Blackburn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jens Bunt
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Centre de référence des malformations et maladies congénitales du cervelet et Département de génétique et embryologie médicale, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Philippe M Campeau
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal and CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Perrine Charles
- Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière et Hôpital Trousseau, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Brian H Y Chung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin Cogné
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France; Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Cynthia Curry
- Genetic Medicine, University of California San Francisco/Fresno, Fresno, CA 93701, USA
| | - Maria Daniela D'Agostino
- Division of Medical Genetics, Departments of Specialized Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, INSERM UMR 1231 GAD, CHU de Dijon et Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Delphine Héron
- APHP, Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - A Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France; Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Boris Keren
- APHP, Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Amy Kimball
- Harvey Institute of Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric W Klee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Paul Kuentz
- UMR-INSERM 1231 GAD, Génétique des Anomalies du développement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sébastien Küry
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France; Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, 44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Ghayda Mirzaa
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Cyril Mignot
- Département de Génétique, Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière et Hôpital Trousseau, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fujita
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Caroline Nava
- APHP, Département de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Nizon
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France; Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Diana Rodriguez
- Centre de Référence Neurogénétique & Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Lot Snijders Blok
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- Centre de référence Déficience Intellectuelle, INSERM UMR 1231 GAD, CHU de Dijon et Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Julien Thevenon
- Centre de référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, INSERM UMR 1231 GAD, CHU de Dijon et Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Marie Vincent
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Nantes, 9 quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France; Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du thorax, 44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - William Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Linda J Richards
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - A James Barkovich
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Stephen N Floor
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Debra L Silver
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Elliott H Sherr
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Institute of Human Genetics and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Pathogenic variants in DDX3X have recently been identified to be a relatively common cause of intellectual disability in females. In this study, we describe six female probands, from five unrelated families, with five novel heterozygous variants in DDX3X, and the identification of potential germline mosaicism. Consistent features between this cohort and previously described cases include developmental delay or intellectual disability, growth disturbance and movement disorder. Common facial dysmorphism within the cohort include short palpebral fissures, micrognathia, bulbous nasal tip, protruding ears, high arched palate, thin upper vermillion and smooth philtrum. Novel clinical features identified from this cohort include facial dysmorphisms, perinatal complications, valgus feet deformity, lipoatrophy, dystonic episodes, and cutaneous mastocytosis. This case series attempts to expand the phenotype of the DDX3X syndrome; however, it remains heterogeneous. Description of further cases is required to more accurately identify the significance of novel phenotypes within this cohort.
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20
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Proteomic Analysis of Brain Region and Sex-Specific Synaptic Protein Expression in the Adult Mouse Brain. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020313. [PMID: 32012899 PMCID: PMC7072627 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic disruption of synaptic proteins results in a whole variety of human neuropsychiatric disorders including intellectual disability, schizophrenia or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In a wide range of these so-called synaptopathies a sex bias in prevalence and clinical course has been reported. Using an unbiased proteomic approach, we analyzed the proteome at the interaction site of the pre- and postsynaptic compartment, in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum of male and female adult C57BL/6J mice. We were able to reveal a specific repertoire of synaptic proteins in different brain areas as it has been implied before. Additionally, we found a region-specific set of novel synaptic proteins differentially expressed between male and female individuals including the strong ASD candidates DDX3X, KMT2C, MYH10 and SET. Being the first comprehensive analysis of brain region-specific synaptic proteomes from male and female mice, our study provides crucial information on sex-specific differences in the molecular anatomy of the synapse. Our efforts should serve as a neurobiological framework to better understand the influence of sex on synapse biology in both health and disease.
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21
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Chen Y, Liu KY, Yang ZL, Li XH, Xu R, Zhou H. A de novo DDX3X Variant Is Associated With Syndromic Intellectual Disability: Case Report and Literature Review. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:303. [PMID: 32714884 PMCID: PMC7344189 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo DDX3X variants account for 1%-3% of intellectual disability (ID) in females and have been occasionally reported in males. Here, we report a female patient with severe ID and various other features, including epilepsy, movement disorders, behavior problems, sleep disturbance, precocious puberty, dysmorphic features, and hippocampus atrophy. With the use of family-based exome sequencing, we identified a de novo pathogenic variant (c.1745dupG/p.S583*) in the DDX3X gene. However, our patient did not present hypotonia, which is considered a frequent clinical manifestation associated with DDX3X variants. While hand stereotypies and sleep disturbance have been occasionally associated with the DDX3X spectrum, hippocampus atrophy has not been reported in patients with DDX3X-related ID. The investigation further expands the phenotype spectrum for DDX3X variants with syndromic intellectual disability, which might help to improve the understanding of DDX3X-related intellectual disability or developmental delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kai-Yu Liu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zai-Lan Yang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao-Huan Li
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Radiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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22
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23
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Innes AM, McInnes BL, Dyment DA. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in Dubowitz syndrome: Implications for diagnosis, management and further research. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 178:387-397. [PMID: 30580484 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dubowitz syndrome was described in 1965 as a recognizable syndrome characterized by microcephaly, short stature, eczema, mild developmental delays, and an increased risk of malignancy. Since its original description, there have been over 200 reported cases though no single gene has been identified to explain a significant proportion of affected individuals. Since the last definitive review of Dubowitz syndrome in 1996, there have been 63 individuals with a clinical, or suspected, diagnosis of Dubowitz syndrome reported in 51 publications. These individuals show a markedly wide spectrum with respect to growth, facial gestalt, psychomotor development, and risk of malignancy; genetic causes were identified in 33% (21/63). Seven individuals had deleterious copy number variants, in particular deletions at 14q32 and 17q24 were reported and showed overlap with the Dubowitz phenotype. Several cases were shown to have single gene disorders that included de novo or biallelic pathogenic variants in several genes including NSUN2 and LIG4 frequently identified by next-generation sequencing methods. It appears that the inability to identify a single gene responsible for Dubowitz syndrome reflects its extreme clinical and genetic heterogeneity. However, detailed phenotyping combined with careful grouping of subsets of unsolved cases and in conjunction with data-sharing will identify novel disease genes responsible for additional cases. In the interim, for those clinically diagnosed with a Dubowitz phenotype, we recommend assessment by a Medical Geneticist, a microarray and, if available, clinical or research based genome-wide sequencing. Management suggestions, including decisions regarding malignancy screening in select patients will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brenda L McInnes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A Dyment
- Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Frints SGM, Hennig F, Colombo R, Jacquemont S, Terhal P, Zimmerman HH, Hunt D, Mendelsohn BA, Kordaß U, Webster R, Sinnema M, Abdul-Rahman O, Suckow V, Fernández-Jaén A, van Roozendaal K, Stevens SJC, Macville MVE, Al-Nasiry S, van Gassen K, Utzig N, Koudijs SM, McGregor L, Maas SM, Baralle D, Dixit A, Wieacker P, Lee M, Lee AS, Engle EC, Houge G, Gradek GA, Douglas AGL, Longman C, Joss S, Velasco D, Hennekam RC, Hirata H, Kalscheuer VM. Deleterious de novo variants of X-linked ZC4H2 in females cause a variable phenotype with neurogenic arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:2270-2285. [PMID: 31206972 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in the X-linked gene ZC4H2, which encodes a zinc-finger protein, cause an infrequently described syndromic form of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) with central and peripheral nervous system involvement. We present genetic and detailed phenotypic information on 23 newly identified families and simplex cases that include 19 affected females from 18 families and 14 affected males from nine families. Of note, the 15 females with deleterious de novo ZC4H2 variants presented with phenotypes ranging from mild to severe, and their clinical features overlapped with those seen in affected males. By contrast, of the nine carrier females with inherited ZC4H2 missense variants that were deleterious in affected male relatives, four were symptomatic. We also compared clinical phenotypes with previously published cases of both sexes and provide an overview on 48 males and 57 females from 42 families. The spectrum of ZC4H2 defects comprises novel and recurrent mostly inherited missense variants in affected males, and de novo splicing, frameshift, nonsense, and partial ZC4H2 deletions in affected females. Pathogenicity of two newly identified missense variants was further supported by studies in zebrafish. We propose ZC4H2 as a good candidate for early genetic testing of males and females with a clinical suspicion of fetal hypo-/akinesia and/or (neurogenic) AMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna G M Frints
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, azM, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Medicine Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Friederike Hennig
- Research Group Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberto Colombo
- Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Center for the Study of Rare Inherited Diseases (CeSMER), Niguarda Ca' Granda Metropolitan Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paulien Terhal
- Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics Division, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Holly H Zimmerman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - David Hunt
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Bryce A Mendelsohn
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ulrike Kordaß
- MVZ für Humangenetik und Molekularpathologie GmbH, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Richard Webster
- The Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Margje Sinnema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, azM, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Medicine Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Omar Abdul-Rahman
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics & Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Vanessa Suckow
- Research Group Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kees van Roozendaal
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, azM, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Servi J C Stevens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, azM, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Medicine Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Merryn V E Macville
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, azM, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Medicine Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Salwan Al-Nasiry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prenatal Diagnostics & Therapy, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen van Gassen
- Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics Division, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert Utzig
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Suzanne M Koudijs
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lesley McGregor
- SA Clinical Genetics Service, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Saskia M Maas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Baralle
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Abhijit Dixit
- City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Peter Wieacker
- Institute of Human Genetics, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marcus Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Arthur S Lee
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Gunnar Houge
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gyri A Gradek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Andrew G L Douglas
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Cheryl Longman
- West of Scotland Regional Genetic Centre, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Shelagh Joss
- West of Scotland Regional Genetic Centre, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Danita Velasco
- Department of Pediatrics, Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics & Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Raoul C Hennekam
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hiromi Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Vera M Kalscheuer
- Research Group Development and Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Paine I, Posey JE, Grochowski CM, Jhangiani SN, Rosenheck S, Kleyner R, Marmorale T, Yoon M, Wang K, Robison R, Cappuccio G, Pinelli M, Magli A, Coban Akdemir Z, Hui J, Yeung WL, Wong BKY, Ortega L, Bekheirnia MR, Bierhals T, Hempel M, Johannsen J, Santer R, Aktas D, Alikasifoglu M, Bozdogan S, Aydin H, Karaca E, Bayram Y, Ityel H, Dorschner M, White JJ, Wilichowski E, Wortmann SB, Casella EB, Kitajima JP, Kok F, Monteiro F, Muzny DM, Bamshad M, Gibbs RA, Sutton VR, Van Esch H, Brunetti-Pierri N, Hildebrandt F, Brautbar A, Van den Veyver IB, Glass I, Lessel D, Lyon GJ, Lupski JR. Paralog Studies Augment Gene Discovery: DDX and DHX Genes. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:302-316. [PMID: 31256877 PMCID: PMC6698803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of a paralogous gene family in which variation in one gene is known to cause disease are eight times more likely to also be associated with human disease. Recent studies have elucidated DHX30 and DDX3X as genes for which pathogenic variant alleles are involved in neurodevelopmental disorders. We hypothesized that variants in paralogous genes encoding members of the DExD/H-box RNA helicase superfamily might also underlie developmental delay and/or intellectual disability (DD and/or ID) disease phenotypes. Here we describe 15 unrelated individuals who have DD and/or ID, central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, vertebral anomalies, and dysmorphic features and were found to have probably damaging variants in DExD/H-box RNA helicase genes. In addition, these individuals exhibit a variety of other tissue and organ system involvement including ocular, outer ear, hearing, cardiac, and kidney tissues. Five individuals with homozygous (one), compound-heterozygous (two), or de novo (two) missense variants in DHX37 were identified by exome sequencing. We identified ten total individuals with missense variants in three other DDX/DHX paralogs: DHX16 (four individuals), DDX54 (three individuals), and DHX34 (three individuals). Most identified variants are rare, predicted to be damaging, and occur at conserved amino acid residues. Taken together, these 15 individuals implicate the DExD/H-box helicases in both dominantly and recessively inherited neurodevelopmental phenotypes and highlight the potential for more than one disease mechanism underlying these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Paine
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarah Rosenheck
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY 11724, USA
| | - Robert Kleyner
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY 11724, USA
| | - Taylor Marmorale
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY 11724, USA
| | - Margaret Yoon
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY 11724, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Reid Robison
- Utah Foundation for Biomedical Research, Salt Lake City, UT 84107, USA
| | - Gerarda Cappuccio
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II," 80131 Napoli, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Michele Pinelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II," 80131 Napoli, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Adriano Magli
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi SA, Italy
| | - Zeynep Coban Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joannie Hui
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Lan Yeung
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bibiana K Y Wong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lucia Ortega
- Medical Genetics Department, Cook Children's Hospital, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA
| | - Mir Reza Bekheirnia
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Renal, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genetics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 76104, USA
| | - Tatjana Bierhals
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maja Hempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessika Johannsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - René Santer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dilek Aktas
- DAMAGEN Genetic Diagnostic Center, 06690 Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Sevcan Bozdogan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Hatip Aydin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty of Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Ender Karaca
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yavuz Bayram
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hadas Ityel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Dorschner
- Center for Precision Diagnostics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Janson J White
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ekkehard Wilichowski
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Neurology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Saskia B Wortmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; University Children's Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salsburg, Austria
| | - Erasmo B Casella
- Children's Institute, Hospital das Clinicas, University of Sao Paulo, 05405-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Kok
- Mendelics Genomic Analysis, 04013-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Neurology, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, 01246-903 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Donna M Muzny
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Bamshad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - V Reid Sutton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II," 80131 Napoli, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ariel Brautbar
- Medical Genetics Department, Cook Children's Hospital, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA
| | - Ignatia B Van den Veyver
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ian Glass
- Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gholson J Lyon
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY 11724, USA; Utah Foundation for Biomedical Research, Salt Lake City, UT 84107, USA; Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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26
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Scala M, Torella A, Severino M, Morana G, Castello R, Accogli A, Verrico A, Vari MS, Cappuccio G, Pinelli M, Vitiello G, Terrone G, D'Amico A, Nigro V, Capra V. Three de novo DDX3X variants associated with distinctive brain developmental abnormalities and brain tumor in intellectually disabled females. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1254-1259. [PMID: 30936465 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo DDX3X variants account for 1-3% of syndromic intellectual disability (ID) in females and have been occasionally reported in males. Furthermore, somatic DDX3X variants occur in several aggressive cancers, including medulloblastoma. We report three unrelated females with severe ID, dysmorphic features, and a common brain malformative pattern characterized by malformations of cortical development, callosal dysgenesis, basal ganglia anomalies, and midbrain-hindbrain malformations. A pilocytic astrocytoma was incidentally diagnosed in Patient 1 and trigonocephaly was found in Patient 2. With the use of family based whole exome sequencing (WES), we identified three distinct de novo variants in DDX3X. These findings expand the phenotypic spectrum of DDX3X-related disorders, demonstrating unique neuroradiological features resembling those of the tubulinopathies, and support a role for DDX3X in neuronal development. Our observations further suggest a possible link between germline DDX3X variants and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini, 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Torella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.,Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Mariasavina Severino
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini, 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Morana
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini, 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Raffaele Castello
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini, 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonio Verrico
- Neuro-oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini, 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Vari
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, 16147, Italy
| | - Gerarda Cappuccio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Pinelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Terrone
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra D'Amico
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.,Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Capra
- Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini, 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
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27
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Nicola P, Blackburn PR, Rasmussen KJ, Bertsch NL, Klee EW, Hasadsri L, Pichurin PN, Rankin J, Raymond FL, Clayton-Smith J. De novo DDX3X missense variants in males appear viable and contribute to syndromic intellectual disability. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:570-578. [PMID: 30734472 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
DDX3X (Xp11.4) encodes a DEAD-box RNA helicase that escapes X chromosome inactivation. Pathogenic variants in DDX3X have been shown to cause X-linked intellectual disability (ID) (MRX102, MIM: 300958). The phenotypes associated with DDX3X variants are heterogeneous and include brain and behavioral abnormalities, microcephaly, hypotonia, and movement disorders and/or spasticity. The majority of DDX3X variants described are de novo mutations in females with ID. In contrast, most male DDX3X variants are inherited from an unaffected mother, with one documented exception being a recently identified de novo splice site variant. It has been suggested, therefore, that DDX3X exerts its effects through haploinsufficiency in females, and that affected males carry hypomorphic alleles that retain partial function. Given the lack of male de novo DDX3X variants, loss-of-function variants in this gene are suspected to be male lethal. Through whole-exome sequencing, we identified three unrelated males with hemizygous missense DDX3X variants and ID. All three variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing, with two established as de novo. In silico analyses were supportive of pathogenicity. We report the male phenotypes and compare them to phenotypes observed in previously reported male and female patients. In conclusion, we propose that de novo DDX3X variants are not necessarily male lethal and should be considered as a cause of syndromic ID in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Nicola
- University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Blackburn
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kristen J Rasmussen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nicole L Bertsch
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric W Klee
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Linda Hasadsri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Pavel N Pichurin
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Julia Rankin
- Clinical Genetics Department, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - F Lucy Raymond
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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- Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study (DDD), Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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28
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Abstract
Fundamental differences exist between males and females, encompassing anatomy, physiology, behaviour, and genetics. Such differences undoubtedly play a part in the well documented, yet poorly understood, disparity in disease susceptibility between the sexes. Although traditionally attributed to gonadal sex hormone effects, recent work has begun to shed more light on the contribution of genetics - and in particular the sex chromosomes - to these sexual dimorphisms. Here, we explore the accumulating evidence for a significant genetic component to mammalian sexual dimorphism through the paradigm of sex chromosome evolution. The differences between the extant X and Y chromosomes, at both a sequence and regulatory level, arose across 166 million years. A functional result of these differences is cell autonomous sexual dimorphism. By understanding the process that changed a pair of homologous ancestral autosomes into the extant mammalian X and Y, we believe it easier to consider the mechanisms that may contribute to hormone-independent male-female differences. We highlight key roles for genes with homologues present on both sex chromosomes, where the X-linked copy escapes X chromosome inactivation. Finally, we summarise current experimental paradigms and suggest areas for developments to further increase our understanding of cell autonomous sexual dimorphism in the context of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Snell
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - James M A Turner
- Sex Chromosome Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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29
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X-chromosomale Entwicklungsstörungen im weiblichen Geschlecht. MED GENET-BERLIN 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-018-0199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
In den letzten Jahren wurden Mutationen in einer wachsenden Zahl von X‑chromosomalen Genen als Ursache für Entwicklungsstörungen bei Mädchen identifiziert. Dies führt zu einer Aufweichung der traditionellen Abgrenzung von X‑chromosomal-rezessiven und X‑chromosomal-dominanten Erbgängen. Für viele X‑chromosomale, mit Entwicklungsstörungen assoziierte Gene zeichnet sich nun ein phänotypisches Spektrum ab, welches beide Geschlechter umfasst. Die Mechanismen, die zu einer oft variablen Krankheitsausprägung zwischen den Geschlechtern aber auch innerhalb des weiblichen Geschlechts führen, sind bisher noch sehr unvollständig verstanden. Verschiedene Faktoren wie Art, Lokalisation und „Schwere“ der jeweiligen Mutation sowie insbesondere die X‑Inaktivierung spielen dabei eine Rolle. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über den derzeitigen Kenntnisstand (ohne Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit) X‑chromosomaler Entwicklungsstörungen bei Mädchen. Exemplarisch werden zudem einige neue Krankheitsbilder bei Mädchen beschrieben und diskutiert, die durch De-novo-Mutationen in X‑chromosomalen Genen verursacht werden.
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30
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Wang X, Posey JE, Rosenfeld JA, Bacino CA, Scaglia F, Immken L, Harris JM, Hickey SE, Mosher TM, Slavotinek A, Zhang J, Beuten J, Leduc MS, He W, Vetrini F, Walkiewicz MA, Bi W, Xiao R, Liu P, Shao Y, Gezdirici A, Gulec EY, Jiang Y, Darilek SA, Hansen AW, Khayat MM, Pehlivan D, Piard J, Muzny DM, Hanchard N, Belmont JW, Van Maldergem L, Gibbs RA, Eldomery MK, Akdemir ZC, Adesina AM, Chen S, Lee YC, Lee B, Lupski JR, Eng CM, Xia F, Yang Y, Graham BH, Moretti P. Phenotypic expansion in DDX3X - a common cause of intellectual disability in females. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:1277-1285. [PMID: 30349862 PMCID: PMC6186933 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo variants in DDX3X account for 1–3% of unexplained intellectual disability (ID) cases and are amongst the most common causes of ID especially in females. Forty‐seven patients (44 females, 3 males) have been described. We identified 31 additional individuals carrying 29 unique DDX3X variants, including 30 postnatal individuals with complex clinical presentations of developmental delay or ID, and one fetus with abnormal ultrasound findings. Rare or novel phenotypes observed include respiratory problems, congenital heart disease, skeletal muscle mitochondrial DNA depletion, and late‐onset neurologic decline. Our findings expand the spectrum of DNA variants and phenotypes associated with DDX3X disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Baylor Genetics Houston Texas
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Carlos A Bacino
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Texas Children's Hospital Houston Texas
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Texas Children's Hospital Houston Texas
| | | | | | - Scott E Hickey
- Clinical Pediatrics The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio.,Division of Molecular & Human Genetics Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus Ohio
| | - Theresa M Mosher
- Division of Molecular & Human Genetics Nationwide Children's Hospital Columbus Ohio
| | - Anne Slavotinek
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Genetics University of California San Francisco California
| | | | | | - Magalie S Leduc
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Baylor Genetics Houston Texas
| | | | | | - Magdalena A Walkiewicz
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Baylor Genetics Houston Texas
| | - Weimin Bi
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Baylor Genetics Houston Texas
| | - Rui Xiao
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Baylor Genetics Houston Texas
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Baylor Genetics Houston Texas
| | - Yunru Shao
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Texas Children's Hospital Houston Texas
| | - Alper Gezdirici
- Department of Genetics Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital Instanbul Turkey
| | - Elif Y Gulec
- Department of Genetics Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital Instanbul Turkey
| | - Yunyun Jiang
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Sandra A Darilek
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Adam W Hansen
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Michael M Khayat
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Section of Neurology Department of Pediatrics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Juliette Piard
- Centre de Génétique Humaine Université de Franche-Comté Besançon France
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Human Genome Sequencing Center Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Neil Hanchard
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - John W Belmont
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | | | - Richard A Gibbs
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Human Genome Sequencing Center Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | | | - Zeynep C Akdemir
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Adekunle M Adesina
- Texas Children's Hospital Houston Texas.,Pathology Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Shan Chen
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Yi-Chien Lee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | | | - Brendan Lee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - James R Lupski
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Texas Children's Hospital Houston Texas.,Human Genome Sequencing Center Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
| | - Christine M Eng
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Baylor Genetics Houston Texas
| | - Fan Xia
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Baylor Genetics Houston Texas
| | - Yaping Yang
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Baylor Genetics Houston Texas
| | - Brett H Graham
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Texas Children's Hospital Houston Texas.,Medical and Molecular Genetics Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Paolo Moretti
- Molecular and Human Genetics Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas.,Neurology Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center Houston Texas.,Neurology University of Utah and George E. Wahlen VA Medical Center Salt Lake City Utah
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31
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Kellaris G, Khan K, Baig SM, Tsai IC, Zamora FM, Ruggieri P, Natowicz MR, Katsanis N. A hypomorphic inherited pathogenic variant in DDX3X causes male intellectual disability with additional neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative features. Hum Genomics 2018; 12:11. [PMID: 29490693 PMCID: PMC5831694 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-018-0141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intellectual disability (ID) is a common condition with a population prevalence frequency of 1–3% and an enrichment for males, driven in part by the contribution of mutant alleles on the X-chromosome. Among the more than 500 genes associated with ID, DDX3X represents an outlier in sex specificity. Nearly all reported pathogenic variants of DDX3X are de novo, affect mostly females, and appear to be loss of function variants, consistent with the hypothesis that haploinsufficiency at this locus on the X-chromosome is likely to be lethal in males. Results We evaluated two male siblings with syndromic features characterized by mild-to-moderate ID and progressive spasticity. Quad-based whole-exome sequencing revealed a maternally inherited missense variant encoding p.R79K in DDX3X in both siblings and no other apparent pathogenic variants. We assessed its possible relevance to their phenotype using an established functional assay for DDX3X activity in zebrafish embryos and found that this allele causes a partial loss of DDX3X function and thus represents a hypomorphic variant. Conclusions Our genetic and functional data suggest that partial loss of function of DDX3X can cause syndromic ID. The p.R79K allele affects a region of the protein outside the critical RNA helicase domain, offering a credible explanation for the observed retention of partial function, viability in hemizygous males, and lack of pathology in females. These findings expand the gender spectrum of pathology of this locus and suggest that analysis for DDX3X variants should be considered relevant for both males and females. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40246-018-0141-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kellaris
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Athens Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Kamal Khan
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.,Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shahid M Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - I-Chun Tsai
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | | | - Paul Ruggieri
- Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Marvin R Natowicz
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Genomic Medicine Institutes, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA. .,Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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32
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Yilmaz R, Szakszon K, Altmann A, Altunoglu U, Senturk L, McGuire M, Calabrese O, Madan-Khetarpal S, Basel-Vanagaite L, Borck G. Kaufman oculocerebrofacial syndrome: Novel UBE3B mutations and clinical features in four unrelated patients. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 176:187-193. [PMID: 29160006 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The "blepharophimosis-mental retardation" syndromes (BMRS) consist of a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous congenital malformation syndromes, where short palpebral fissures and intellectual disability associate with a distinct set of other morphological features. Kaufman oculocerebrofacial syndrome represents a rare and recently reevaluated entity within the BMR syndromes and is caused by biallelic mutations of UBE3B. Affected individuals typically show microcephaly, impaired somatic growth, gastrointestinal and genitourinary problems, ectodermal anomalies and a characteristic face with short, upslanted palpebral fissures, depressed nasal bridge. and anteverted nares. Here we present four patients with five novel UBE3B mutations and propose the inclusion of clinical features to the characteristics of Kaufman oculocerebrofacial syndrome, including prominence of the cheeks and limb anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüstem Yilmaz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katalin Szakszon
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anna Altmann
- St. John Hospital Buda Children's Hospital, Epilepsy Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Leyli Senturk
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Lina Basel-Vanagaite
- The Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Pediatric Genetics Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Guntram Borck
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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33
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Evers C, Staufner C, Granzow M, Paramasivam N, Hinderhofer K, Kaufmann L, Fischer C, Thiel C, Opladen T, Kotzaeridou U, Wiemann S, Schlesner M, Eils R, Kölker S, Bartram CR, Hoffmann GF, Moog U. Impact of clinical exomes in neurodevelopmental and neurometabolic disorders. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 121:297-307. [PMID: 28688840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Whole exome sequencing (WES) is well established in research and is now being introduced into clinically indicated diagnostics (so-called clinical exomes). We evaluated the diagnostic yield and clinical implications of WES in 72 patients from 60 families with undiagnosed neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), neurometabolic disorders, and dystonias. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants leading to a molecular diagnosis could be identified in 21 of the 60 families (overall 35%, in 36% of patients with NDD, in 43% of patients with neurometabolic disorders, in 25% of patients with dystonias). In one family two coexisting autosomal recessive diseases caused by homozygous pathogenic variants in two different genes were diagnosed. In another family, a homozygous frameshift variant in STRADA was found to cause a severe NDD with early onset epilepsy, brain anomalies, hypotonia, heart defect, nephrocalcinosis, macrocephaly and distinctive facies so far designated as PMSE (polyhydramnios, megalencephaly, symptomatic epilepsy) syndrome. In 7 of the 21 families with a molecular diagnosis the pathogenic variants were only identified by clinical follow-up, manual reevaluation of the literature, a change of filter setting, and/or reconsideration of inheritance pattern. Most importantly, clinical implications included management changes in 8 cases and impact on family planning in 20 families with a molecular diagnosis. This study shows that reevaluation and follow-up can improve the diagnostic rate and that WES results have important implications on medical management and family planning. Furthermore, we could confirm STRADA as a gene associated with syndromic ID but find it questionable if the current designation as PMSE depicts the most important clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Evers
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christian Staufner
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Granzow
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nagarajan Paramasivam
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Hinderhofer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lilian Kaufmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Fischer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Thiel
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Opladen
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Urania Kotzaeridou
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wiemann
- Genomics & Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schlesner
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB) and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kölker
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claus R Bartram
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Moog
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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