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Ferrito N, Báez-Flores J, Rodríguez-Martín M, Sastre-Rodríguez J, Coppola A, Isidoro-García M, Prieto-Matos P, Lacal J. Biomarker Landscape in RASopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8563. [PMID: 39201250 PMCID: PMC11354534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
RASopathies are a group of related genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes within the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. This pathway is crucial for cell division, growth, and differentiation, and its disruption can lead to a variety of developmental and health issues. RASopathies present diverse clinical features and pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Studying the landscape of biomarkers in RASopathies has the potential to improve both clinical practices and the understanding of these disorders. This review provides an overview of recent discoveries in RASopathy molecular profiling, which extend beyond traditional gene mutation analysis. mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, protein expression patterns, and post-translational modifications characteristic of RASopathy patients within pivotal signaling pathways such as the RAS/MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and Rho/ROCK/LIMK2/cofilin pathways are summarized. Additionally, the field of metabolomics holds potential for uncovering metabolic signatures associated with specific RASopathies, which are crucial for developing precision medicine. Beyond molecular markers, we also examine the role of histological characteristics and non-invasive physiological assessments in identifying potential biomarkers, as they provide evidence of the disease's effects on various systems. Here, we synthesize key findings and illuminate promising avenues for future research in RASopathy biomarker discovery, underscoring rigorous validation and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ferrito
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.F.); (J.B.-F.); (J.S.-R.); (A.C.)
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Juan Báez-Flores
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.F.); (J.B.-F.); (J.S.-R.); (A.C.)
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Mario Rodríguez-Martín
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.F.); (J.B.-F.); (J.S.-R.); (A.C.)
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Julián Sastre-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.F.); (J.B.-F.); (J.S.-R.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessio Coppola
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.F.); (J.B.-F.); (J.S.-R.); (A.C.)
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - María Isidoro-García
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Clinical Rare Diseases Reference Unit DiERCyL, 37007 Castilla y León, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Prieto-Matos
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostics Science, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesus Lacal
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.F.); (J.B.-F.); (J.S.-R.); (A.C.)
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
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Tamburrino F, Mazzanti L, Scarano E, Gibertoni D, Sirolli M, Zioutas M, Schiavariello C, Perri A, Mantovani A, Rossi C, Tartaglia M, Pession A. Lipid profile in Noonan syndrome and related disorders: trend by age, sex and genotype. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1209339. [PMID: 37588986 PMCID: PMC10425765 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1209339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background RASopathies are developmental disorders caused by dysregulation of the RAS-MAPK signalling pathway, which contributes to the modulation of multiple extracellular signals, including hormones and growth factors regulating energetic metabolism, including lipid synthesis, storage, and degradation. Subjects and methods We evaluated the body composition and lipid profiles of a single-centre cohort of 93 patients with a molecularly confirmed diagnosis of RASopathy by assessing height, BMI, and total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, apolipoprotein, fasting glucose, and insulin levels, in the context of a cross sectional and longitudinal study. We specifically investigated and compared anthropometric and haematochemistry data between the Noonan syndrome (NS) and Mazzanti syndrome (NS/LAH) groups. Results At the first evaluation (9.5 ± 6.2 years), reduced growth (-1.80 ± 1.07 DS) was associated with a slightly reduced BMI (-0.34 DS ± 1.15 DS). Lipid profiling documented low total cholesterol levels (< 5th percentile) in 42.2% of the NS group; in particular, in 48.9% of PTPN11 patients and in 28.6% of NS/LAH patients compared to the general population, with a significant difference between males and females. A high proportion of patients had HDL levels lower than the 26th percentile, when compared to the age- and sex-matched general population. Triglycerides showed an increasing trend with age only in NS females. Genotype-phenotype correlations were also evident, with particularly reduced total cholesterol in about 50% of patients with PTPN11 mutations with LDL-C and HDL-C tending to decrease during puberty. Similarly, apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B deficits were documented, with differences in prevalence associated with the genotype for apolipoprotein A1. Fasting glucose levels and HOMA-IR were within the normal range. Conclusion The present findings document an unfavourable lipid profile in subjects with NS, in particular PTPN11 mutated patients, and NS/LAH. Further studies are required to delineate the dysregulation of lipid metabolism in RASopathies more systematically and confirm the occurrence of previously unappreciated genotype-phenotype correlations involving the metabolic profile of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tamburrino
- Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Scarano
- Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dino Gibertoni
- Research and Innovation Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Sirolli
- Pathology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maximiliano Zioutas
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Concetta Schiavariello
- Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annamaria Perri
- Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Mantovani
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cesare Rossi
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Jorge AAL, Edouard T, Maghnie M, Pietropoli A, Kelepouris N, Romano A, Zenker M, Horikawa R. Outcomes in growth hormone-treated Noonan syndrome children: impact of PTPN11 mutation status. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e210615. [PMID: 35245205 PMCID: PMC9066595 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in PTPN11 are associated with Noonan syndrome (NS). Although the effectiveness of growth hormone therapy (GHT) in treating short stature due to NS has been previously demonstrated, the effect of PTPN11 mutation status on the long-term outcomes of GHT remains to be elucidated. METHODS This analysis included pooled data from the observational American Norditropin Studies: Web-Enabled Research Program (NCT01009905) and the randomized, double-blinded GHLIQUID-4020 clinical trial (NCT01927861). Pediatric patients with clinically diagnosed NS and confirmed PTPN11mutation status were eligible for inclusion. The effectiveness analysis included patients who were GHT-naïve and pre-pubertal at GHT start. Growth outcomes and safety were assessed over 4 years of GHT (Norditropin®, Novo Nordisk A/S). RESULTS A total of 69 patients were included in the effectiveness analysis (71% PTPN11 positive). The proportion of females was 32.7 and 30.0% in PTPN11-positive and negative patients, respectively, and mean age at GHT start was 6.4 years in both groups. Using general population reference data, after 4 years of GHT, the mean (s.d.) height SD score (HSDS) was -1.9 (1.1) and -1.7 (0.8) for PTPN11-positive and PTPN11-negative patients, respectively, with no statistical difference observed between groups. The mean (s.d.) change in HSDS at 4 years was +1.3 (0.8) in PTPN11-positive patients and +1.5 (0.7) in PTPN11-negative patients (no significant differences between groups). Safety findings were consistent with previous analyses. CONCLUSIONS GHT resulted in improved growth outcomes over 4 years in GHT-naïve, pre-pubertal NS patients, irrespective of PTPN11 mutation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia-Genetica, LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thomas Edouard
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children’s Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, RESTORE INSERM UMR1301, Toulouse, France
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Pietropoli
- Novo Nordisk Health Care AG, Global Medical Affairs Biopharm, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicky Kelepouris
- Novo Nordisk Inc., Clinical, Medical and Regulatory Biopharm-RED, Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alicia Romano
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics & Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Reiko Horikawa
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed to R Horikawa:
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Tiemens DK, van Haaften L, Leenders E, van Wegberg AMJ, Gunther Moor B, Geelen J, Draaisma JMT. Feeding Problems in Patients with Noonan Syndrome: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:754. [PMID: 35160209 PMCID: PMC8836779 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) belongs to the group of Noonan syndrome spectrum disorders (NSSD), which is a group of phenotypically related conditions. Feeding problems are often present not only in infancy but also in childhood, and even beyond that period. We describe the different aspects of feeding problems using a (theoretical) concept proposed in 2019. More than 50% of infants with NS develop feeding problems, and up to half of these infants will be tube-dependent for some time. Although, in general, there is a major improvement between the age of 1 and 2 years, with only a minority still having feeding problems after the age of 2 years, as long as the feeding problems continue, the impact on the quality of life of both NS infants and their caregivers may be significant. Feeding problems in general improve faster in children with a pathogenic PTPN11 or SOS1 variant. The mechanism of the feeding problems is complex, and may be due to medical causes (gastroesophageal reflux disease and delayed gastric emptying, cardiac disease and infections), feeding-skill dysfunction, nutritional dysfunction with increased energy demand, or primary or secondary psychosocial dysfunction. Many of the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. The treatment of the feeding problems may be a medical challenge, especially when the feeding problems are accompanied by feeding-skill dysfunction and psychosocial dysfunction. This warrants a multidisciplinary intervention including psychology, nutrition, medicine, speech language pathology and occupational therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar K. Tiemens
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children’s Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.K.T.); (J.G.)
- Dutch Noonan Syndrome Foundation, Stationsweg 6b, 3862 CG Nijkerk, The Netherlands
| | - Leenke van Haaften
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Erika Leenders
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Annemiek M. J. van Wegberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology-Dietetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Bregtje Gunther Moor
- Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children’s Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Joyce Geelen
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children’s Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.K.T.); (J.G.)
| | - Jos M. T. Draaisma
- Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Children’s Hospital, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (D.K.T.); (J.G.)
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Paccoud R, Saint-Laurent C, Piccolo E, Tajan M, Dortignac A, Pereira O, Le Gonidec S, Baba I, Gélineau A, Askia H, Branchereau M, Charpentier J, Personnaz J, Branka S, Auriau J, Deleruyelle S, Canouil M, Beton N, Salles JP, Tauber M, Weill J, Froguel P, Neel BG, Araki T, Heymes C, Burcelin R, Castan I, Valet P, Dray C, Gautier EL, Edouard T, Pradère JP, Yart A. SHP2 drives inflammation-triggered insulin resistance by reshaping tissue macrophage populations. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/591/eabe2587. [PMID: 33910978 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe2587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a key event in type 2 diabetes onset and a major comorbidity of obesity. It results from a combination of fat excess-triggered defects, including lipotoxicity and metaflammation, but the causal mechanisms remain difficult to identify. Here, we report that hyperactivation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 found in Noonan syndrome (NS) led to an unsuspected insulin resistance profile uncoupled from altered lipid management (for example, obesity or ectopic lipid deposits) in both patients and mice. Functional exploration of an NS mouse model revealed this insulin resistance phenotype correlated with constitutive inflammation of tissues involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Bone marrow transplantation and macrophage depletion improved glucose homeostasis and decreased metaflammation in the mice, highlighting a key role of macrophages. In-depth analysis of bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro and liver macrophages showed that hyperactive SHP2 promoted a proinflammatory phenotype, modified resident macrophage homeostasis, and triggered monocyte infiltration. Consistent with a role of SHP2 in promoting inflammation-driven insulin resistance, pharmaceutical SHP2 inhibition in obese diabetic mice improved insulin sensitivity even better than conventional antidiabetic molecules by specifically reducing metaflammation and alleviating macrophage activation. Together, these results reveal that SHP2 hyperactivation leads to inflammation-triggered metabolic impairments and highlight the therapeutical potential of SHP2 inhibition to ameliorate insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Paccoud
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Céline Saint-Laurent
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Enzo Piccolo
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Mylène Tajan
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Alizée Dortignac
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Ophélie Pereira
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Sophie Le Gonidec
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Inès Baba
- INSERM UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Adélaïde Gélineau
- INSERM UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Haoussa Askia
- INSERM UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Maxime Branchereau
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Julie Charpentier
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Jean Personnaz
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Sophie Branka
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Johanna Auriau
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Simon Deleruyelle
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Mickaël Canouil
- INSERM UMR 1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Nicolas Beton
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse France and Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31024, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Salles
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse France and Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31024, France
| | - Maithé Tauber
- Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse France and Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31024, France
| | - Jacques Weill
- INSERM UMR 1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Philippe Froguel
- INSERM UMR 1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France.,Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU-Langone Medical Center, NY 10016, USA
| | - Toshiyuki Araki
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU-Langone Medical Center, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christophe Heymes
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Rémy Burcelin
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France
| | - Isabelle Castan
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Cédric Dray
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Emmanuel L Gautier
- INSERM UMR-S 1166, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Thomas Edouard
- RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France.,Endocrine, Bone Diseases, and Genetics Unit, Children's Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse France and Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, INSERM UMR 1043, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31024, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pradère
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France.,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
| | - Armelle Yart
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM UMR 1048, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31432, France. .,RESTORE, INSERM UMR1301, CNRS UMR5070, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse F-31100, France
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