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Matsushita R, Tanaka-Mizuno S, Takeuchi M, Kawakami K. Effectiveness of sublingual immunotherapy in pediatric cedar pollinosis: A real-world database study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2024; 35:e14075. [PMID: 38284920 DOI: 10.1111/pai.14075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric allergic rhinitis (AR), including cedar pollinosis (CP), is increasing in Japan. We investigated the effects of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), which has limited studies of its effectiveness in real-world settings, on children with CP. METHODS This retrospective cohort study used a claim database in 2018-2021. Children aged ≤15 years with CP records in 2019 were eligible and were followed up through 2021. We included 2962 CP children undergoing SLIT and 547 who were not. The medication score was used to evaluate SLIT effectiveness in the cedar pollen dispersal season each year. Adverse events and the occurrence of allergic diseases were also evaluated. RESULTS Medication score was higher in the SLIT group during the index period but lower in 2021 compared to the non-SLIT group (mean ± standard deviation: 5.17 ± 2.39 and 4.74 ± 2.38 in 2019, 3.13 ± 2.30 and 3.55 ± 2.48 in 2021, respectively). The adjusted mean difference between groups from 2019 to 2021 was -0.62 (95% confidence interval: -0.86 to -0.39, p < .0001), and the medication score was reduced in the SLIT group (risk ratio: 1.2: 1.1 to 1.3). The occurrence of adverse events involving abdominal disorders (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.64: 0.51 to 0.81), asthma exacerbation (aOR: 0.37: 0.24 to 0.57), and allergic diseases involving hay fever unrelated to CP (aOR: 0.60: 0.45 to 0.80) or asthma (aOR: 0.71: 0.58 to 0.86) was lower in the SLIT group. CONCLUSION In children with CP, SLIT is effective, well tolerated, and could decrease the occurrence of other allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Matsushita
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tanaka-Mizuno
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Digital Health and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Takeuchi
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Kawakami
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Murao T, Kouzaki H, Arai H, Matsumoto K, Nakamura K, Kawakita K, Tojima I, Shimizu S, Yuta A, Shimizu T. Increase in the prevalence of follicular regulatory T cells correlates with clinical efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy with house dust mites. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2024; 14:57-67. [PMID: 37345377 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis (AR) impairs quality of life and affects nearly 40% of the Japanese population. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is the disease-modifying treatment for AR, but requires the selection of a biomarker associate with clinical efficacy in patients with AR who are treated with SLIT. The present study sought to examine objective biomarkers used for assessing the clinical efficacy of SLIT. METHODS The authors examined the effects of 1 year of SLIT treatment with house dust mites (HDMs) using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum from patients with AR. The prevalences of follicular regulatory T (Tfr), type 2 follicular helper T (Tfh2), type 2 helper T (Th2), conventional regulatory T (Treg), and type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells were examined by flow cytometry. Serum concentrations of HDM-specific IgA, IgE, and IgG4 antibodies, and HDM-induced production of interleukin (IL) 5 and IL-10 from cultured PBMCs were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Following 1 year of SLIT, the prevalences of Tfr, conventional Treg, and Tr1 cells were significantly increased, whereas that of Th2 cells and Tfh2 cells were significantly decreased; the serum concentration of HDM-specific IgG4 was significantly increased; and HDM-induced production of IL-5 from PBMCs was significantly decreased, while that of IL-10 was significantly increased. The increase in the prevalence of Tfr cells after SLIT correlated positively with the improvement of clinical symptom scores. CONCLUSION An increase in Tfr cells may play an important role in SLIT, and may be a useful indicator for the clinical efficacy of SLIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Murao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kouzaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Keigo Nakamura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kento Kawakita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tojima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shino Shimizu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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Wang Q, Zhu R, Cao Y, Ning Y, Feng Y, Feng Y, Han S. Sublingual immunotherapy adherence in patients with allergic rhinitis: Effects of an intervention based on the information-motivation-behavioral skills model. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22929. [PMID: 38076044 PMCID: PMC10703609 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to confirm the efficacy of an intervention based on the information-motivation-behavior skills (IMB) model in improving the sublingual immunotherapy adherence score, medication beliefs score, self-efficacy score, and medication knowledge score of patients with allergic rhinitis. METHODS A total of 120 patients with allergic rhinitis from an otorhinolaryngology clinic were divided into the control group (n = 60) and experimental group (n = 60); the study was conducted from August 2021 to March 2022. The control group received routine intervention, whereas the experimental group received intervention based on the IMB model. The medication adherence, medication beliefs, self-efficacy, and medication knowledge levels of the two groups were evaluated at baseline, post-intervention, at 1-month follow-up, and at 3-month follow-up. RESULTS After intervention, a total of 116 patients completed the trial in the experimental and control groups (58 cases each). The results revealed differences in the scores of medication adherence, belief, self-efficacy, and knowledge between the two groups post-intervention, at 1-month follow-up, and at 3-month follow-up (P < 0.05). Further, the scores of the four indexes of the two groups were different with time, and better changes were noted among experimental group participants. CONCLUSION Implementing interventions based on the IMB model for people receiving sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis can effectively improve patients' medication beliefs, self-efficacy, and knowledge of medication, thereby improving their medication adherence, ensuring efficacy, and providing medication care for outpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- School of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruifang Zhu
- School of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yingzi Cao
- School of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Ning
- School of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yaoqing Feng
- School of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Feng
- First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shifan Han
- School of Nursing, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Beutner C, Schmitt J, Worm M, Wagenmann M, Albus C, Buhl T. Lack of Harmonized Adherence Criteria in Allergen Immunotherapy Prevents Comparison of Dosing and Application Strategies: A Scoping Review. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2023; 11:439-448.e6. [PMID: 36272717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) involves the application of increasing doses of allergen extract (as oral, sublingual, or subcutaneous immunotherapy) until immunologic tolerance is reached. Successful AIT relies on the consistent administration of allergen extract; therefore, adherence to these treatments is vital for compelling long-term results. Our review discusses the current terminology from adherence research in general, summarizes 25 current studies on adherence research in AIT in a scoping literature review, and delineates recommendations for tools and parameters for adherence research, aiming to improve outcomes in AIT. Almost every adherence study in AIT published to date used different tools, parameters, and data sources for measuring adherence and persistence rates. Unfortunately, an easily accessible, objective parameter or biomarker for monitoring treatment adherence and success has not yet been established for AIT. This situation calls for the development of an international core outcomes set for AIT that defines what is exactly meant by AIT adherence and how AIT adherence should be consistently measured. Therefore, we exemplarily present results and conclusions from adherence research in chronic diseases other than allergology. We aim to facilitate the development of advanced methods, considering the challenging disease specificities of these parameters in a routine care setting of AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Beutner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jochen Schmitt
- TU Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Center for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Dresden, Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wagenmann
- Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Albus
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Timo Buhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Mizuno K, Takeuchi M, Kanazawa Y, Kishimoto Y, Suehiro A, Iwanaga K, Kawakami K, Omori K. Outcomes of Aspiration Prevention Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using a Japanese Claims Database. Dysphagia 2022; 37:1532-1541. [PMID: 35171322 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-022-10416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aspiration prevention surgeries, such as laryngotracheal separation and total laryngectomy are performed to prevent aspiration pneumonia. We aimed to investigate the outcomes of surgery for intractable aspiration and relevant factors. This retrospective cohort study used a nationwide insurance claims database that included company employees and their family members aged < 75 years in Japan. We extracted the data of patients who underwent aspiration prevention surgeries between January 2005 and March 2019. We identified 127 patients (males, 55.9%), of whom 59.8% were aged < 18 years at the surgery. The most common comorbidity was neurological disease (99.2%). The frequency of pneumonia episodes decreased by 1.5 per year after surgery compared with before surgery (p < 0.001). Among patients who received parenteral and enteral nutrition before surgery (n = 92), the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for oral intake without parenteral and enteral nutrition was lower in the longer preoperative duration (≥ 14.7 months) for the parenteral and enteral nutrition. However, the difference was not statistically significant (aHR 0.55; 95% confidence interval: 0.15-2.08, p = 0.38). The aHR for oral intake was higher in the ≥ 30 years group than in the < 30 years group (aHR 13.76; 95% confidence intervals: 4.18-42.24; p < 0.001). This study demonstrated that postoperative oral intake was achieved more frequently in patients aged ≤ 30 years than in those aged > 30 years, and supported the effectiveness of aspiration prevention surgery for reducing aspiration pneumonia. Further research is necessary to investigate factors related to postoperative oral intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Mizuno
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Syogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 650-8507, Japan.,Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masato Takeuchi
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Kanazawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Shizuoka General Hospital, 4-27-1 Kita Ando Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-8527, Japan
| | - Yo Kishimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Syogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 650-8507, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suehiro
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Syogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 650-8507, Japan
| | - Ken Iwanaga
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Syogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 650-8507, Japan
| | - Koji Kawakami
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Koichi Omori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Syogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 650-8507, Japan
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Park M, Kapoor S, Yi J, Hura N, Lin S. Sublingual immunotherapy persistence and adherence in real-world settings: a systematic review. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2022; 13:924-941. [PMID: 36083179 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) adherence in the literature is often evaluated in closely monitored trials that may impact patient behavior; real-world SLIT adherence is relatively unknown. This systematic review intends to assess SLIT adherence in studies that reflect real-world settings. METHODS A literature search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus for real-world studies examining SLIT adherence was performed. Monitored clinical trials were excluded. Paired investigators independently reviewed all articles. For this review, "persistence" was defined as continuing therapy and not being lost to follow-up and "adherence" as persistence in accordance with prescribed SLIT dose, dosing schedule, and duration. Article quality was assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale and then converted to AHRQ standards (good, fair, and poor). RESULTS The search yielded 1596 nonduplicate abstracts, from which 32 articles (n = 63,683 patients) met criteria. Twenty-six (81%) studies reported persistence rates ranging from 7.0% to 88.7%, and 18 (56%) reported adherence rates ranging from 9.6% to 97.0%. Twenty-one (66%) studies surveyed reasons for discontinuing SLIT. All studies were Oxford level of evidence 2b and of good (n = 12) to fair (n = 20) quality. CONCLUSION Reported rates of real-world SLIT persistence and adherence varied widely by study methodology (e.g., follow-up duration, objective vs subjective assessment). Studies with longer follow-up generally reported lower rates; 3-year persistence ranged from 7% to 59.0% and 3-year adherence from 9.6% to 49.0%. Future studies of SLIT adherence would benefit from following concordant definitions of persistence/adherence and standardized reporting metrics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Park
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shrey Kapoor
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julie Yi
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nanki Hura
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sandra Lin
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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YOSHIDA S, TAKEUCHI M, TANAKA-MIZUNO S, MIZUNO K, NAKASHIMA M, FUKASAWA T, KAWAKAMI K. Clinical epidemiology and pharmacoepidemiology studies with real-world databases. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2022; 98:517-528. [PMID: 36504194 PMCID: PMC9751262 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hospital-based registry data, including patients' information collected by academic societies or government based research groups, were previously used for clinical research in Japan. Now, real-world data routinely obtained in healthcare settings are being used in clinical epidemiology and pharmacoepidemiology. Real-world data include a database of claims originating from health insurance associations for reimbursement of medical fees, diagnosis procedure combinations databases for acute inpatient care in hospitals, a drug prescription database, and electronic medical records, including patients' medical information obtained by doctors, derived from electronic records of hospitals. In the past ten years, much evidence of clinical epidemiology and pharmacoepidemiology studies using real-world data has been accumulated. The purpose of this review was to introduce clinical epidemiology and pharmacoepidemiology approaches and studies using real-world data in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi YOSHIDA
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato TAKEUCHI
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sachiko TANAKA-MIZUNO
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kayoko MIZUNO
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki NAKASHIMA
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiki FUKASAWA
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji KAWAKAMI
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Kong Q, Higasijima K, Wakabayashi R, Tahara Y, Kitaoka M, Obayashi H, Hou Y, Kamiya N, Goto M. Transcutaneous Delivery of Immunomodulating Pollen Extract-Galactomannan Conjugate by Solid-in-Oil Nanodispersions for Pollinosis Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E563. [PMID: 31671640 PMCID: PMC6920820 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese cedar pollinosis is a type I allergic disease and has already become a major public health problem in Japan. Conventional subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) cannot meet patients' needs owing to the side effects caused by both the use of conventional whole antigen molecules in the pollen extract and the administration routes. To address these issues, a surface-modified antigen and transcutaneous administration route are introduced in this research. First, the pollen extract (PE) was conjugated to galactomannan (PE-GM) to mask immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding epitopes in the PE to avoid side effects. Second, as a safer alternative to SCIT and SLIT, transcutaneous immunotherapy (TCIT) with a solid-in-oil (S/O) nanodispersion system carrying PE-GM was proposed. Hydrophilic PE-GM was efficiently delivered through mouse skin using S/O nanodispersions, reducing the antibody secretion and modifying the type 1 T helper (Th1)/ type 2 T helper (Th2) balance in the mouse model, thereby demonstrating the potential to alleviate Japanese cedar pollinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Kong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Kouki Higasijima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Rie Wakabayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Yoshiro Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Momoko Kitaoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Obayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Yanting Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
- Advanced Transdermal Drug Delivery System Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;.
- Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
- Advanced Transdermal Drug Delivery System Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;.
- Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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