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Schrier Vergano SA. ARID2, a milder cause of Coffin-Siris Syndrome? Broadening the phenotype with 17 additional individuals. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:e63540. [PMID: 38243407 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Coffin-Siris Syndrome (CSS, MIM 135900) is now a well-described genetic condition caused by pathogenic variants in the Bromocriptine activating factor (BAF) complex, including ARID1B, ARID1A, ARID2, SMARCA4, SMARCE1, SMARCB1, SOX11, SMARCC2, DPF2, and more recently, BICRA. Individuals with CSS have a spectrum of various medical challenges, most often evident at birth, including feeding difficulties, hypotonia, organ-system anomalies, and learning and developmental differences. The classic finding of fifth digit hypo- or aplasia is seen variably. ARID2, previously described, is one of the less frequently observed gene changes in CSS. Although individuals with ARID2 have been reported to have classic features of CSS including hypertrichosis, coarse facial features, short stature, and fifth digit anomalies, as with many of the other CSS genes, there appears to be a spectrum of phenotypes. We report here a cohort of 17 individuals with ARID2 variants from the Coffin-Siris/BAF clinical registry and detail their medical challenges as well as developmental progress. Feeding difficulties, hypotonia, and short stature occur often, and hip dysplasia appears to occur more often than with other genes, however more severe medical challenges such as significant brain and cardiac malformations are rarer. Individuals appear to have mild to moderate intellectual impairment and may carry additional diagnoses such as ADHD. Further phenotypic description of this gene will aid clinicians caring for individuals with this rarer form of CSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Schrier Vergano
- Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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2
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Jing XY, Zhen L, Lin XM, Li DZ. First-trimester prenatal diagnosis of Coffin-Siris syndrome-related congenital diaphragmatic hernia: The role of exome sequencing in determining genetic etiology. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2023; 63:211-213. [PMID: 37538046 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yi Jing
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhen
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Lin
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong-Zhi Li
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
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Xia D, Deng S, Gao C, Li X, Zhang L, Xiao X, Peng X, Zhang J, He Z, Meng Z, Liu Z, Ouyang N, Liang L. ARID2, a rare cause of Coffin-Siris syndrome: A novel microdeletion at 12q12q13.11 causing severe short stature and literature review. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:1240-1249. [PMID: 36756859 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS) 6 is caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in the AT-rich interaction domain 2 (ARID2) gene on 12q12. Currently, only 26 cases with both detailed clinical and genetic information have been documented in the literature. Microdeletions of the entire ARID2 gene are rare. In this study, we report a 5-year-7-month-old Chinese female who underwent whole-exome sequencing to discover that she had a de novo 1.563 Mb heterozygous copy number loss at 12q12q13.11, involving an entire deletion of ARID2. The female had severe short stature with obvious dysmorphic facial features, global developmental delay and hypoplastic fingers and toes. Her growth hormone level was normal, with reduced IGF-1 and increased CA19-9 levels. After a review of the 27 patients with ARID2 deficiency, a significant positive correlation was observed between age and height standard deviation score (SDS) (r = 0.71, p = 0.0002), suggesting a possibility of growth catch-up. This study expands the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of CCS6 and provides a decision-making reference for growth hormone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xia
- Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyun Deng
- Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenchen Gao
- Department of Children's Neuro-endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Children's Neuro-endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Xiao
- Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Peng
- Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieming Zhang
- Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanwen He
- Department of Children's Neuro-endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Meng
- Department of Children's Neuro-endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zulin Liu
- Department of Children's Neuro-endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nengtai Ouyang
- Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyang Liang
- Department of Children's Neuro-endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Liu M, Wan L, Wang C, Yuan H, Peng Y, Wan N, Tang Z, Yuan X, Chen D, Long Z, Shi Y, Qiu R, Tang B, Jiang H, Chen Z. Coffin-Siris syndrome in two chinese patients with novel pathogenic variants of ARID1A and SMARCA4. Genes Genomics 2022; 44:1061-1070. [PMID: 35353340 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01231-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS) is a rare congenital syndrome characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, microcephaly, coarse face and hypoplastic nail of the fifth digits. Heterozygous variants of different BAF complex-related genes were reported to cause CSS, including ARID1A and SMARCA4. So far, no CSS patients with ARID1A and SMARCA4 variants have been reported in China. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to identify the causes of two Chinese patients with congenital growth deficiency and intellectual disability. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral venous blood of patients and their family members. Genetic analysis included whole-exome and Sanger sequencing. Pathogenicity assessments of variants were performed according to the guideline of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. The phenotypic characteristics of all CSS subtypes were summarized through literature review. RESULTS We identified two Chinese CSS patients carrying novel variants of ARID1A and SMARCA4 respectively. The cases presented most core symptoms of CSS except for the digits involvement. Additionally, we performed a review of the phenotypic characteristics in CSS, highlighting phenotypic varieties and related potential causes. CONCLUSIONS We reported the first Chinese CSS2 and CSS4 patients with novel variants of ARID1A and SMARCA4. Our study expanded the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of CSS, providing a comprehensive overview of genotype-phenotype correlations of CSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Linlin Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chunrong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Peng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Na Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhichao Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinrong Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daji Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe Long
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuting Shi
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Qiu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- National International Collaborative Research Center for Medical Metabolomics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China.
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5
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Wilson KD, Porter EG, Garcia BA. Reprogramming of the epigenome in neurodevelopmental disorders. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 57:73-112. [PMID: 34601997 PMCID: PMC9462920 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2021.1979457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) remains a challenge for researchers. Human brain development is tightly regulated and sensitive to cellular alterations caused by endogenous or exogenous factors. Intriguingly, the surge of clinical sequencing studies has revealed that many of these disorders are monogenic and monoallelic. Notably, chromatin regulation has emerged as highly dysregulated in NDDs, with many syndromes demonstrating phenotypic overlap, such as intellectual disabilities, with one another. Here we discuss epigenetic writers, erasers, readers, remodelers, and even histones mutated in NDD patients, predicted to affect gene regulation. Moreover, this review focuses on disorders associated with mutations in enzymes involved in histone acetylation and methylation, and it highlights syndromes involving chromatin remodeling complexes. Finally, we explore recently discovered histone germline mutations and their pathogenic outcome on neurological function. Epigenetic regulators are mutated at every level of chromatin organization. Throughout this review, we discuss mechanistic investigations, as well as various animal and iPSC models of these disorders and their usefulness in determining pathomechanism and potential therapeutics. Understanding the mechanism of these mutations will illuminate common pathways between disorders. Ultimately, classifying these disorders based on their effects on the epigenome will not only aid in prognosis in patients but will aid in understanding the role of epigenetic machinery throughout neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija D. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elizabeth G. Porter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Benjamin A. Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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6
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Wang X, Wu H, Sun H, Wang L, Chen L. ARID2, a Rare Cause of Coffin-Siris Syndrome: A Clinical Description of Two Cases. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:911954. [PMID: 35813374 PMCID: PMC9265212 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.911954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS) is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by coarse facial features, sparse scalp hair, hypertrichosis, and hypo/aplastic digital nails and phalanges. Mutations in the BAF (SWI/SNF)-complex subunits (SMARCE1, SMARCB1, SMARCA4, SMARCA2, ARID1B, and ARID1A) have been shown to cause CSS. People diagnosed with BAF pathway related diseases are increasing, and ARID2 (NM_152641.4) is the least common of these genes. Mutations in the ARID2 gene is the cause for Coffin-Siris syndrome 6 (CSS6). By now only 16 individuals with CSS have been reported to have pathogenic variants in ARID2. CASE PRESENTATION In this article, we introduced two individuals with clinical features consistent with CSS6 (Coffin-Siris syndrome 6). This article increases the number of reported cases, provides better phenotypic information for this rare syndrome, and allows everyone to better understand the disease. CONCLUSION Our observations indicate that ARID2 mutations could have variable phenotypes, even in patients from the same family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haiying Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Linqi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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7
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Martin Merlez F, González Zalazar M, Castillo Taucher S. Frameshift Variant in ARID2 in a Chilean Individual with Coffin–Siris Syndrome Phenotype. J Pediatr Genet 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCoffin–Siris syndrome (CSS) is one of the several causes of intellectual disability (ID) and, since its first description, has posed diagnostic challenges given its variability and phenotypic overlap with other alterations of chromatin-remodeling-associated syndromes. It is genetically heterogeneous, and causative mutations are detected in less than 70% of cases. The different subtypes of the syndrome described to date are caused by mutations in genes that encode subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex, which plays an essential role in the regulation of gene expression during embryogenesis. Whole exome sequencing (WES) has allowed the identification of pathogenic mutations in these genes, including ARID2. ARID2 is one of the primary components of the SWI/SNF complex and has been associated with ID and phenotypes similar to CSS for the first time in 2015. Fifteen published case reports have identified loss-of-function mutations, suggesting that the underlying pathogenic disease mechanism is haploinsufficiency of ARID2.We herein presented the case of an 8-year-old Chilean girl with clinical suspicion of CSS, in whom a novel frameshift variant in ARID2 was identified by WES. She was the first reported case in Latin America to our knowledge and her phenotype displays the main clinical features suggestive of CSS described in other patients with ARID2 variants. However, she did not present behavioral abnormalities, a characteristic frequently reported in the majority of patients with ARID2 variants, and also had some features, such as sparse scalp hair, which is frequently reported as a manifestation of CSS, but is uncommon in this new group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silvia Castillo Taucher
- Division of Genetics, Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Clinical Laboratory Division Cytogenetics, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Kang E, Kang M, Ju Y, Lee SJ, Lee YS, Woo DC, Sung YH, Baek IJ, Shim WH, Son WC, Choi IH, Seo EJ, Yoo HW, Han YM, Lee BH. Association between ARID2 and RAS-MAPK pathway in intellectual disability and short stature. J Med Genet 2021; 58:767-777. [PMID: 33051312 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ARID2 belongs to the Switch/sucrose non-fermenting complex, in which the genetic defects have been found in patients with dysmorphism, short stature and intellectual disability (ID). As the phenotypes of patients with ARID2 mutations partially overlap with those of RASopathy, this study evaluated the biochemical association between ARID2 and RAS-MAPK pathway. METHODS The phenotypes of 22 patients with either an ARID2 heterozygous mutation or haploinsufficiency were reviewed. Comprehensive molecular analyses were performed using somatic and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of a patient with ARID2 haploinsufficiency as well as using the mouse model of Arid2 haploinsufficiency by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. RESULTS The phenotypic characteristics of ARID2 deficiency include RASopathy, Coffin-Lowy syndrome or Coffin-Siris syndrome or undefined syndromic ID. Transient ARID2 knockout HeLa cells using an shRNA increased ERK1 and ERK2 phosphorylation. Impaired neuronal differentiation with enhanced RAS-MAPK activity was observed in patient-iPSCs. In addition, Arid2 haploinsufficient mice exhibited reduced body size and learning/memory deficit. ARID2 haploinsufficiency was associated with reduced IFITM1 expression, which interacts with caveolin-1 (CAV-1) and inhibits ERK activation. DISCUSSION ARID2 haploinsufficiency is associated with enhanced RAS-MAPK activity, leading to reduced IFITM1 and CAV-1 expression, thereby increasing ERK activity. This altered interaction might lead to abnormal neuronal development and a short stature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eungu Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Kang
- Asan institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghee Ju
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Joon Lee
- Asan institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Cheol Woo
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Sung
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jeoung Baek
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Shim
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Chan Son
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hee Choi
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eul-Ju Seo
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Wook Yoo
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Mahn Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Hee Lee
- Medical Genetics Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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9
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Janowski M, Milewska M, Zare P, Pękowska A. Chromatin Alterations in Neurological Disorders and Strategies of (Epi)Genome Rescue. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:765. [PMID: 34451862 PMCID: PMC8399958 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders (NDs) comprise a heterogeneous group of conditions that affect the function of the nervous system. Often incurable, NDs have profound and detrimental consequences on the affected individuals' lives. NDs have complex etiologies but commonly feature altered gene expression and dysfunctions of the essential chromatin-modifying factors. Hence, compounds that target DNA and histone modification pathways, the so-called epidrugs, constitute promising tools to treat NDs. Yet, targeting the entire epigenome might reveal insufficient to modify a chosen gene expression or even unnecessary and detrimental to the patients' health. New technologies hold a promise to expand the clinical toolkit in the fight against NDs. (Epi)genome engineering using designer nucleases, including CRISPR-Cas9 and TALENs, can potentially help restore the correct gene expression patterns by targeting a defined gene or pathway, both genetically and epigenetically, with minimal off-target activity. Here, we review the implication of epigenetic machinery in NDs. We outline syndromes caused by mutations in chromatin-modifying enzymes and discuss the functional consequences of mutations in regulatory DNA in NDs. We review the approaches that allow modifying the (epi)genome, including tools based on TALENs and CRISPR-Cas9 technologies, and we highlight how these new strategies could potentially change clinical practices in the treatment of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aleksandra Pękowska
- Dioscuri Centre for Chromatin Biology and Epigenomics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.J.); (M.M.); (P.Z.)
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10
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Sobol M, Thuresson AC, Palmberg N, Soussi Zander C. Proximal Deletion 12q with a New Insight to Growth Retardation. Mol Syndromol 2020. [DOI: 10.1159/000507410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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11
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Bastiray A, Giri M, Singh M. Sequential backbone resonance assignment of AT-rich interaction domain of human BAF200. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2019; 13:115-119. [PMID: 30535613 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-018-9862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BAF200 is a subunit of PBAF chromatin remodeling complex that contains an N-terminal AT-rich interaction domain (ARID). ARID domain in general has been shown to bind to the AT-rich DNA sequences. The human BAF200 ARID (~ 110 residues) has the potential to bind the DNA sequences with high affinity, however, the structure and the exact contribution of hBAF200 ARID in PBAF functions as well its DNA binding specificities have not been established. In this study, we have expressed and purified the hBAF200 ARID for NMR studies. We report the complete backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N chemical shift assignment and secondary structure of hBAF200 ARID domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bastiray
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Undergraduate Department, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Malyasree Giri
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.
- NMR Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India.
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12
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Khazanchi R, Ronspies CA, Smith SC, Starr LJ. Patient with anomalous skin pigmentation expands the phenotype of ARID2 loss-of-function disorder, a SWI/SNF-related intellectual disability. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:808-812. [PMID: 30838730 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ARID2 loss-of-function is associated with a rare genetic disorder characterized in 14 reported patients to date. ARID2 encodes a member of the SWItch/sucrose non-fermentable chromatin remodeling complex. Other genes encoding subunits of this complex, such as ARID1A, ARID1B, and SMARCA2, are mutated in association with Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS) and Nicolaides Baraitser syndrome (NCBRS) phenotypes. Previously reported ARID2 mutations manifested clinically with a CSS-like phenotype including intellectual disability, coarsened facial features, fifth toenail hypoplasia, and other recognizable dysmorphisms. However, heterogeneity exists between previously reported patients with some patients showing more overlapping features with NCBRS. Herein, we present a patient with a novel disease-causing ARID2 loss-of-function mutation. His clinical features included intellectual disability, coarse and dysmorphic facial features, toenail hypoplasia, ADHD, short stature, and delayed development consistent with prior reports. Our patient also presented with previously unreported clinical findings including ophthalmologic involvement, persistent fetal fingertip and toetip pads, and diffuse hyperpigmentary and hypopigmentary changes sparing his face, palms, and soles. The anomalous skin findings are particularly of interest given prior literature outlining the role of ARID2 in melanocyte homeostasis and melanoma. This clinical report and review of the literature is further affirming of the characteristic symptoms and expands the phenotype of this newly described and rare syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Khazanchi
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Carey A Ronspies
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics & Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Scott C Smith
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics & Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Lois J Starr
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics & Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Gazdagh G, Blyth M, Scurr I, Turnpenny PD, Mehta SG, Armstrong R, McEntagart M, Newbury-Ecob R, Tobias ES, Joss S. Extending the clinical and genetic spectrum of ARID2 related intellectual disability. A case series of 7 patients. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 62:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Bögershausen N, Wollnik B. Mutational Landscapes and Phenotypic Spectrum of SWI/SNF-Related Intellectual Disability Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:252. [PMID: 30123105 PMCID: PMC6085491 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes that encode proteins of the SWI/SNF complex, called BAF complex in mammals, cause a spectrum of disorders that ranges from syndromic intellectual disability to Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS) to Nicolaides-Baraitser syndrome (NCBRS). While NCBRS is known to be a recognizable and restricted phenotype, caused by missense mutations in SMARCA2, the term CSS has been used lately for a more heterogeneous group of phenotypes that are caused by mutations in either of the genes ARID1B, ARID1A, ARID2, SMARCA4, SMARCB1, SMARCE1, SOX11, or DPF2. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the phenotypic traits and molecular causes of the above named conditions, consider the question whether a clinical distinction of the phenotypes is still adequate, and suggest the term "SWI/SNF-related intellectual disability disorders" (SSRIDDs). We will also outline important features to identify the ARID1B-related phenotype in the absence of classic CSS features, and discuss distinctive and overlapping features of the SSRIDD subtypes. Moreover, we will briefly review the function of the SWI/SNF complex in development and describe the mutational landscapes of the genes involved in SSRIDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bögershausen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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