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Lu S, Lin N, Huang A, Tong D, Liang Y, Li Y, Lu C. Feeding Postures and Substrate Use of François' Langurs ( Trachypithecus francoisi) in the Limestone Forest of Southwest China. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:565. [PMID: 38396533 PMCID: PMC10886065 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The feeding posture of a group of François' langurs in Fusui County, Guangxi, was studied using instantaneous scan sampling from January to December 2016 to explore how the species adapts to karst limestone forests by collecting data on feeding posture, forest strata height, and substrate use. The results showed that leaves were the main food type of the François' langurs, with young leaves accounting for 64.97% ± 19.08% of the food composition, mature leaves accounting for 11.88% ± 12.09%, fruits accounting for 12.96% ± 12.89%, flowers accounting for 4.16% ± 4.06%, and other food types, including stems, petioles, and other unknown parts of the tree, accounting for a total of 6.03% ± 9.09%. The François' langurs had four main postures during feeding, of which sitting and bipedal standing feeding accounted for the largest proportions, at 85.99% ± 5.97% and 12.33% ± 6.08% of the total records, respectively. Quadrupedal standing and suspending were rarely observed and only appeared occasionally during feeding activities at the peak resting period, the two postures together accounting for 1.39% ± 1.59% of the total records. The feeding postures of the langurs had marked seasonal variation, as evidenced by the fact that seated feeding accounted for a significantly higher proportion of the total behavioral records in the rainy season than in the dry season, whereas feeding while standing bipedally was significantly more frequent during the dry season. Correlation analyses showed that feeding posture was correlated with food composition, showing a positive correlation between the proportion of bipedal standing feeding and mature leaf consumption. François' langurs preferred to forage in the lower and middle forest layers, with the lower forest layer accounting for 55.93% ± 16.50% of the total number of recordings and the middle forest layer accounting for 33.63% ± 18.33%. Langurs were less likely to forage on the ground (rocks), accounting for only 6.79% ± 4.78% of the records. The frequency of langurs feeding in the upper part of the forest layer was the lowest at 3.65% ± 2.73%. Additionally, in the dry season, langurs utilized the lower forest layer more but used the middle forest layer less than in the rainy season. This study demonstrates that the spatial distribution of foods in the limestone forest has an important effect on the feeding posture of François' langurs and their forest layer utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Lu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
- Guangxi Forest Resources and Environment Monitoring Center, Nanning 530028, China; (A.H.); (D.T.); (Y.L.)
- Observation and Study Station of National Forest Ecosystem in Guangxi Dayaoshan, Laibin 546100, China
| | - Nanxin Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Marine Resources, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China;
| | - Anshu Huang
- Guangxi Forest Resources and Environment Monitoring Center, Nanning 530028, China; (A.H.); (D.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dewen Tong
- Guangxi Forest Resources and Environment Monitoring Center, Nanning 530028, China; (A.H.); (D.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongyan Liang
- Guangxi Forest Resources and Environment Monitoring Center, Nanning 530028, China; (A.H.); (D.T.); (Y.L.)
| | - Youbang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Changhu Lu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
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Anderwald P, Buchmann S, Rempfler T, Filli F. Weather-dependent changes in habitat use by Alpine chamois. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2024; 12:3. [PMID: 38229138 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-024-00449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in weather patterns due to climate change are accelerated in alpine environments, but mountains also provide a wide range of niches and potential refuge areas. In order to identify future critical habitat for mountain ungulates for effective protection, it is important to understand their spatial responses to changing weather conditions without movement constraints by human disturbance. METHODS Using integrated step selection functions, we investigated fine-scale changes in seasonal habitat use in response to weather and time of day for 55 GPS-collared adult Alpine chamois in summer and 42 individuals in winter in a strictly protected area. RESULTS Chamois reacted to increasing precipitation and wind speeds primarily by moving to lower elevations in summer and winter. However, reactions to high summer temperatures predominantly involved preferences for increasing tree cover density and northerly slopes. Snow depth had little effect on habitat choice, and southerly slopes were preferred in winter regardless of temperature. At night, chamois moved to steeper slopes and lower elevations than during daytime in both seasons, and to more open areas in summer. Steeper slopes were also preferred with increasing tree cover density. CONCLUSIONS Chamois employ adaptive fine-scale adjustments in their habitat choice consistent with respect to efficient thermoregulation and protection from both weather extremes and predation risk in summer and winter. Movement responses to climate change are therefore expected to be far more complex than simple altitudinal changes in distribution. Particularly the role of forest cover must not be underestimated, as it appears to provide important thermal refuge habitat from high summer temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Anderwald
- Swiss National Park, Chastè Planta-Wildenberg, Runatsch 124, 7530, Zernez, Switzerland.
| | - Sven Buchmann
- Swiss National Park, Chastè Planta-Wildenberg, Runatsch 124, 7530, Zernez, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Rempfler
- Swiss National Park, Chastè Planta-Wildenberg, Runatsch 124, 7530, Zernez, Switzerland
| | - Flurin Filli
- Swiss National Park, Chastè Planta-Wildenberg, Runatsch 124, 7530, Zernez, Switzerland
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Smeltzer EA, Stead SM, Li MF, Samson D, Kumpan LT, Teichroeb JA. Social sleepers: The effects of social status on sleep in terrestrial mammals. Horm Behav 2022; 143:105181. [PMID: 35594742 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Social status among group-living mammals can impact access to resources, such as water, food, social support, and mating opportunities, and this differential access to resources can have fitness consequences. Here, we propose that an animal's social status impacts their access to sleep opportunities, as social status may predict when an animal sleeps, where they sleep, who they sleep with, and how well they sleep. Our review of terrestrial mammals examines how sleep architecture and intensity may be impacted by (1) sleeping conditions and (2) the social experience during wakefulness. Sleeping positions vary in thermoregulatory properties, protection from predators, and exposure to parasites. Thus, if dominant individuals have priority of access to sleeping positions, they may benefit from higher quality sleeping conditions and, in turn, better sleep. With respect to waking experiences, we discuss the impacts of stress on sleep, as it has been established that specific social statuses can be characterized by stress-related physiological profiles. While much research has focused on how dominance hierarchies impact access to resources like food and mating opportunities, differential access to sleep opportunities among mammals has been largely ignored despite its potential fitness consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Smeltzer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - S M Stead
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - M F Li
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada
| | - D Samson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd., Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - L T Kumpan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - J A Teichroeb
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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Assessing male gelada chest patches: color measurement and physiological mechanisms. Mamm Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-021-00211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mekonnen A, Fashing PJ, Venkataraman VV, Chapman CA, Stenseth NC, Hernandez-Aguilar RA. Sleeping Site and Tree Selection by Bale Monkeys (Chlorocebus djamdjamensis) at Kokosa Forest Fragment in Southern Ethiopia. INT J PRIMATOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-021-00251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlthough selecting advantageous sleeping sites is crucial for nonhuman primates, the extent to which different factors contribute to their selection remains largely unknown for many species. We investigated hypotheses relating to predator avoidance, food access, and thermoregulation to explain the sleeping behavior of Bale monkeys (Chlorocebus djamdjamensis) occupying a degraded fragmented forest, Kokosa, in the southern Ethiopian Highlands. We found that the study group reused 11 out of 20 sleeping sites used during the 42 study days over a 6-month period. Sleeping sites were usually close to the last feeding trees of the day (mean distance =15.2 m) and/or the first feeding trees of the next morning (mean distance = 13.5 m). This may reflect an attempt to maximize feeding efficiency and reduce travel costs. Compared to the mean trees in the study area, sleeping trees were significantly shorter. Bale monkeys selected sleeping places in trees with high foliage density above and below them, lending support to the hypothesis that they select sleeping places that can conceal them from predators and at the same time offer shelter from cold weather. The monkeys also frequently huddled at night. Our results suggest that predator avoidance, access to food resources, and thermoregulation all likely influence the selection of sleeping sites by Bale monkeys.
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Hilário RR, Silvestre SM, Abreu F, Beltrão-Mendes R, de Castro CSS, Chagas RRD, De la Fuente MF, Duarte MHL, Ferrari SF, Passamani M, Schiel N, Souto A, Young RJ, Souza-Alves JP. Temperature and exudativory as drivers of the marmoset (Callithrix spp.) daily activity period. Am J Primatol 2021; 84:e23341. [PMID: 34662461 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Primates are affected by fluctuations in ambient temperatures, mostly through thermoregulatory costs and changes in the availability of food. In the present study, we investigate whether the ambient temperature and proxies of food availability affect the activity period of marmosets (Callithrix spp.). We predicted that: (i) at colder sites, marmosets would spend more time at sleeping sites; (ii) midday resting bouts would be longer at hotter sites; (iii) the onset/cessation of activity and resting behavior at midday would be more closely related to temperature than food availability, and (iv) highly exudativorous groups would have higher total levels of resting. We compiled data on the onset and cessation of activity and the time spent resting at midday from seven marmoset studies from sites with a wide range of temperatures. We used generalized linear mixed models to verify the relationship between the dependent variables (lag between dawn and the onset of activities, lag between cessation of activities and dusk, and proportion of resting during midday) and the minimum and maximum temperatures at the respective study sites, together with proxies of food availability (exudativory rates, the amount of habitat available per individual, and net primary productivity) using each sample month as a sampling unit and the identity of the study as a categorical random factor. At colder sites and during colder months, the marmosets left sleeping trees later in the morning and ceased their activities earlier, while at hotter sites and during hotter months, they spent more time resting during midday. More exudativorous groups become active later in the morning, but also ceased their activities later. The abundance of food did not affect the timing of activities. We provide evidence that both low and high temperatures affect marmosets' activities, and that their activity period appears to be more influenced by the thermal environment than food availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato R Hilário
- Departamento de Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Saulo M Silvestre
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Filipa Abreu
- Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Raone Beltrão-Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Carla S S de Castro
- Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Rio Tinto, Brazil
| | - Renata R D Chagas
- Departamento de Sistemárica e Ecologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Maria F De la Fuente
- Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Etnobiologia e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marina H L Duarte
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Vertebrados e Museu de Ciências Naturais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Stephen F Ferrari
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Passamani
- Departamento de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Nicola Schiel
- Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Etologia Teórica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Antonio Souto
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Robert J Young
- Department of Biology, University of Salford, Manchester, UK
| | - João P Souza-Alves
- Departamento de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal and Laboratório de Ecologia, Comportamento e Conservação (LECC), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Enari H, Enari HS. Ecological consequences of herbivory by Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) on succession patterns of tree assemblages: A case of snowy regions in Japan. Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23317. [PMID: 34358368 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Apart from frugivory, we have limited knowledge of the ecological consequences of primate herbivory. We aimed to ascertain the effects of spring folivory and winter bark/bud herbivory by Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) on tree species and succession patterns of cool-temperate forests with heavy snow. To evaluate the impact of herbivory on individual trees, we assessed the growth and mortality of trees consumed by simulating herbivory on nine tree species over 4 years. Additionally, we assessed the cumulative impacts of bark/bud herbivory observed at the tree community level by monitoring the patterns of natural herbivory for almost a decade and evaluating the structure of tree assemblages in places with different cumulative impacts of herbivory. The results of simulated herbivory showed that the mortality caused by both spring and winter herbivory was limited (<20%) for almost all tree species monitored; however, the simulated folivory led to delayed tree growth and/or weakening of tree architecture. In contrast, the simulated bark/bud herbivory sometimes resulted in overcompensation of the tree consumed. The multiyear monitoring of natural herbivory demonstrated that, while bark/bud herbivory did not reduced the diversity and biomass of tree assemblages, the cumulative impacts of natural herbivory could have affected the tree succession pattern, resulting in increasing the availability of bark/buds preferably fed by macaques. The key cause for this feedback effect of herbivory on available foods of macaques might be heavy snow conditions, which could physically and physiologically restrain the excessive bark/buds herbivory by macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Enari
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Haruka S Enari
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
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Mota-Rojas D, Wang D, Titto CG, Gómez-Prado J, Carvajal-de la Fuente V, Ghezzi M, Boscato-Funes L, Barrios-García H, Torres-Bernal F, Casas-Alvarado A, Martínez-Burnes J. Pathophysiology of Fever and Application of Infrared Thermography (IRT) in the Detection of Sick Domestic Animals: Recent Advances. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2316. [PMID: 34438772 PMCID: PMC8388492 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Body-temperature elevations are multifactorial in origin and classified as hyperthermia as a rise in temperature due to alterations in the thermoregulation mechanism; the body loses the ability to control or regulate body temperature. In contrast, fever is a controlled state, since the body adjusts its stable temperature range to increase body temperature without losing the thermoregulation capacity. Fever refers to an acute phase response that confers a survival benefit on the body, raising core body temperature during infection or systemic inflammation processes to reduce the survival and proliferation of infectious pathogens by altering temperature, restriction of essential nutrients, and the activation of an immune reaction. However, once the infection resolves, the febrile response must be tightly regulated to avoid excessive tissue damage. During fever, neurological, endocrine, immunological, and metabolic changes occur that cause an increase in the stable temperature range, which allows the core body temperature to be considerably increased to stop the invasion of the offending agent and restrict the damage to the organism. There are different metabolic mechanisms of thermoregulation in the febrile response at the central and peripheral levels and cellular events. In response to cold or heat, the brain triggers thermoregulatory responses to coping with changes in body temperature, including autonomic effectors, such as thermogenesis, vasodilation, sweating, and behavioral mechanisms, that trigger flexible, goal-oriented actions, such as seeking heat or cold, nest building, and postural extension. Infrared thermography (IRT) has proven to be a reliable method for the early detection of pathologies affecting animal health and welfare that represent economic losses for farmers. However, the standardization of protocols for IRT use is still needed. Together with the complete understanding of the physiological and behavioral responses involved in the febrile process, it is possible to have timely solutions to serious problem situations. For this reason, the present review aims to analyze the new findings in pathophysiological mechanisms of the febrile process, the heat-loss mechanisms in an animal with fever, thermoregulation, the adverse effects of fever, and recent scientific findings related to different pathologies in farm animals through the use of IRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (J.G.-P.); (L.B.-F.); (F.T.-B.); (A.C.-A.)
| | - Dehua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Cristiane Gonçalves Titto
- Laboratório de Biometeorologia e Etologia, FZEA-USP, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil;
| | - Jocelyn Gómez-Prado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (J.G.-P.); (L.B.-F.); (F.T.-B.); (A.C.-A.)
| | - Verónica Carvajal-de la Fuente
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Mexico; (V.C.-d.l.F.); (H.B.-G.)
| | - Marcelo Ghezzi
- Animal Welfare Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Buenos Aires 7000, Argentina;
| | - Luciano Boscato-Funes
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (J.G.-P.); (L.B.-F.); (F.T.-B.); (A.C.-A.)
| | - Hugo Barrios-García
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Mexico; (V.C.-d.l.F.); (H.B.-G.)
| | - Fabiola Torres-Bernal
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (J.G.-P.); (L.B.-F.); (F.T.-B.); (A.C.-A.)
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico; (J.G.-P.); (L.B.-F.); (F.T.-B.); (A.C.-A.)
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Ciudad Victoria 87000, Mexico; (V.C.-d.l.F.); (H.B.-G.)
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Zhang KC, Zhou QH, Xu HL, Huang ZH. Diet, food availability, and climatic factors drive ranging behavior in white-headed langurs in the limestone forests of Guangxi, southwest China. Zool Res 2021; 42:406-411. [PMID: 34075733 PMCID: PMC8317190 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in abiotic and biotic factors can affect the efficiency of biological systems in animals, forcing them to adjust their behaviors in response to daily and seasonal variations. From September 2016 to August 2017, we collected ranging behavior data on four groups of white-headed langurs ( Trachypithecus leucocephalus) in the Guangxi Chongzuo White-Headed Langur National Nature Reserve, Guangxi, southwest China. We simultaneously analyzed how multiple ecological factors affect langur ranging behavior, which should facilitate our understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying their adaptation to limestone habitats. Results showed that langur ranging behavior was significantly affected by diet composition, food availability, and climatic factors. Specifically, moving time and daily path length increased with the increase in dietary diversity. Furthermore, moving time and daily path length were positively associated with the availability of fruit and relative humidity of the forest, and moderately associated with temperature and relative humidity of bare rock. Our study demonstrated that langurs maintain stable moving and feeding times and exhibit a short daily travel distance, likely adopting an energy-conserving behavioral strategy in response to food shortages and high temperatures in the fragmented karst forest. These results highlight the importance of food availability and temperature in shaping the ranging behavior of these karst-dwelling primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Chu Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Qi-Hai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Huai-Liang Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China. E-mail:
| | - Zhong-Hao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection (Guangxi Normal University), Ministry of Education, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China. E-mail:
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Rodríguez J, Willmes C, Mateos A. Shivering in the Pleistocene. Human adaptations to cold exposure in Western Europe from MIS 14 to MIS 11. J Hum Evol 2021; 153:102966. [PMID: 33711721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During the mid-Middle Pleistocene MIS 14 to MIS 11, humans spread through Western Europe from the Mediterranean peninsulas to the sub-Arctic region, and they did so not only during the warm periods but also during the glacial stages. In doing so, they were exposed to harsh environmental conditions, including low or extremely low temperatures. Here we review the distribution of archeological assemblages in Western Europe from MIS 14 to MIS 11 and obtain estimates of the climatic conditions at those localities. Estimates of the mean annual temperature, mean winter and summer temperatures, and the lowest temperature of the coldest month for each locality were obtained from the Oscillayers database. Our results show that hominins endured cold exposure not only during the glacial stages but also during the interglacials, with winter temperatures below 0 °C at many localities. The efficacy of the main physiological and behavioral adaptations that might have been used by the Middle Pleistocene hominins to cope with low temperatures is evaluated using a simple heat-loss model. Our results suggest that physiological and anatomical adaptations alone, such as increasing basal metabolic rate and subcutaneous adipose tissue, were not enough to tolerate the low winter temperatures of Western Europe, even during the MIS 13 and MIS 11 interglacials. In contrast, the use of a simple fur bed cover appears to have been an extremely effective response to low temperatures. We suggest that advanced fire production and control technology were not necessary for the colonization of northern Europe during MIS 14 and MIS 12. We propose that Middle Pleistocene European populations were able to endure the low temperatures of those glacial stages combining anatomical and physiological adaptations with behavioral responses, such as the use of shelter and simple fur clothes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain
| | - Christian Willmes
- Institute of Geography, University of Cologne, 50923, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ana Mateos
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain.
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Ishizuka S. Do dominant monkeys gain more warmth? Number of physical contacts and spatial positions in huddles for male Japanese macaques in relation to dominance rank. Behav Processes 2021; 185:104317. [PMID: 33417930 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Animals show various forms of behavioral thermoregulation to minimize cold stress. Given that higher dominance rank is often associated with increased fitness in group-living animals, higher-ranking individuals may also benefit from better access to thermally optimal spatial positions within huddles. This study examined the association between dominance rank and the potential thermoregulatory benefits of huddling behavior in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) inhabiting Shodoshima Island, which form exceptionally large huddles. I photographed monkey huddles, and analyzed the number of individuals that males were in contact with and males' spatial positons in huddles. Higher-ranking males were significantly more likely to be in contact with larger numbers of individuals in huddles. Higher-ranking males occupied non-peripheral positions in huddles more often than lower-ranking males, which put them in contact with larger numbers of individuals. These results suggest that high dominance rank may confer potential thermal advantages on male Japanese macaques. The mechanism for this is likely that the highest-ranking male often intrude in already-formed huddles, although such behaviors of males were not quantitatively assessed. This study contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms of cold adaptation in relation to dominance rank in group-living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Ishizuka
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan; Japan Society for Promotion of Science, Japan.
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12
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Hernandez-Aguilar RA, Reitan T. Deciding Where to Sleep: Spatial Levels of Nesting Selection in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Living in Savanna at Issa, Tanzania. INT J PRIMATOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-020-00186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTo understand how animals select resources we need to analyze selection at different spatial levels or scales in the habitat. We investigated which physical characteristics of trees (dimensions and structure, e.g., height, trunk diameter, number of branches) determined nesting selection by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) on two different spatial scales: individual nesting trees and nesting sites. We also examined whether individual tree selection explained the landscape pattern of nesting site selection. We compared the physical characteristics of actual (N = 132) and potential (N = 242) nesting trees in nesting sites (in 15 plots of 25 m × 25 m) and of all trees in actual and potential nesting sites (N = 763 in 30 plots of 25 m × 25 m). We collected data in May and June 2003 in Issa, a dry and open savanna habitat in Tanzania. Chimpanzees selected both the site they used for nesting in the landscape and the trees they used to build nests within a nesting site, demonstrating two levels of spatial selection in nesting. Site selection was stronger than individual tree selection. Tree height was the most important variable for both nesting site and tree selection in our study, suggesting that chimpanzees selected both safe sites and secure trees for sleeping.
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13
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Hanya G, Yoshihiro SI, Hayaishi S, Takahata Y. Ranging patterns of Japanese macaques in the coniferous forest of Yakushima: Home range shift and travel rate. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23185. [PMID: 32794210 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ranging is one of the most important behavioral adaptations for coping with seasonally fluctuating food and thermal conditions. We studied the ranging patterns, in particular home range shift and travel rate of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in the coniferous forest of Yakushima by tracking a group for 17 months. We also supplemented our data with records collected every August over a 5-year annual census. The macaque group used the eastern part of their home range from May to September and the western part during the rest of the year. The eastern part of the home range was largely primary forest in the national park, and the altitude was higher than in the western part. When they used the western part, the macaques ate more herbs and fruits from small-sized trees, the availability of which was higher in the logged forest. This east-west home range shift occurred repeatedly over multiple years. A neighboring group occupied the western part of the focal group's home range in summer, which the focal group did not use in that season. Both temperature and diet affected seasonal changes in the monthly average travel rate. Animals need more energy for thermoregulation when the temperature is low, so the macaques decreased their ranging efforts to save energy at times of low temperature. They increased their ranging distance to eat fungi, since their encounters with this food would increase with the total distance walked. They also increased their travel rate when eating flowers, which had lower food patch (tree) density than other foods such as fruits. The data supported the hypothesis that the macaques capitalize on habitat heterogeneity in a seasonally fluctuating habitat by shifting their home range and modifying their travel rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Shuhei Hayaishi
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Faculty of Education, Kamakura Women's University, Kamakura, Japan
| | - Yukio Takahata
- School of Policy Studies, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
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14
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Hanya G, Tackmann J, Sawada A, Lee W, Pokharel SS, de Castro Maciel VG, Toge A, Kuroki K, Otsuka R, Mabuchi R, Liu J, Hatakeyama M, Yamasaki E, von Mering C, Shimizu-Inatsugi R, Hayakawa T, Shimizu KK, Ushida K. Fermentation Ability of Gut Microbiota of Wild Japanese Macaques in the Highland and Lowland Yakushima: In Vitro Fermentation Assay and Genetic Analyses. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 80:459-474. [PMID: 32328670 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata Blyth) living in the highland and lowland areas of Yakushima are known to have different diets, with highland individuals consuming more leaves. We aim to clarify whether and how these differences in diet are also reflected by gut microbial composition and fermentation ability. Therefore, we conduct an in vitro fermentation assay using fresh feces from macaques as inoculum and dry leaf powder of Eurya japonica Thunb. as a substrate. Fermentation activity was higher for feces collected in the highland, as evidenced by higher gas and butyric acid production and lower pH. Genetic analysis indicated separation of highland and lowland in terms of both community structure and function of the gut microbiota. Comparison of feces and suspension after fermentation indicated that the community structure changed during fermentation, and the change was larger for lowland samples. Analysis of the 16S rRNA V3-V4 barcoding region of the gut microbiota showed that community structure was clearly clustered between the two areas. Furthermore, metagenomic analysis indicated separation by gene and pathway abundance patterns. Two pathways (glycogen biosynthesis I and D-galacturonate degradation I) were enriched in lowland samples, possibly related to the fruit-eating lifestyle in the lowland. Overall, we demonstrated that the more leaf-eating highland Japanese macaques harbor gut microbiota with higher leaf fermentation ability compared with the more fruit-eating lowland ones. Broad, non-specific taxonomic and functional gut microbiome differences suggest that this pattern may be driven by a complex interplay between many taxa and pathways rather than single functional traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.
| | - Janko Tackmann
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Akiko Sawada
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Wanyi Lee
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | | | | | - Akito Toge
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Kota Kuroki
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Ryoma Otsuka
- Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoma Mabuchi
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jie Liu
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaomi Hatakeyama
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eri Yamasaki
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Rie Shimizu-Inatsugi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Hayakawa
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Kentaro K Shimizu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazunari Ushida
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences, Kasugai, Japan
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15
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Differential responses of non-human primates to seasonal temperature fluctuations. Primates 2020; 61:455-464. [PMID: 32034535 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-020-00801-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHPs) can adapt to conditions outside of their natural habitat and climatic ranges but this can be influenced by inherent evolutionary traits or plasticity of species that evolved in diverse environmental conditions. In this study, we investigated how five species of NHPs that have natural distributions across a range of climatic conditions responded to seasonal temperature changes in a captive environment. The activity levels of NHPs were affected by temperature changes over the season, where activity levels were generally reduced at the lower and higher temperature ranges. Species that are naturally found within narrower and warmer climatic ranges, compared to those found in colder environments with wider fluctuations in temperature, showed more marked changes in activity levels in response to temperature changes. In lower temperature conditions, three out of five species showed significantly lower activity levels; whereas in higher temperature conditions, the activity levels of all species did not significantly decrease. The frequency of thermoregulation behaviours was higher, and use of artificial thermoregulatory sources lower, for species that did not substantially adjust their activity levels in different temperature conditions. Our results suggest that NHPs largely retained the evolutionary traits related to thermoregulation, according to the different ambient conditions they evolved in and may have low behavioural plasticity in adapting to conditions outside of their natural ranges. These results provide insights for improving conservation and captive management and may have implications for understanding NHP resilience to the increasing impact of global climate change.
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16
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Hanya G, Morishima K, Koide T, Otani Y, Hongo S, Honda T, Okamura H, Higo Y, Hattori M, Kondo Y, Kurihara Y, Jin S, Otake A, Shiroisihi I, Takakuwa T, Yamamoto H, Suzuki H, Kajimura H, Hayakawa T, Suzuki‐Hashido N, Nakano T. Host selection of hematophagous leeches (
Haemadipsa japonica
): Implications for iDNA studies. Ecol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute Kyoto University Inuyama Japan
| | - Kaori Morishima
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Utsunomiya Japan
| | | | - Yosuke Otani
- Center for the Study of Co* Design Osaka University Toyonaka Japan
| | - Shun Hongo
- The Center for African Area Studies Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Takeaki Honda
- Primate Research Institute Kyoto University Inuyama Japan
| | - Hiroki Okamura
- Primate Research Institute Kyoto University Inuyama Japan
| | - Yuma Higo
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Masamichi Hattori
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Gifu University Gifu Japan
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Graduate School of Education Gifu University Gifu Japan
- Graduate School of Science Osaka City University Osaka Japan
| | - Yosuke Kurihara
- Primate Research Institute Kyoto University Inuyama Japan
- Center for Education and Research in Field Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture Shizuoka University Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Sakura Jin
- Faculty of Agriculture Iwate University Morioka Japan
| | - Aji Otake
- Faculty of Agriculture Iwate University Morioka Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | | | - Tomomi Takakuwa
- Faculty of Agriculture Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Fuchu Japan
| | | | - Hanami Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Hisashi Kajimura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Takashi Hayakawa
- Primate Research Institute Kyoto University Inuyama Japan
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
- Japan Monkey Centre Inuyama Japan
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17
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Ning WH, Guan ZH, Huang B, Fan PF, Jiang XL. Influence of food availability and climate on behavior patterns of western black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor) at Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, China. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e23068. [PMID: 31721262 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Food abundance and climatic factors can significantly affect the behavior of animals and constrain their activity budgets. The population of western black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor) in Mt. Wuliang lives in montane forest and is close to the northern extreme of the distribution for gibbons (Hylobatidae). Their habitats show remarkable seasonal variation in terms of food availability, temperature, and rainfall. To understand behavioral adaptations of western black crested gibbons to different sets of ecological conditions, we examined relationships among food availability, mean temperature, rainfall, and behavior patterns by observing two groups for 1 year each. Our results revealed that activity budget was affected by food availability and mean temperature. The gibbons spent more time eating flowers when that resource was more available and spent less time moving when fruit was more available. The gibbons spent less time feeding and more time resting, and spent less feeding time on fruit and leaves when the mean temperature was lower. These results suggest that the gibbons displayed a pronounced preference for flowers as a food resource and adopted a time minimizer strategy when high-nutrient food items (i.e., fruit) were more available. In addition, the gibbons adopted an energy-conserving strategy during periods of low temperature. The flexibility of behavioral patterns in responding to food availability and temperature may potentially improve the gibbons' prospects of surviving and reproducing in a northern montane forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-He Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Guan
- Yunnan Academy of Biodiversity, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Bei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Peng-Fei Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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18
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Coppola F, Vecchio G, Felicioli A. Diurnal motor activity and "sunbathing" behaviour in crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata L., 1758). Sci Rep 2019; 9:14283. [PMID: 31582782 PMCID: PMC6776508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The crested porcupine is a mainly nocturnal mammal that shows both moonlight avoidance and some diurnal motor activity, the latter as an extension of its night-time foraging behaviour. Furthermore, a peculiar daytime behaviour, described as "sunbathing", was reported as episodic in H. africaeaustralis. Between 2016 and 2019 a camera-trapping monitoring was performed within 10 porcupine settlements in order to detect the diurnal motor activity and to verify and describe the sunbathing behaviour in crested porcupine. Out of 1,003 trap days, a total of 148 events of diurnal motor activity were recorded. The diurnal motor activity occurred throughout the year mainly between December and June from 15:00 to 16:00, with no statistical difference between cubs, youngsters and adults. The sunbathing behaviour was detected for a total of 36 episodes recorded. Sunbathing was performed mainly by cubs. The sunbathing behaviour occurred only between April and June during the hottest hours of the day (11:00 to 12:00). Diurnal motor activity and sunbathing behaviour of porcupine are discussed in relation to food availability and porcupine physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Coppola
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Felicioli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56124, Italy.
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19
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Fei HL, Thompson C, Fan PF. Effects of cold weather on the sleeping behavior of Skywalker hoolock gibbons (Hoolock tianxing) in seasonal montane forest. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e23049. [PMID: 31502292 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Considering the high energetic costs of maintaining constant body temperature, mammals must adjust their thermoregulatory behaviors in response to cold temperatures. Although primate daytime thermoregulation is relatively well studied, there is limited research in relation to nighttime strategies. To investigate how Skywalker hoolock gibbons (Hoolock tianxing) cope with the low temperatures found in montane forests, we collected sleep-related behavior data from one group (NA) and a single female (NB) at Nankang (characterized by extensive tsaoko plantations) between July 2010 and September 2011, and one group (BB) at Banchang (relatively well-managed reserve forest) between May 2013 and May 2015 in Mt. Gaoligong, Yunnan, China. The annual mean temperature was 13.3°C at Nankang (October 2010 to September 2011) and 13.0°C at Banchang (June 2013 to May 2015) with temperatures dropping below -2.0°C at both sites, making them the coldest known gibbon habitats. The lowest temperatures at both sites remained below 5.0°C from November to March, which we, therefore, defined as the "cold season". The hoolock gibbons remained in their sleeping trees for longer periods during the cold season compared to the warm season. Sleeping trees found at lower elevations and closer to potential feeding trees were favored during cold seasons at both sites. In addition, the gibbons were more likely to huddle together during cold seasons. Our results suggest that cold temperatures have a significant effect on the sleeping behavior of the Skywalker hoolock gibbon, highlighting the adaptability of this threatened species in response to cold climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Lan Fei
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Carolyn Thompson
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peng-Fei Fan
- Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
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20
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Pflüger LS, Pink KE, Böck A, Huffman MA, Wallner B. On the sunny side of (new) life: Effect of sunshine duration on age at first reproduction in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e23019. [PMID: 31243793 PMCID: PMC6773204 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To produce offspring early in life is energetically demanding and depends greatly on environmental conditions. In female primates, age at first reproduction (AFR) has been associated with social parameters (e.g., population density and social rank), food availability and meteorological conditions (e.g., photoperiod, rainfall patterns, and temperature). Regarding the latter, less attention has been given to the influence of sunshine. In nonhuman primates, including the northern‐most distributed Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata), sunbathing is an effective thermoregulatory strategy to maintain sufficient energy intake during harsh winter months. Furthermore, the energetic value of sunshine and its role in the synthesis of essential vitamins important for sexual development and overall fertility is well investigated using human and animal models. In the present study, we hypothesized that female's AFR is influenced by the amount of sunshine in a semi‐free‐ranging, provisioned a group of Japanese macaques. To test this, we gathered data on sunshine duration in the year females theoretically experienced the onset of puberty. This phase of the female life cycle is particularly prone to the effects of environmental conditions. In addition to the investigation of sunshine duration and other meteorological conditions (i.e., rainfall and temperature) we controlled for social parameters (i.e., group size and sex ratio) as potential covariates. We found a clear effect of sunshine duration on female AFR: Females who entered puberty in years with more sunshine reproduced for the first time at significantly younger ages than females who experienced less sunshine during this specific period of their development. Possible mechanisms for how the sunshine influences sexual maturation in Japanese macaques are discussed. We investigated the influence of sunshine during the year of puberty onset on a female's age at first reproduction (AFR).
We used 20 years of birth data from a semi‐free‐ranging group of Japanese macaques and meteorological data provided online by local weather stations
We controlled for the influence of other meteorological conditions as well as for group size and socionomic sex ratio
Higher mean sunshine duration in the year of puberty onset significantly decreased females’ AFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena S Pflüger
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Research Center for Primatology, Ossiach, Austria.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina E Pink
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Family and Population Studies, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anja Böck
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A Huffman
- Austrian Research Center for Primatology, Ossiach, Austria.,Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Bernard Wallner
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Research Center for Primatology, Ossiach, Austria
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21
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Snodderly DM, Ellis KM, Lieberman SR, Link A, Fernandez-Duque E, Di Fiore A. Initiation of feeding by four sympatric Neotropical primates (Ateles belzebuth, Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii, Plecturocebus (Callicebus) discolor, and Pithecia aequatorialis) in Amazonian Ecuador: Relationships to photic and ecological factors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210494. [PMID: 30673746 PMCID: PMC6344106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined photic and ecological factors related to initiation of feeding by four sympatric primates in the rain forest of Amazonian Ecuador. With rare exceptions, morning activities of all taxa began only after the onset of nautical twilight, which occurred 47-48 min before sunrise. The larger spider and woolly monkeys, Ateles belzebuth and Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii, left their sleeping trees before sunrise about half the time, while the smaller sakis and titi monkeys, Pithecia aequatorialis and Plecturocebus (formerly Callicebus) discolor, did not emerge until sunrise or later. None of the four taxa routinely began feeding before sunrise. Pithecia began feeding a median 2.17 h after sunrise, at least 0.8 h later than the median feeding times of the other three taxa. The early movement of Ateles and Lagothrix, and late initiation of feeding by Pithecia are consistent with temporal niche partitioning. Among most New World primate species, all males and many females, have dichromatic color vision, with only two cone photopigments, while some females are trichromats with three cone photopigments. Current evidence indicates that the dichromats have a foraging advantage in dim light, which could facilitate utilization of twilight periods and contribute to temporal niche partitioning. However, in our study, dichromatic males did not differentially exploit the dim light of twilight, and times of first feeding bouts of female Ateles and Lagothrix were similar to those of males. First feeding bouts followed a seasonal pattern, occurring latest in May-August, when ripe fruit abundance and ambient temperature were both relatively low. The most frugivorous taxon, Ateles, exhibited the greatest seasonality, initiating feeding 1.4 h later in May-August than in January-April. This pattern may imply a strategy of conserving energy when ripe fruit is scarcer, but starting earlier to compete successfully when fruit is more abundant. Lower temperatures were associated with later feeding of Ateles (by 26 min / °C) and perhaps Pithecia, but not Lagothrix or Plecturocebus. The potential for modification of temporal activity patterns and temporal niche partitioning by relatively small changes in temperature should be considered when predicting the effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Max Snodderly
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Kelsey M. Ellis
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Sarina R. Lieberman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Andrés Link
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Management, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | - Anthony Di Fiore
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
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22
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Chu YMR, Sha JCM, Kawazoe T, Dong X. Sleeping site and tree selection by Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Baihe Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22936. [PMID: 30537389 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
For non-human primates to optimize their survival chances, sleeping site selection is crucial as they spend much of their time sleeping. We studied sleeping site and tree selection by a group of wild Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in the temperate forests of Baihe Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China, to assess if certain site and tree characteristics were selected. We identified a total of 39 sleeping sites and 111 sleeping trees over a period of 1 year. We compared nine sleeping site and six sleeping tree variables related to the environment, habitat, and vegetation structure. We found that certain characteristics of sleeping sites and sleeping trees predicted their selection by R. roxellana. On a larger spatial scale, sleeping sites were selected based mainly on four factors: canopy height, slope direction, slope gradient, and vegetation type. They also selected sites with trees that were taller and larger, had larger crown diameters and higher bole branches. On a smaller spatial scale, they selected larger trees with larger crown diameters. The selection of these characteristics could be explained in terms of predator avoidance and thermoregulation efficiency, although it was difficult to delineate which was more important. This could be due to some characteristics of R. roxellana, that is, large groups living in temperate climates, which required a balanced strategy for sleeping site and tree selection in order to optimize their survival chances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Chih Mun Sha
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Tatsuro Kawazoe
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-Sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Xin Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
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23
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Thompson CL, Vinyard CJ. Monkey business: Collaborating to grow an ecological physiology of primates. Am J Primatol 2018; 81:e22934. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. Thompson
- Department of Biomedical SciencesGrand Valley State UniversityAllendaleMichigan
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24
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Gennuso MS, Brividoro M, Pavé R, Raño M, Kowalewski M. Social play among black and gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) immatures during intergroup encounters. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22909. [PMID: 30152540 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We studied intergroup social play (IGSP) among immatures in wild black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in northeastern Argentina. IGSP events are one form of affiliative interaction that can occur during intergroup encounters. The main goal of this study was to analyze IGSP in A. caraya immatures and assess how intrinsic (e.g., age and sex) and extrinsic (e.g., seasonality) factors can influence the development of this type of social behavior. We followed 12 groups between 2008 and 2015 and recorded 182 encounters and 61 events of IGSP. Considering the composition of play partners, most IGSP events occurred among juveniles of both sexes (33%), followed by juveniles that were only-male (31%), and finally between mixed-sex juveniles and infants (20%) interactions. Additionally, most IGSP events occurred mainly in summer (56%), followed by spring (29%), with fewer events occurring in autumn (15%) and no IGSP events recorded in winter. Our results suggest that IGSP constitutes a beneficial activity in wild A. caraya that promotes behavioral flexibility, where immatures acquire social skills, such as tolerance, by interacting with unknown individuals. Moreover, the higher participation of young males in IGSP is consistent with the fact that adult black and gold howler males tend to be more actively involved in group encounters than females, supporting the hypothesis that social play provides benefits in the development of motor and social skills. Finally, seasonality in the frequencies of IGSP might be related to availability of foods with high and easily mobilized energy content in summer and spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Gennuso
- Estación Biológica Corrientes MACN, CONICET Ruta Pcial. 8 s/n 3401-San Cayetano Pcia. de, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Melina Brividoro
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología, CONICET-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Pje El Pozo s/n, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Romina Pavé
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical- Nodo Iguazú-CONICET- UNaM Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico (CeIBA), Bertoni 85- (3370)- Pto Iguazú - Misiones, Argentina
| | - Mariana Raño
- Estación Biológica Corrientes MACN, CONICET Ruta Pcial. 8 s/n 3401-San Cayetano Pcia. de, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Martin Kowalewski
- Estación Biológica Corrientes MACN, CONICET Ruta Pcial. 8 s/n 3401-San Cayetano Pcia. de, Corrientes, Argentina
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25
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The costs of living at the edge: Seasonal stress in wild savanna-dwelling chimpanzees. J Hum Evol 2018; 121:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Sha JCM, Kurihara Y, Tsuji Y, Take M, He T, Kaneko A, Suda-Hashimoto N, Morimoto M, Natsume T, Zahariev A, Blanc S, Hanya G. Seasonal variation of energy expenditure in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). J Therm Biol 2018; 76:139-146. [PMID: 30143288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Animals living in seasonal environments must adapt to a wide variation of temperature changes which requires flexible adjustments of time budget and metabolic processes for efficient thermoregulation. The Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) is one of only a handful of nonhuman primate species that experience seasonal climates over a wide temperature range. We used behavior observations, accelerometer sensors and the doubly-labelled water (DLW) method to measure activity and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) of M. fuscata housed in captivity but exposed to natural seasonal variations at day lengths ranging from 10 to 12 h and temperature ranging from 0° to 32°C. Although overall activity was significantly lower in winter compared to summer and autumn, we found no effect of temperature on day-time activity. However nocturnal inactivity and mean length of sleeping bouts significantly increased along a gradient of decreasing temperatures from summer through winter, suggesting the importance of adaptive behavioral thermoregulation in this species. Energy expenditure that was unaccounted for by Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and physical activity i.e. expended through diet-induced thermogenesis or thermoregulation was between 14% and 32%. This residual energy expenditure differed between summer/autumn and winter and was relatively consistent across individuals (approximately 5-8% higher in winter). The percentage of body fat and residual energy expenditure were negatively correlated, supporting that fat storage was higher when less energy was required for thermoregulation. Our results suggest that physiological mechanisms like behavioral and autonomic thermoregulation enable M. fuscata to adapt to wide fluctuations in environmental conditions which provide insights into the evolutionary adaptations of nonhuman primates in seasonal climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chih Mun Sha
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan; School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, China.
| | | | - Yamato Tsuji
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Makiko Take
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Tianmeng He
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandre Zahariev
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, The National Center for Scientific Research, Strasbourg University, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, The National Center for Scientific Research, Strasbourg University, France
| | - Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan
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27
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Hanya G, Otani Y, Hongo S, Honda T, Okamura H, Higo Y. Activity of wild Japanese macaques in Yakushima revealed by camera trapping: Patterns with respect to season, daily period and rainfall. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190631. [PMID: 29293657 PMCID: PMC5749816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals are subject to various scales of temporal environmental fluctuations, among which daily and seasonal variations are two of the most widespread and significant ones. Many biotic and abiotic factors change temporally, and climatic factors are particularly important because they directly affect the cost of thermoregulation. The purpose of the present study was to determine the activity patterns of wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) with a special emphasis on the effect of thermal conditions. We set 30 camera traps in the coniferous forest of Yakushima and monitored them for a total of 8658 camera-days between July 2014 and July 2015. Over the one-year period, temperature had a positive effect, and rainfall had a negative effect on the activity of macaques during the day. Capture rate was significantly higher during the time period of one hour after sunrise and during midday. During winter days, macaques concentrated their activity around noon, and activity shifted from the morning toward the afternoon. This could be interpreted as macaques shifting their activity to warmer time periods within a single day. Japanese macaques decreased their activity during the time before sunrise in seasons with lower temperatures. It was beneficial for macaques to be less active during cooler time periods in a cold season. Even small amounts of rainfall negatively affected the activity of Japanese macaques, with capture rates decreasing significantly even when rainfall was only 0.5-1 mm/min. In conclusion, thermal conditions significantly affected the activity of wild Japanese macaques at various time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Otani
- Institute for Academic Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shun Hongo
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Takeaki Honda
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Okamura
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Yuma Higo
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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29
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Ishii N, Kato T, Uno T, Tanaka I, Kajigaya H, Hayama SI. The Number of Louse Eggs on Wild Japanese Macaques ( Macaca fuscata) Varies with Age, but Not with Sex or Season. INT J PRIMATOL 2017; 38:1090-1101. [PMID: 29263565 PMCID: PMC5730623 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-017-9998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
During grooming, primates remove harmful ectoparasites, such as ticks and lice, and there is direct evidence for a health benefit of tick removal. Grooming behaviors differ among primates with respect to age and sex. Moreover, the number of ectoparasite may exhibit seasonal variation. Therefore the number of ectoparasites on a host may vary with effects, host age and sex, and season. However, these effects have not been a focus of louse infestation studies of primates. Grooming in Japanese macaques is related to sex and age, with developmental changes in behavior corresponding to the timing of tooth eruption. Moreover, behavioral data for Japanese macaques suggest that lice load may differ with the season. Thus, we examined whether the number of louse eggs varies according to host macaque sex, age, and season, and whether it changes in response to tooth eruption. We counted unhatched and hatched eggs attached to the hair on six 1-cm2 areas on the left wrist skin of culled macaques, using a stereoscopic microscope. We sampled five winter coats and three summer coats for each age class: infant, juvenile, adolescent, and adult. The number of unhatched and hatched eggs was related to age, but not to sex and season. There were significant differences in the number of unhatched eggs between infants and adults, juveniles and adults, and adolescents and adults. There were also significant differences in the number of hatched eggs between infants and adults, juveniles and adults, adolescents and adults. Tooth eruption did not influence the number of louse eggs. These results suggest that researchers should consider the age of host animals when assessing the relationship between grooming and ectoparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Ishii
- Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602 Japan
| | - Takuya Kato
- Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602 Japan
| | - Taiki Uno
- Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602 Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Kajigaya
- Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602 Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Hayama
- Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602 Japan
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30
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Thompson CL, Powell BL, Williams SH, Hanya G, Glander KE, Vinyard CJ. Thyroid hormone fluctuations indicate a thermoregulatory function in both a tropical (
Alouatta palliata
) and seasonally cold‐habitat (
Macaca fuscata
) primate. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. Thompson
- Department of Biomedical SciencesGrand Valley State UniversityAllendaleMichigan
| | | | - Susan H. Williams
- Department of Biomedical SciencesOhio University Heritage College of Osteopathic MedicineAthensOhio
| | - Goro Hanya
- Ecology & Conservation Section, Department of Ecology & Social Behavior, Primate Research InstituteKyoto UniversityInuyamaJapan
| | - Kenneth E. Glander
- Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina
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31
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Sha JCM, Kaneko A, Suda-Hashimoto N, He T, Take M, Zhang P, Hanya G. Estimating activity of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) using accelerometers. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [PMID: 28892192 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Accelerometers have been used to study both terrestrial and aquatic wildlife, mainly for mammal and bird species. In terrestrial mammals, there is a bias toward ungulates and carnivores, with fewer studies on nonhuman primates. In this study, we tested the use of accelerometers for studying the activity of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). We modeled the activity of a male and a female subject by matching continuous focal observations from video recordings to sensor parameters derived from collar-mounted accelerometers. Models achieved classification performance (AUC) of greater than 90% for both subjects, with similar results when subjects were cross-validated. Accelerometer-based estimates of activity had comparable accuracies to estimates from instantaneous sampling at 1 min and 5 min intervals. We further demonstrated the use of model estimates for analyzing circadian rhythm and night time activity of M. fuscata. Our results add support to the feasibility of using accelerometers for studying activity of nonhuman primates. We discussed the limitations, benefits and potential applications of remote-sensing technology like accelerometers for advancing primalotogical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C M Sha
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan.,School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Akihisa Kaneko
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Tianmeng He
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Makiko Take
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
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32
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Eppley TM, Watzek J, Dausmann KH, Ganzhorn JU, Donati G. Huddling is more important than rest site selection for thermoregulation in southern bamboo lemurs. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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33
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Do Predators and Thermoregulation Influence Choice of Sleeping Sites and Sleeping Behavior in Azara’s Owl Monkeys (Aotus azarae azarae) in Northern Argentina? INT J PRIMATOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9946-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Thompson CL, Williams SH, Glander KE, Vinyard CJ. Measuring Microhabitat Temperature in Arboreal Primates: A Comparison of On-Animal and Stationary Approaches. INT J PRIMATOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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Rimbach R, Willigenburg R, Schoepf I, Yuen CH, Pillay N, Schradin C. Young But Not Old Adult African Striped Mice Reduce Their Activity in the Dry Season When Food Availability is Low. Ethology 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rimbach
- School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Remco Willigenburg
- School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
- HAS Den Bosch; University of Applied Sciences; Den Bosch The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Schoepf
- School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Chi Hang Yuen
- School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Neville Pillay
- School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Carsten Schradin
- School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
- IPHC; UNISTRA; CNRS; Strasbourg France
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36
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Ueno M, Nakamichi M. Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) mothers huddle with their young offspring instead of adult females for thermoregulation. Behav Processes 2016; 129:41-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Kelley EA, Jablonski NG, Chaplin G, Sussman RW, Kamilar JM. Behavioral thermoregulation in Lemur catta: The significance of sunning and huddling behaviors. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:745-54. [PMID: 26890578 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of body temperature poses significant problems for organisms that inhabit environments with extreme and seasonally fluctuating ambient temperatures. To help alleviate the energetic costs of autonomic responses, these organisms often thermoregulate through behavioral mechanisms. Among primates, lemurs in Madagascar experience uncharacteristically seasonal and unpredictable climates relative to other primate-rich regions. Malagasy primates are physiologically flexible, but different species use different mechanisms to influence their body temperatures. Lemur catta, the ring-tailed lemur, experiences particularly acute diurnal temperature fluctuations in its mostly open-canopy habitat in south and southwest Madagascar. Ring-tailed lemurs are also atypical among lemurs in that they appear to use both sun basking postures and huddling to maintain body temperature when ambient temperatures are cold. To our knowledge, however, no one has systematically tested whether these behaviors function in thermoregulation. We present evidence that ring-tailed lemurs use these postures as behavioral thermoregulation strategies, and that different environmental variables are associated with the use of each posture. Major predictors of sunning included ambient temperature, time of day, and season. Specifically, L. catta consistently assumed sunning postures early after daybreak when ambient temperatures were <13°C, and ceased sunning around 10:00a.m., after ambient temperatures approached 26°C. Sunning occurred more often during austral winter months. Huddling was associated with time of day, but not with ambient temperature or season. We conclude that L. catta tend to sun, rather than huddle, under cold weather conditions when sunning is possible. However, both sunning and huddling are important behavioral adaptations of L. catta that augment chemical thermoregulation and the absence of a dynamic, insulating pelage. Sunning and huddling help to account for the great ecological flexibility of the species, but these adaptations may be insufficient in the face of future changes in protective vegetation and temperature. Am. J. Primatol. 78:745-754, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Kelley
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Nina G Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.,Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study [STIAS], Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - George Chaplin
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.,Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study [STIAS], Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Robert W Sussman
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason M Kamilar
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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38
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Wark JD, Kuhar CW, Lukas KE. Behavioral thermoregulation in a group of zoo-housed colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza). Zoo Biol 2014; 33:257-66. [PMID: 24977787 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although wild primates are known to modify behavior in response to thermal stress, less is known about behavioral thermoregulation in zoo-housed primates. Zoo exhibits expose individuals to unique thermal environments and may constrain the thermoregulatory strategies available to individual animals. In this study, we observed a group of seven colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) living on a concrete "Monkey Island" style exhibit that featured limited shade and limited arboreal space. Behaviors were recorded using continuous focal animal sampling (n = 63 days, 97.7 hr). Logistic regression revealed 23°C was the temperature at which monkeys began resting more in shade than in sun. When temperatures exceeded 23°C, animals spent more time in open sitting postures with limbs extended from the body; sat less frequently in closed, hunched postures; spent more time in social contact; and performed more self-directed behaviors. Exhibit use also shifted under higher temperatures, with more time spent in areas with shade and lower surface temperatures. Lastly, when provided with access to an indoor holding area, the colobus monkeys spent more than half the time indoors when temperatures exceeded 23°C, yet only 10% of their time indoors when the temperature was below this value. Although postural changes have been reported in wild colobus, the postural and other behavioral changes observed in the current study occurred at temperatures lower than expected based on the published thermoneutral zone of colobus monkeys and highlight the importance of considering the specific thermoregulatory responses of zoo animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Wark
- Department of Conservation and Science, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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39
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Lubbe A, Hetem RS, McFarland R, Barrett L, Henzi PS, Mitchell D, Meyer LCR, Maloney SK, Fuller A. Thermoregulatory plasticity in free-ranging vervet monkeys, Chlorocebus pygerythrus. J Comp Physiol B 2014; 184:799-809. [PMID: 24938639 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-014-0835-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We used implanted miniature data loggers to obtain the first measurements of body temperature from a free-ranging anthropoid primate. Vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) living in a highly seasonal, semi-arid environment maintained a lower mean 24-h body temperature in winter (34.6 ± 0.5 °C) than in summer (36.2 ± 0.1 °C), and demonstrated increased heterothermy (as indexed by the 24-h amplitude of their body temperature rhythm) in response to proximal environmental stressors. The mean 24-h amplitude of the body temperature rhythm in summer (2.5 ± 0.1 °C) was lower than that in winter (3.2 ± 0.4 °C), with the highest amplitude for an individual monkey (5.6 °C) recorded in winter. The higher amplitude of the body temperature rhythm in winter was a consequence primarily of lower 24-h minimum body temperatures during the nocturnal phase, when monkeys were inactive. These low minimum body temperatures were associated with low black globe temperature (GLMM, β = 0.046, P < 0.001), short photoperiod (β = 0.010, P < 0.001) and low rainfall over the previous 2 months, which we used as a proxy for food availability (β = 0.001, P < 0.001). Despite the lower average winter minimum body temperatures, there was no change in the lower modal body temperature between winter and summer. Therefore, unlike the regulated physiological adjustments proposed for torpor or hibernation, these minimum winter body temperatures did not appear to reflect a regulated reduction in body temperature. The thermoregulatory plasticity nevertheless may have fitness benefits for vervet monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwyn Lubbe
- Brain Function Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Medical School, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, South Africa,
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40
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Gestich CC, Caselli CB, Setz EZF. Behavioural Thermoregulation in a Small Neotropical Primate. Ethology 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla C. Gestich
- Departamento de Biologia Animal; Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Campinas Brazil
| | - Christini B. Caselli
- Departamento de Biologia Animal; Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Campinas Brazil
| | - Eleonore Z. F. Setz
- Departamento de Biologia Animal; Instituto de Biologia; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Campinas Brazil
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41
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Sugita N, Ueda K. The role of temperature on clustering behavior and mating opportunity in Bonin flying foxes. Mamm Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2013.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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42
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Enari H, Sakamaki-Enari H. Impact assessment of dam construction and forest management for Japanese macaque habitats in snowy areas. Am J Primatol 2013; 76:271-80. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Enari
- Faculty of Agriculture; Yamagata University; Tsuruoka Yamagata Japan
| | - Haruka Sakamaki-Enari
- Faculty of Agriculture, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences; Iwate University; Morioka Iwate Japan
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Li X, Xu F, Xie L, Ji Y, Cheng K, Zhou Q, Wang T, Shively C, Wu Q, Gong W, Fang L, Zhan Q, Melgiri ND, Xie P. Depression-like behavioral phenotypes by social and social plus visual isolation in the adult female Macaca fascicularis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73293. [PMID: 24023857 PMCID: PMC3762720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating psychiatric mood disorder that affects millions of individuals globally. Our understanding of the biological basis of MDD is poor, and current treatments are ineffective in a significant proportion of cases. This current situation may relate to the dominant rodent animal models of depression, which possess translational limitations due to limited homologies with humans. Therefore, a more homologous primate model of depression is needed to advance investigation into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying depression and to conduct pre-clinical therapeutic trials. Here, we report two convenient methods--social isolation and social plus visual isolation--which can be applied to construct a non-human primate model of depression in the adult female cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Both social and social plus visual isolation were shown to be effective in inducing depression-like behavior by significantly reducing socially dominant aggressive conflict behavior, communicative behavior, sexual behavior, and parental behavior. The addition of visual isolation produced more profound behavioral changes than social isolation alone by further reducing parental behavior and sexual behavior. Thus, the degree of behavioral pathology may be manipulated by the degree of isolation. These methods can be applied to construct a non-human primate model of depression in order to assess physiological, behavioral, and social phenomena in a controlled laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Xie
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongjia Ji
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinmin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Carol Shively
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Qingyuan Wu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Qunlin Zhan
- Department of Neurology, the Fifth People’s Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - N. D. Melgiri
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, China
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Hanya G, Grueter CC, Tsuji Y. Preface to the special contribution "out of the tropics: ecology of temperate primates". Primates 2013; 54:99-100. [PMID: 23412939 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-013-0344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin 41-2, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
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Hanya G, Tsuji Y, Grueter CC. Fruiting and flushing phenology in Asian tropical and temperate forests: implications for primate ecology. Primates 2013; 54:101-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-012-0341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ogawa H, Wada K. Shape of, and body direction in, huddles of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) in Arashiyama, Japan. Primates 2011; 52:229-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-011-0248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Donati G, Ricci E, Baldi N, Morelli V, Borgognini-Tarli SM. Behavioral thermoregulation in a gregarious lemur, Eulemur collaris: Effects of climatic and dietary-related factors. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2010; 144:355-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Li D, Ren B, Grueter CC, Li B, Li M. Nocturnal sleeping habits of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey in Xiangguqing, China. Am J Primatol 2010; 72:1092-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ecological Adaptations of Temperate Primates: Population Density of Japanese Macaques. THE JAPANESE MACAQUES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-53886-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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