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Vandebergh M, Ramos EM, Corriveau-Lecavalier N, Ramanan VK, Kornak J, Mester C, Kolander T, Brushaber DE, Staffaroni AM, Geschwind DH, Wolf AA, Kantarci K, Gendron T, Petrucelli L, Van den Broeck M, Wynants S, Baker M, Borrego-Écija S, Appleby B, Barmada S, Bozoki AC, Clark D, Darby RR, Dickerson BC, Domoto-Reilly K, Fields JA, Galasko D, Ghoshal N, Graff-Radford NR, Grant IM, Honig LS, Hsiung GYR, Huey ED, Irwin DJ, Knopman DS, Kwan JY, Léger GC, Litvan I, Masdeu JC, Mendez MF, Onyike CU, Pascual B, Pressman PS, Ritter A, Roberson ED, Snyder A, Sullivan AC, Tartaglia MC, Wint D, Heuer HW, Forsberg LK, Boxer AL, Rosen HJ, Boeve BF, Rademakers R. Gene-Specific Effects on Brain Volume and Cognition of TMEM106B in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Neurology 2024; 103:e209832. [PMID: 39321401 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES TMEM106B has been proposed as a modifier of disease risk in FTLD-TDP, particularly in GRN pathogenic variant carriers. Furthermore, TMEM106B has been investigated as a disease modifier in the context of healthy aging and across multiple neurodegenerative diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of TMEM106B on gray matter volume and cognition in each of the common genetic FTD groups and in patients with sporadic FTD. METHODS Participants were enrolled through the ARTFL/LEFFTDS Longitudinal Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (ALLFTD) study, which includes symptomatic and presymptomatic individuals with a pathogenic variant in C9orf72, GRN, MAPT, VCP, TBK1, TARDBP, symptomatic nonpathogenic variant carriers, and noncarrier family controls. All participants were genotyped for the TMEM106B rs1990622 SNP. Cross-sectionally, linear mixed-effects models were fitted to assess an association between TMEM106B and genetic group interaction with each outcome measure (gray matter volume and UDS3-EF for cognition), adjusting for education, age, sex, and CDR+NACC-FTLD sum of boxes. Subsequently, associations between TMEM106B and each outcome measure were investigated within the genetic group. For longitudinal modeling, linear mixed-effects models with time by TMEM106B predictor interactions were fitted. RESULTS The minor allele of TMEM106B rs1990622, linked to a decreased risk of FTD, associated with greater gray matter volume in GRN pathogenic variant carriers under the recessive dosage model (N = 82, beta = 3.25, 95% CI [0.37-6.19], p = 0.034). This was most pronounced in the thalamus in the left hemisphere (beta = 0.03, 95% CI [0.01-0.06], p = 0.006), with a retained association when considering presymptomatic GRN pathogenic variant carriers only (N = 42, beta = 0.03, 95% CI [0.01-0.05], p = 0.003). The minor allele of TMEM106B rs1990622 also associated with greater cognitive scores among all C9orf72 pathogenic variant carriers (N = 229, beta = 0.36, 95% CI [0.05-0.066], p = 0.021) and in presymptomatic C9orf72 pathogenic variant carriers (N = 106, beta = 0.33, 95% CI [0.03-0.63], p = 0.036), under the recessive dosage model. DISCUSSION We identified associations of TMEM106B with gray matter volume and cognition in the presence of GRN and C9orf72 pathogenic variants. The association of TMEM106B with outcomes of interest in presymptomatic GRN and C9orf72 pathogenic variant carriers could additionally reflect TMEM106B's effect on divergent pathophysiologic changes before the appearance of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijne Vandebergh
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Nick Corriveau-Lecavalier
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Vijay K Ramanan
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - John Kornak
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Carly Mester
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Tyler Kolander
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Danielle E Brushaber
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Adam M Staffaroni
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Amy A Wolf
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Tania Gendron
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Marleen Van den Broeck
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Sarah Wynants
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Matthew Baker
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Sergi Borrego-Écija
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Brian Appleby
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Sami Barmada
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Andrea C Bozoki
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - David Clark
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - R Ryan Darby
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Kimiko Domoto-Reilly
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Julie A Fields
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Douglas Galasko
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Neill R Graff-Radford
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Ian M Grant
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Lawrence S Honig
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Ging-Yuek R Hsiung
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Edward D Huey
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - David J Irwin
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - David S Knopman
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Justin Y Kwan
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Gabriel C Léger
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Irene Litvan
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Joseph C Masdeu
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Mario F Mendez
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Chiadi U Onyike
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Belen Pascual
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Peter S Pressman
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Aaron Ritter
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Erik D Roberson
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Allison Snyder
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Anna Campbell Sullivan
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Dylan Wint
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Hilary W Heuer
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Leah K Forsberg
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Adam L Boxer
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Howard J Rosen
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- From the VIB Center for Molecular Neurology (M.V., R.R., V.B., S.W.); Department of Biomedical Sciences (M.V., M.V.B., S.W., R.R.), University of Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Neurology (E.M.R., M.F.M.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Neurology (N.C.-L., V.K.R., T.K., K.K., B.F.B.); Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (N.C.-L., J.A.F., D.S.K., L.K.F.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.K.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Quantitative Health Sciences (C.M., D.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Neurology (A.M.S., A.A.W.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, California; Institute for Precision Health (D.H.G.), Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA; Department of Neuroscience (T.G., L.P., M.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (S.B.-É.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Uni; Department of Neurology (B.A., B.C.D.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Department of Neurology (S.B.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (A.C.B.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Department of Neurology (D.C.), Indiana University, Indianapolis; Department of Neurology (R.R.D.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (K.D.-R.), University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Department of Neurosciences (D.G., G.C.L., I.L.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (N.G.), Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (I.M.G.), Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (L.S.H.), College of Physicians and Surgeons; Department of Neurology (L.S.H.), Columbia University, New York; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (E.D.H.), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center (D.J.I.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (J.Y.K., A.S.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Department of Neurology (J.C.M., B.P.), Houston Methodist, TX; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (C.U.O.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (P.S.P.), University of Colorado, Aurora; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (A.R., D.W.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (E.D.R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.C.S.), UT Health San Antonio; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.), Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
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VandeBunte AM, Lee H, Paolillo EW, Hsiung GYR, Staffaroni AM, Saloner R, Tartaglia C, Yaffe K, Knopman DS, Ramos EM, Rascovsky K, Bozoki AC, Wong B, Domoto-Reilly K, Snyder A, Pressman P, Mendez MF, Litvan I, Fields JA, Galasko DR, Darby R, Masdeu JC, Pasqual MB, Honig LS, Ghoshal N, Appleby BS, Mackenzie IR, Heuer HW, Kramer JH, Boxer AL, Forsberg LK, Boeve B, Rosen HJ, Casaletto KB. Better cardiovascular health is associated with slowed clinical progression in autosomal dominant frontotemporal lobar degeneration variant carriers. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 39240048 DOI: 10.1002/alz.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular health is important for brain aging, yet its role in the clinical manifestation of autosomal dominant or atypical forms of dementia has not been fully elucidated. We examined relationships between Life's Simple 7 (LS7) and clinical trajectories in individuals with autosomal dominant frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). METHODS Two hundred forty-seven adults carrying FTLD pathogenic genetic variants (53% asymptomatic) and 189 non-carrier controls completed baseline LS7, and longitudinal neuroimaging and neuropsychological testing. RESULTS Among variant carriers, higher baseline LS7 is associated with slower accumulation of frontal white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), as well as slower memory and language declines. Higher baseline LS7 associated with larger baseline frontotemporal volume, but not frontotemporal volume trajectories. DISCUSSION Better baseline cardiovascular health related to slower cognitive decline and accumulation of frontal WMHs in autosomal dominant FTLD. Optimizing cardiovascular health may be an important modifiable approach to bolster cognitive health and brain integrity in FTLD. HIGHLIGHTS Better cardiovascular health associates with slower cognitive decline in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Lifestyle relates to the accumulation of frontal white matter hyperintensities in FTLD. More optimal cardiovascular health associates with greater baseline frontotemporal lobe volume. Optimized cardiovascular health relates to more favorable outcomes in genetic dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M VandeBunte
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Hyunwoo Lee
- Division of Neurology, UBC Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily W Paolillo
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ging-Yuek Robin Hsiung
- Division of Neurology, UBC Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adam M Staffaroni
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rowan Saloner
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Katya Rascovsky
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea C Bozoki
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bonnie Wong
- Harvard Massachusetts General Hospital Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Allison Snyder
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Pressman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mario F Mendez
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Reed Neurological Research Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- San Diego Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Julie A Fields
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Douglas R Galasko
- San Diego Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ryan Darby
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joseph C Masdeu
- Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Lawrence S Honig
- Department of Neurology, Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- Department of Neurology, St. Louis School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brian S Appleby
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ian R Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hilary W Heuer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Leah K Forsberg
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brad Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kaitlin B Casaletto
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, California, USA
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3
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Stefanova E, Marjanović A, Dobričić V, Mandić-Stojmenović G, Stojković T, Branković M, Šarčević M, Novaković I, Kostić VS. Frequency of C9orf72, GRN, and MAPT pathogenic variants in patients recruited at the Belgrade Memory Center. Neurogenetics 2024; 25:193-200. [PMID: 38847891 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-024-00766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Most of the heritability in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is accounted for by autosomal dominant hexanucleotide expansion in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72), pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in progranulin (GRN), and microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) genes. Until now, there has been no systematic analysis of these genes in the Serbian population. Herein, we assessed the frequency of the C9orf72 expansion, pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in GRN and MAPT in a well-characterized group of 472 subjects (FTD, Alzheimer's disease - AD, mild cognitive impairment - MCI, and unspecified dementia - UnD), recruited in the Memory Center, Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia. The C9orf72 repeat expansion was detected in 6.98% of FTD cases (13.46% familial; 2.6% sporadic). In the UnD subgroup, C9orf72 repeat expansions were detected in 4.08% (8% familial) individuals. Pathogenic variants in the GRN were found in 2.85% of familial FTD cases. Interestingly, no MAPT pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were detected, suggesting possible geographical specificity. Our findings highlight the importance of wider implementation of genetic testing in neurological and psychiatric practice managing patients with cognitive-behavioral and motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elka Stefanova
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia (UCCS), Dr Subotića 6, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Ana Marjanović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Valerija Dobričić
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia (UCCS), Dr Subotića 6, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
- University of Lübeck-Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, 11000, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gorana Mandić-Stojmenović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia (UCCS), Dr Subotića 6, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Tanja Stojković
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia (UCCS), Dr Subotića 6, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Marija Branković
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Maksim Šarčević
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Ivana Novaković
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia (UCCS), Dr Subotića 6, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Vladimir S Kostić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia (UCCS), Dr Subotića 6, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
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4
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Paolillo EW, Casaletto KB, Clark AL, Taylor JC, Heuer HW, Wise AB, Dhanam S, Sanderson-Cimino M, Saloner R, Kramer JH, Kornak J, Kremers W, Forsberg L, Appleby B, Bayram E, Bozoki A, Brushaber D, Darby RR, Day GS, Dickerson BC, Domoto-Reilly K, Elahi F, Fields JA, Ghoshal N, Graff-Radford N, G H Hall M, Honig LS, Huey ED, Lapid MI, Litvan I, Mackenzie IR, Masdeu JC, Mendez MF, Mester C, Miyagawa T, Naasan G, Pascual B, Pressman P, Ramos EM, Rankin KP, Rexach J, Rojas JC, VandeVrede L, Wong B, Wszolek ZK, Boeve BF, Rosen HJ, Boxer AL, Staffaroni AM. Examining Associations Between Smartphone Use and Clinical Severity in Frontotemporal Dementia: Proof-of-Concept Study. JMIR Aging 2024; 7:e52831. [PMID: 38922667 PMCID: PMC11237775 DOI: 10.2196/52831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a leading cause of dementia in individuals aged <65 years. Several challenges to conducting in-person evaluations in FTLD illustrate an urgent need to develop remote, accessible, and low-burden assessment techniques. Studies of unobtrusive monitoring of at-home computer use in older adults with mild cognitive impairment show that declining function is reflected in reduced computer use; however, associations with smartphone use are unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aims to characterize daily trajectories in smartphone battery use, a proxy for smartphone use, and examine relationships with clinical indicators of severity in FTLD. METHODS Participants were 231 adults (mean age 52.5, SD 14.9 years; n=94, 40.7% men; n=223, 96.5% non-Hispanic White) enrolled in the Advancing Research and Treatment of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (ARTFL study) and Longitudinal Evaluation of Familial Frontotemporal Dementia Subjects (LEFFTDS study) Longitudinal Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (ALLFTD) Mobile App study, including 49 (21.2%) with mild neurobehavioral changes and no functional impairment (ie, prodromal FTLD), 43 (18.6%) with neurobehavioral changes and functional impairment (ie, symptomatic FTLD), and 139 (60.2%) clinically normal adults, of whom 55 (39.6%) harbored heterozygous pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in an autosomal dominant FTLD gene. Participants completed the Clinical Dementia Rating plus National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Behavior and Language Domains (CDR+NACC FTLD) scale, a neuropsychological battery; the Neuropsychiatric Inventory; and brain magnetic resonance imaging. The ALLFTD Mobile App was installed on participants' smartphones for remote, passive, and continuous monitoring of smartphone use. Battery percentage was collected every 15 minutes over an average of 28 (SD 4.2; range 14-30) days. To determine whether temporal patterns of battery percentage varied as a function of disease severity, linear mixed effects models examined linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of the time of day and their interactions with each measure of disease severity on battery percentage. Models covaried for age, sex, smartphone type, and estimated smartphone age. RESULTS The CDR+NACC FTLD global score interacted with time on battery percentage such that participants with prodromal or symptomatic FTLD demonstrated less change in battery percentage throughout the day (a proxy for less smartphone use) than clinically normal participants (P<.001 in both cases). Additional models showed that worse performance in all cognitive domains assessed (ie, executive functioning, memory, language, and visuospatial skills), more neuropsychiatric symptoms, and smaller brain volumes also associated with less battery use throughout the day (P<.001 in all cases). CONCLUSIONS These findings support a proof of concept that passively collected data about smartphone use behaviors associate with clinical impairment in FTLD. This work underscores the need for future studies to develop and validate passive digital markers sensitive to longitudinal clinical decline across neurodegenerative diseases, with potential to enhance real-world monitoring of neurobehavioral change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W Paolillo
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kaitlin B Casaletto
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Annie L Clark
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jack C Taylor
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Hilary W Heuer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Amy B Wise
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sreya Dhanam
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mark Sanderson-Cimino
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rowan Saloner
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - John Kornak
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Walter Kremers
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Leah Forsberg
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Brian Appleby
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ece Bayram
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Bozoki
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Danielle Brushaber
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - R Ryan Darby
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Gregory S Day
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Fanny Elahi
- Department of Neurology, The Deane Center for Wellness and Cognitive Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Julie A Fields
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Matthew G H Hall
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lawrence S Honig
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Edward D Huey
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Maria I Lapid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ian R Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph C Masdeu
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mario F Mendez
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Carly Mester
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Toji Miyagawa
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Georges Naasan
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Belen Pascual
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Peter Pressman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Rexach
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julio C Rojas
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lawren VandeVrede
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bonnie Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adam M Staffaroni
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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5
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Vandebergh M, Ramos EM, Corriveau-Lecavalier N, Ramanan VK, Kornak J, Mester C, Kolander T, Brushaber D, Staffaroni AM, Geschwind D, Wolf A, Kantarci K, Gendron TF, Petrucelli L, Van den Broeck M, Wynants S, Baker MC, Borrego – Écija S, Appleby B, Barmada S, Bozoki A, Clark D, Darby RR, Dickerson BC, Domoto-Reilly K, Fields JA, Galasko DR, Ghoshal N, Graff-Radford N, Grant IM, Honig LS, Hsiung GYR, Huey ED, Irwin D, Knopman DS, Kwan JY, Léger GC, Litvan I, Masdeu JC, Mendez MF, Onyike C, Pascual B, Pressman P, Ritter A, Roberson ED, Snyder A, Sullivan AC, Tartaglia MC, Wint D, Heuer HW, Forsberg LK, Boxer AL, Rosen HJ, Boeve BF, Rademakers R. Gene specific effects on brain volume and cognition of TMEM106B in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.05.24305253. [PMID: 38633784 PMCID: PMC11023674 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.05.24305253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives TMEM106B has been proposed as a modifier of disease risk in FTLD-TDP, particularly in GRN mutation carriers. Furthermore, TMEM106B has been investigated as a disease modifier in the context of healthy aging and across multiple neurodegenerative diseases. The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the effect of TMEM106B on gray matter volume and cognition in each of the common genetic FTD groups and in sporadic FTD patients. Methods Participants were enrolled through the ARTFL/LEFFTDS Longitudinal Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (ALLFTD) study, which includes symptomatic and presymptomatic individuals with a pathogenic mutation in C9orf72, GRN, MAPT, VCP, TBK1, TARDBP, symptomatic non-mutation carriers, and non-carrier family controls. All participants were genotyped for the TMEM106B rs1990622 SNP. Cross-sectionally, linear mixed-effects models were fitted to assess an association between TMEM106B and genetic group interaction with each outcome measure (gray matter volume and UDS3-EF for cognition), adjusting for education, age, sex and CDR®+NACC-FTLD sum of boxes. Subsequently, associations between TMEM106B and each outcome measure were investigated within the genetic group. For longitudinal modeling, linear mixed-effects models with time by TMEM106B predictor interactions were fitted. Results The minor allele of TMEM106B rs1990622, linked to a decreased risk of FTD, associated with greater gray matter volume in GRN mutation carriers under the recessive dosage model. This was most pronounced in the thalamus in the left hemisphere, with a retained association when considering presymptomatic GRN mutation carriers only. The minor allele of TMEM106B rs1990622 also associated with greater cognitive scores among all C9orf72 mutation carriers and in presymptomatic C9orf72 mutation carriers, under the recessive dosage model. Discussion We identified associations of TMEM106B with gray matter volume and cognition in the presence of GRN and C9orf72 mutations. This further supports TMEM106B as modifier of TDP-43 pathology. The association of TMEM106B with outcomes of interest in presymptomatic GRN and C9orf72 mutation carriers could additionally reflect TMEM106B's impact on divergent pathophysiological changes before the appearance of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijne Vandebergh
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nick Corriveau-Lecavalier
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - John Kornak
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carly Mester
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tyler Kolander
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Danielle Brushaber
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Adam M Staffaroni
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Institute for Precision Health, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Human Genetics at David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy Wolf
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Marleen Van den Broeck
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Wynants
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthew C Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sergi Borrego – Écija
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brian Appleby
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sami Barmada
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrea Bozoki
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David Clark
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R Ryan Darby
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Julie A. Fields
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Douglas R. Galasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Ian M Grant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lawrence S Honig
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ging-Yuek Robin Hsiung
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Edward D Huey
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - David Irwin
- Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David S Knopman
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Justin Y Kwan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabriel C Léger
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph C Masdeu
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mario F Mendez
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chiadi Onyike
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Belen Pascual
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Pressman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aaron Ritter
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, 89106, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Allison Snyder
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna Campbell Sullivan
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio
| | - M Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dylan Wint
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, 89106, USA
| | - Hilary W Heuer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leah K Forsberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco Weill Institute for Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Rosa Rademakers
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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6
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Corriveau-Lecavalier N, Barnard LR, Botha H, Graff-Radford J, Ramanan VK, Lee J, Dicks E, Rademakers R, Boeve BF, Machulda MM, Fields JA, Dickson DW, Graff-Radford N, Knopman DS, Lowe VJ, Petersen RC, Jack CR, Jones DT. Uncovering the distinct macro-scale anatomy of dysexecutive and behavioural degenerative diseases. Brain 2024; 147:1483-1496. [PMID: 37831661 PMCID: PMC10994526 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a longstanding ambiguity regarding the clinical diagnosis of dementia syndromes predominantly targeting executive functions versus behaviour and personality. This is due to an incomplete understanding of the macro-scale anatomy underlying these symptomatologies, a partial overlap in clinical features and the fact that both phenotypes can emerge from the same pathology and vice versa. We collected data from a patient cohort of which 52 had dysexecutive Alzheimer's disease, 30 had behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), seven met clinical criteria for bvFTD but had Alzheimer's disease pathology (behavioural Alzheimer's disease) and 28 had amnestic Alzheimer's disease. We first assessed group-wise differences in clinical and cognitive features and patterns of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET hypometabolism. We then performed a spectral decomposition of covariance between FDG-PET images to yield latent patterns of relative hypometabolism unbiased by diagnostic classification, which are referred to as 'eigenbrains'. These eigenbrains were subsequently linked to clinical and cognitive data and meta-analytic topics from a large external database of neuroimaging studies reflecting a wide range of mental functions. Finally, we performed a data-driven exploratory linear discriminant analysis to perform eigenbrain-based multiclass diagnostic predictions. Dysexecutive Alzheimer's disease and bvFTD patients were the youngest at symptom onset, followed by behavioural Alzheimer's disease, then amnestic Alzheimer's disease. Dysexecutive Alzheimer's disease patients had worse cognitive performance on nearly all cognitive domains compared with other groups, except verbal fluency which was equally impaired in dysexecutive Alzheimer's disease and bvFTD. Hypometabolism was observed in heteromodal cortices in dysexecutive Alzheimer's disease, temporo-parietal areas in amnestic Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal areas in bvFTD and behavioural Alzheimer's disease. The unbiased spectral decomposition analysis revealed that relative hypometabolism in heteromodal cortices was associated with worse dysexecutive symptomatology and a lower likelihood of presenting with behaviour/personality problems, whereas relative hypometabolism in frontotemporal areas was associated with a higher likelihood of presenting with behaviour/personality problems but did not correlate with most cognitive measures. The linear discriminant analysis yielded an accuracy of 82.1% in predicting diagnostic category and did not misclassify any dysexecutive Alzheimer's disease patient for behavioural Alzheimer's disease and vice versa. Our results strongly suggest a double dissociation in that distinct macro-scale underpinnings underlie predominant dysexecutive versus personality/behavioural symptomatology in dementia syndromes. This has important implications for the implementation of criteria to diagnose and distinguish these diseases and supports the use of data-driven techniques to inform the classification of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hugo Botha
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Vijay K Ramanan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jeyeon Lee
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ellen Dicks
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mary M Machulda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Julie A Fields
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - David T Jones
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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7
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Saloner R, Staffaroni A, Dammer E, Johnson ECB, Paolillo E, Wise A, Heuer H, Forsberg L, Lago AL, Webb J, Vogel J, Santillo A, Hansson O, Kramer J, Miller B, Li J, Loureiro J, Sivasankaran R, Worringer K, Seyfried N, Yokoyama J, Seeley W, Spina S, Grinberg L, VandeVrede L, Ljubenkov P, Bayram E, Bozoki A, Brushaber D, Considine C, Day G, Dickerson B, Domoto-Reilly K, Faber K, Galasko D, Geschwind D, Ghoshal N, Graff-Radford N, Hales C, Honig L, Hsiung GY, Huey E, Kornak J, Kremers W, Lapid M, Lee S, Litvan I, McMillan C, Mendez M, Miyagawa T, Pantelyat A, Pascual B, Paulson H, Petrucelli L, Pressman P, Ramos E, Rascovsky K, Roberson E, Savica R, Snyder A, Sullivan AC, Tartaglia C, Vandebergh M, Boeve B, Rosen H, Rojas J, Boxer A, Casaletto K. Large-scale network analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid proteome identifies molecular signatures of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4103685. [PMID: 38585969 PMCID: PMC10996789 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4103685/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms driving disease progression of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and corresponding biomarkers are not fully understood. We leveraged aptamer-based proteomics (> 4,000 proteins) to identify dysregulated communities of co-expressed cerebrospinal fluid proteins in 116 adults carrying autosomal dominant FTLD mutations (C9orf72, GRN, MAPT) compared to 39 noncarrier controls. Network analysis identified 31 protein co-expression modules. Proteomic signatures of genetic FTLD clinical severity included increased abundance of RNA splicing (particularly in C9orf72 and GRN) and extracellular matrix (particularly in MAPT) modules, as well as decreased abundance of synaptic/neuronal and autophagy modules. The generalizability of genetic FTLD proteomic signatures was tested and confirmed in independent cohorts of 1) sporadic progressive supranuclear palsy-Richardson syndrome and 2) frontotemporal dementia spectrum syndromes. Network-based proteomics hold promise for identifying replicable molecular pathways in adults living with FTLD. 'Hub' proteins driving co-expression of affected modules warrant further attention as candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amy Wise
- University of California, San Francisco
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jingyao Li
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Suzee Lee
- University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Corey McMillan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
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Rao Y, Peng B. Allogenic microglia replacement: A novel therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 4:237-245. [PMID: 38933508 PMCID: PMC11197774 DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2023.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that play vital roles in CNS development, homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. Genetic defects in microglia lead to microglial dysfunction, which in turn leads to neurological disorders. The correction of the specific genetic defects in microglia in these disorders can lead to therapeutic effects. Traditional genetic defect correction approaches are dependent on viral vector-based genetic defect corrections. However, the viruses used in these approaches, including adeno-associated viruses, lentiviruses and retroviruses, do not primarily target microglia; therefore, viral vector-based genetic defect corrections are ineffective in microglia. Microglia replacement is a novel approach to correct microglial genetic defects via replacing microglia of genetic defects with allogenic healthy microglia. In this paper, we systematically review the history, rationale and therapeutic perspectives of microglia replacement, which would be a novel strategy for treating CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Rao
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
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9
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Moglia C, Calvo A, Canosa A, Manera U, Vasta R, Di Pede F, Daviddi M, Matteoni E, Brunetti M, Sbaiz L, Cabras S, Gallone S, Grassano M, Peotta L, Palumbo F, Mora G, Iazzolino B, Chio A. Cognitive and Behavioral Features of Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Who Are Carriers of the TARDBP Pathogenic Variant. Neurology 2024; 102:e208082. [PMID: 38261982 PMCID: PMC10962913 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000208082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES TARDBP patients are considered particularly prone to cognitive involvement, but no systematic studies of cognitive impairment in TARDBP patients are available. The aim of this article was to depict in depth the cognitive-behavioral characteristics of a cohort of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) carrying TARDBP pathogenetic variants followed by an ALS referral center. METHODS We enrolled all patients with ALS seen at the Turin ALS expert center in the 2009-2021 period who underwent extensive genetic testing and a neuropsychological battery encompassing executive function, verbal memory, language, visual memory, visuoconstructive abilities, attention/working memory, psychomotor speed, nonverbal intelligence, cognitive flexibility, social cognition, and behavior. Tests were compared with the Mann-Whitney U test on age-corrected, sex-corrected, and education-corrected scores. Cognition was classified as normal (ALS-CN); isolated cognitive impairment (ALSci), that is, evidence of executive and/or language dysfunction; isolated behavioral impairment (ALSbi), that is, identification of apathy; cognitive and behavioral impairment (ALScbi), that is, evidence meeting the criteria for both ALSci and ALSbi; and frontotemporal dementia (ALS-FTD). RESULTS This study includes 33 patients with TARDBP pathogenetic variants (TARDBP-ALS) (median age 61 years [interquartile range (IQR) 53-67], 8 female [24.2%]) and 928 patients with ALS not carrying the pathogenic variant (WT-ALS) (median age 67 years [IQR 59-74], 386 female [41.6%]). TARDBP-ALS cases were also compared with 129 matched controls (median age 66 years [IQR 57.5-71.5], 55 female [42.6%]). TARDBP-ALS and WT-ALS patients were cognitively classified as ALS-CN (54% vs 58.8%, respectively), ALSci (21.2% vs 18.3%), ALSci (9.1% vs 9.5%), ALScbi (6.1% vs 6.0%), and ALS-FTD (9.1 vs 6.7%), with no significant difference (p = 0.623). Compared with controls, TARDBP-ALS had a worse performance in executive functions, visual memory, visuoconstructive abilities, verbal fluency, and the apathy behavioral component of FrSBe. The scores of performed tests, including all Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioral ALS Screen subdomains, were similar in TARDBP-ALS and WT-ALS. DISCUSSION TARDBP-ALS patients were significantly more impaired than controls in most examined domains but do not show any specific pattern of cognitive impairment compared with WT-ALS. Our findings are relevant both clinically, considering the effect of cognitive impairment on patients' decision-making and caregivers' burden, and in designing clinical trials for the treatment of patients carrying TARDBP pathogenetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Moglia
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Calvo
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Canosa
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Manera
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosario Vasta
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Pede
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Daviddi
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Matteoni
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Maura Brunetti
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Sbaiz
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Cabras
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Gallone
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Grassano
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Peotta
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Palumbo
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mora
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Iazzolino
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Chio
- From the Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., R.V., F.D.P., M.D., E.M., M.B., S.C., M.G., L.P., F.F.P., G.M., B.I., A. Chio), University of Torino; Neurology 1 (C.M., A. Calvo, A. Canosa, U.M., L.S., S.G., A. Chio), Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino; and Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies (A. Canosa, A. Chio), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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10
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Corriveau-Lecavalier N, Tosakulwong N, Lesnick TG, Fought AJ, Reid RI, Schwarz CG, Senjem ML, Jack CR, Jones DT, Vemuri P, Rademakers R, Ramos EM, Geschwind DH, Knopman DS, Botha H, Savica R, Graff-Radford J, Ramanan VK, Fields JA, Graff-Radford N, Wszolek Z, Forsberg LK, Petersen RC, Heuer HW, Boxer AL, Rosen HJ, Boeve BF, Kantarci K. Neurite-based white matter alterations in MAPT mutation carriers: A multi-shell diffusion MRI study in the ALLFTD consortium. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 134:135-145. [PMID: 38091751 PMCID: PMC10872472 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
We assessed white matter (WM) integrity in MAPT mutation carriers (16 asymptomatic, 5 symptomatic) compared to 31 non-carrier family controls using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) (fractional anisotropy; FA, mean diffusivity; MD) and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) (neurite density index; NDI, orientation and dispersion index; ODI). Linear mixed-effects models accounting for age and family relatedness revealed alterations across DTI and NODDI metrics in all mutation carriers and in symptomatic carriers, with the most significant differences involving fronto-temporal WM tracts. Asymptomatic carriers showed higher entorhinal MD and lower cingulum FA and patterns of higher ODI mostly involving temporal areas and long association and projections fibers. Regression models between estimated time to or time from disease and DTI and NODDI metrics in key regions (amygdala, cingulum, entorhinal, inferior temporal, uncinate fasciculus) in all carriers showed increasing abnormalities with estimated time to or time from disease onset, with FA and NDI showing the strongest relationships. Neurite-based metrics, particularly ODI, appear to be particularly sensitive to early WM involvement in asymptomatic carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Corriveau-Lecavalier
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Timothy G Lesnick
- Departmenf of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Angela J Fought
- Departmenf of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert I Reid
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - David T Jones
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL, USA; Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp University, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Hugo Botha
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rodolfo Savica
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Julie A Fields
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hilary W Heuer
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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11
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Pressman PS, Carter DJ, Ramos EM, Molden J, Smith K, Dino F, McMillan C, Irwin D, Rascovsky K, Ghoshal N, Knudtson M, Rademakers R, Geschwind D, Gendron T, Petrucelli L, Heuer H, Boeve BF, Barmada S, Boxer A, Tempini MLG, Rosen HJ. Symptomatic progression of frontotemporal dementia with the TARDBP I383V variant. Neurocase 2024; 30:39-47. [PMID: 38757415 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2024.2354540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
We present a longitudinal description of a man with the TARDBP I383V variant of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). His progressive changes in behavior and language resulted in a diagnosis of the right temporal variant of FTD, also called the semantic behavioral variant (sbvFTD). We also present data from a small series of patients with the TARDBP I383V variant who were enrolled in a nationwide FTD research collaboration (ALLFTD). These data support slowly progressive loss of semantic function. While semantic dementia is infrequently considered genetic, the TARDBP I383V variant seems to be an exception. Longitudinal analyses in larger samples are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Pressman
- Alzheimer and Cognition Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, US
| | - Danelle J Carter
- Alzheimer and Cognition Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, US
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Department of Neurology, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, US
| | - Joie Molden
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, US
| | - Kaitlin Smith
- Alzheimer and Cognition Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, US
| | - Francesca Dino
- Alzheimer and Cognition Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, US
| | - Corey McMillan
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, US
| | - David Irwin
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, US
| | - Katya Rascovsky
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, US
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Rosa Rademakers
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, US
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Division of Behavioral Neurology, Mayo Clinic College Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tania Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, US
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, US
| | - Hilary Heuer
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, US
| | - Sami Barmada
- Division of Behavioral Neurology, Mayo Clinic College Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Howard J Rosen
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Li Y, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Liu F, Xu J, Meng Y, Xing G, Ruan X, Sun J, Zhang N. Genetic Screening of Patients with Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease and Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration in the Chinese Population. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:577-593. [PMID: 38701145 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) account for the vast majority of neurodegenerative dementias. AD and FTLD have different clinical phenotypes with a genetic overlap between them and other dementias. Objective This study aimed to identify the genetic spectrum of sporadic AD and FTLD in the Chinese population. Methods A total of 74 sporadic AD and 29 sporadic FTLD participants were recruited. All participants underwent whole-exome sequencing (WES) and testing for a hexanucleotide expansion in C9orf72 was additionally performed for participants with negative WES results. Results Four known pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants, including PSEN1 (p.G206D), MAPT (p.R5H), LRRK2 (p.W1434*), and CFAP43 (p.C934*), were identified in AD participants, and 1 novel pathogenic variant of ANXA11 (p.D40G) and two known likely pathogenic variants of MAPT (p.D177V) and TARDBP (p.I383V) were identified in FTLD participants. Twenty-four variants of uncertain significance as well as rare variants in risk genes for dementia, such as ABCA7, SORL1, TRPM7, NOS3, MPO, and DCTN1, were also found. Interestingly, several variants in participants with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia were detected. However, no participants with C9orf72 gene variants were found in the FTLD cohort. Conclusions There was a high frequency of genetic variants in Chinese participants with sporadic AD and FTLD and a complex genetic overlap between these two types of dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoru Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, China
- Department Five of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Yunhe District, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Ziying Yang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China
- Tianjin Medical Laboratory, BGI-Tianjin, BGI-Shenzhen, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaping Meng
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Gebeili Xing
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuqin Ruan
- Tianjin Medical Laboratory, BGI-Tianjin, BGI-Shenzhen, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Tianjin Medical Laboratory, BGI-Tianjin, BGI-Shenzhen, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, China
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13
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Corriveau-Lecavalier N, Barnard LR, Przybelski SA, Gogineni V, Botha H, Graff-Radford J, Ramanan VK, Forsberg LK, Fields JA, Machulda MM, Rademakers R, Gavrilova RH, Lapid MI, Boeve BF, Knopman DS, Lowe VJ, Petersen RC, Jack CR, Kantarci K, Jones DT. Assessing network degeneration and phenotypic heterogeneity in genetic frontotemporal lobar degeneration by decoding FDG-PET. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 41:103559. [PMID: 38147792 PMCID: PMC10944211 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Genetic mutations causative of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) are highly predictive of a specific proteinopathy, but there exists substantial inter-individual variability in their patterns of network degeneration and clinical manifestations. We collected clinical and 18Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) data from 39 patients with genetic FTLD, including 11 carrying the C9orf72 hexanucleotide expansion, 16 carrying a MAPT mutation and 12 carrying a GRN mutation. We performed a spectral covariance decomposition analysis between FDG-PET images to yield unbiased latent patterns reflective of whole brain patterns of metabolism ("eigenbrains" or EBs). We then conducted linear discriminant analyses (LDAs) to perform EB-based predictions of genetic mutation and predominant clinical phenotype (i.e., behavior/personality, language, asymptomatic). Five EBs were significant and explained 58.52 % of the covariance between FDG-PET images. EBs indicative of hypometabolism in left frontotemporal and temporo-parietal areas distinguished GRN mutation carriers from other genetic mutations and were associated with predominant language phenotypes. EBs indicative of hypometabolism in prefrontal and temporopolar areas with a right hemispheric predominance were mostly associated with predominant behavioral phenotypes and distinguished MAPT mutation carriers from other genetic mutations. The LDAs yielded accuracies of 79.5 % and 76.9 % in predicting genetic status and predominant clinical phenotype, respectively. A small number of EBs explained a high proportion of covariance in patterns of network degeneration across FTLD-related genetic mutations. These EBs contained biological information relevant to the variability in the pathophysiological and clinical aspects of genetic FTLD, and for offering valuable guidance in complex clinical decision-making, such as decisions related to genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Corriveau-Lecavalier
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hugo Botha
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julie A Fields
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, USA
| | - Mary M Machulda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, USA; VIB-UA Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Maria I Lapid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, USA
| | | | | | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, USA
| | | | | | | | - David T Jones
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, USA; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, USA.
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14
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Zhang L, Flagan TM, Häkkinen S, Chu SA, Brown JA, Lee AJ, Pasquini L, Mandelli ML, Gorno-Tempini ML, Sturm VE, Yokoyama JS, Appleby BS, Cobigo Y, Dickerson BC, Domoto-Reilly K, Geschwind DH, Ghoshal N, Graff-Radford NR, Grossman M, Hsiung GYR, Huey ED, Kantarci K, Lago AL, Litvan I, Mackenzie IR, Mendez MF, Onyike CU, Ramos EM, Roberson ED, Tartaglia MC, Toga AW, Weintraub S, Wszolek ZK, Forsberg LK, Heuer HW, Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Rosen HJ, Miller BL, Seeley WW, Lee SE. Network Connectivity Alterations across the MAPT Mutation Clinical Spectrum. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:632-646. [PMID: 37431188 PMCID: PMC10727479 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) mutations cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and novel biomarkers are urgently needed for early disease detection. We used task-free functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) mapping, a promising biomarker, to analyze network connectivity in symptomatic and presymptomatic MAPT mutation carriers. METHODS We compared cross-sectional fMRI data between 17 symptomatic and 39 presymptomatic carriers and 81 controls with (1) seed-based analyses to examine connectivity within networks associated with the 4 most common MAPT-associated clinical syndromes (ie, salience, corticobasal syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome, and default mode networks) and (2) whole-brain connectivity analyses. We applied K-means clustering to explore connectivity heterogeneity in presymptomatic carriers at baseline. Neuropsychological measures, plasma neurofilament light chain, and gray matter volume were compared at baseline and longitudinally between the presymptomatic subgroups defined by their baseline whole-brain connectivity profiles. RESULTS Symptomatic and presymptomatic carriers had connectivity disruptions within MAPT-syndromic networks. Compared to controls, presymptomatic carriers showed regions of connectivity alterations with age. Two presymptomatic subgroups were identified by clustering analysis, exhibiting predominantly either whole-brain hypoconnectivity or hyperconnectivity at baseline. At baseline, these two presymptomatic subgroups did not differ in neuropsychological measures, although the hypoconnectivity subgroup had greater plasma neurofilament light chain levels than controls. Longitudinally, both subgroups showed visual memory decline (vs controls), yet the subgroup with baseline hypoconnectivity also had worsening verbal memory and neuropsychiatric symptoms, and extensive bilateral mesial temporal gray matter decline. INTERPRETATION Network connectivity alterations arise as early as the presymptomatic phase. Future studies will determine whether presymptomatic carriers' baseline connectivity profiles predict symptomatic conversion. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:632-646.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Taru M. Flagan
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Suvi Häkkinen
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Chu
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jesse A. Brown
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alex J. Lee
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lorenzo Pasquini
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Mandelli
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Virginia E. Sturm
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brian S. Appleby
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yann Cobigo
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Murray Grossman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Edward D. Huey
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Argentina Lario Lago
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ian R Mackenzie
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mario F. Mendez
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chiadi U. Onyike
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arthur W. Toga
- University of Southern California, Laboratory of Neuroimaging (LONI), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Hilary W. Heuer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Adam L. Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Howard J. Rosen
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bruce L. Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William W. Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Suzee E. Lee
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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15
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Garcia Ruiz PJ, Feliz LD, Feliz CE, Sanchez IL, Fernandez AA, Kelly FB, Tiebas MJT, del Val J, Vinagre IN. The enduring enigma of sporadic chorea: A single center case series. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2023; 13:33. [PMID: 37692071 PMCID: PMC10487123 DOI: 10.5334/tohm.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chorea can have a wide variety of causes including neurodegenerative, pharmacological, structural, metabolic, infectious, immunologic and paraneoplastic processes. We reviewed the clinical records of patients with apparently sporadic choreic movements and no relevant family history, who presented to our neurology department (Hospital Fundación Jimenez Diaz) between 1991 and 2022. We detected 38 cases of apparent sporadic chorea (ASC); Our analysis revealed 5 cases of genetic chorea (including 3 cases with Huntington's disease) while 6 cases were autoimmune/hematological; 6 drug-related chorea, 5 metabolic-vascular, 5 due to miscellaneous conditions and 4 were of mixed etiology. No clear etiology was identified in 8 cases. The differential diagnosis of ASC is extensive and challenging. Highlights Chorea can have a wide variety of genetic and sporadic causesWe reviewed the clinical records of patients with apparently sporadic chorea (ASC), who presented to our neurology department over the last 30 yearsWe detected 38 cases of apparent ASC; Our analysis revealed a wide array of different sporadic conditions and 5 cases of genetic choreaThe differential diagnosis of ASC is extensive and challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lola Diaz Feliz
- Department of Neurology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cici E. Feliz
- Department of Neurology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Javier del Val
- Department of Neurology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Asken BM, Ljubenkov PA, Staffaroni AM, Casaletto KB, Vandevrede L, Cobigo Y, Rojas-Rodriguez JC, Rankin KP, Kornak J, Heuer H, Shigenaga J, Appleby BS, Bozoki AC, Domoto-Reilly K, Ghoshal N, Huey E, Litvan I, Masdeu JC, Mendez MF, Pascual B, Pressman P, Tartaglia MC, Kremers W, Forsberg LK, Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Rosen HJ, Kramer JH. Plasma inflammation for predicting phenotypic conversion and clinical progression of autosomal dominant frontotemporal lobar degeneration. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023; 94:541-549. [PMID: 36977552 PMCID: PMC10313977 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-330866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring systemic inflammatory markers may improve clinical prognosis and help identify targetable pathways for treatment in patients with autosomal dominant forms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). METHODS We measured plasma concentrations of IL-6, TNFα and YKL-40 in pathogenic variant carriers (MAPT, C9orf72, GRN) and non-carrier family members enrolled in the ARTFL-LEFFTDS Longitudinal Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration consortium. We evaluated associations between baseline plasma inflammation and rate of clinical and neuroimaging changes (linear mixed effects models with standardised (z) outcomes). We compared inflammation between asymptomatic carriers who remained clinically normal ('asymptomatic non-converters') and those who became symptomatic ('asymptomatic converters') using area under the curve analyses. Discrimination accuracy was compared with that of plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL). RESULTS We studied 394 participants (non-carriers=143, C9orf72=117, GRN=62, MAPT=72). In MAPT, higher TNFα was associated with faster functional decline (B=0.12 (0.02, 0.22), p=0.02) and temporal lobe atrophy. In C9orf72, higher TNFα was associated with faster functional decline (B=0.09 (0.03, 0.16), p=0.006) and cognitive decline (B=-0.16 (-0.22, -0.10), p<0.001), while higher IL-6 was associated with faster functional decline (B=0.12 (0.03, 0.21), p=0.01). TNFα was higher in asymptomatic converters than non-converters (β=0.29 (0.09, 0.48), p=0.004) and improved discriminability compared with plasma NfL alone (ΔR2=0.16, p=0.007; NfL: OR=1.4 (1.03, 1.9), p=0.03; TNFα: OR=7.7 (1.7, 31.7), p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS Systemic proinflammatory protein measurement, particularly TNFα, may improve clinical prognosis in autosomal dominant FTLD pathogenic variant carriers who are not yet exhibiting severe impairment. Integrating TNFα with markers of neuronal dysfunction like NfL could optimise detection of impending symptom conversion in asymptomatic pathogenic variant carriers and may help personalise therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breton M Asken
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, 1Florida Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter A Ljubenkov
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adam M Staffaroni
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kaitlin B Casaletto
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lawren Vandevrede
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yann Cobigo
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Julio C Rojas-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John Kornak
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hilary Heuer
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Judy Shigenaga
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brian S Appleby
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Pathology, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrea C Bozoki
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kimiko Domoto-Reilly
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Edward Huey
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joseph C Masdeu
- Department of Neurology, Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mario F Mendez
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Belen Pascual
- Department of Neurology, Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Pressman
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Sports Concussion Project, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walter Kremers
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Leah K Forsberg
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brad F Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Howie J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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17
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Vinceti G, Gallingani C, Zucchi E, Martinelli I, Gianferrari G, Simonini C, Bedin R, Chiari A, Zamboni G, Mandrioli J. Young Onset Alzheimer's Disease Associated with C9ORF72 Hexanucleotide Expansion: Further Evidence for a Still Unsolved Association. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040930. [PMID: 37107688 PMCID: PMC10138077 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are recognized as part of a disease continuum (FTD-ALS spectrum), in which the most common genetic cause is chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72) gene hexanucleotide repeat expansion. The clinical phenotype of patients carrying this expansion varies widely and includes diseases beyond the FTD-ALS spectrum. Although a few cases of patients with C9ORF72 expansion and a clinical or biomarker-supported diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been described, they have been considered too sparse to establish a definite association between the C9ORF72 expansion and AD pathology. Here, we describe a C9ORF72 family with pleomorphic phenotypical expressions: a 54-year-old woman showing cognitive impairment and behavioral disturbances with both neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers consistent with AD pathology, her 49-year-old brother with typical FTD-ALS, and their 63-year-old mother with the behavioral variant of FTD and CSF biomarkers suggestive of AD pathology. The young onset of disease in all three family members and their different phenotypes and biomarker profiles make the simple co-occurrence of different diseases an extremely unlikely explanation. Our report adds to previous findings and may contribute to further expanding the spectrum of diseases associated with C9ORF72 expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vinceti
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Gallingani
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Zucchi
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Martinelli
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Gianferrari
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Simonini
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Roberta Bedin
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiari
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zamboni
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Jessica Mandrioli
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41126 Modena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
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18
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Mathioudakis L, Dimovasili C, Bourbouli M, Latsoudis H, Kokosali E, Gouna G, Vogiatzi E, Basta M, Kapetanaki S, Panagiotakis S, Kanterakis A, Boumpas D, Lionis C, Plaitakis A, Simos P, Vgontzas A, Kafetzopoulos D, Zaganas I. Study of Alzheimer's disease- and frontotemporal dementia-associated genes in the Cretan Aging Cohort. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 123:111-128. [PMID: 36117051 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Using exome sequencing, we analyzed 196 participants of the Cretan Aging Cohort (CAC; 95 with Alzheimer's disease [AD], 20 with mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and 81 cognitively normal controls). The APOE ε4 allele was more common in AD patients (23.2%) than in controls (7.4%; p < 0.01) and the PSEN2 p.Arg29His and p.Cys391Arg variants were found in 3 AD and 1 MCI patient, respectively. Also, we found the frontotemporal dementia (FTD)-associated TARDBP gene p.Ile383Val variant in 2 elderly patients diagnosed with AD and in 2 patients, non CAC members, with the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/FTD phenotype. Furthermore, the p.Ser498Ala variant in the positively selected GLUD2 gene was less frequent in AD patients (2.11%) than in controls (16%; p < 0.01), suggesting a possible protective effect. While the same trend was found in another local replication cohort (n = 406) and in section of the ADNI cohort (n = 808), this finding did not reach statistical significance and therefore it should be considered preliminary. Our results attest to the value of genetic testing to study aged adults with AD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambros Mathioudakis
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christina Dimovasili
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Mara Bourbouli
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Helen Latsoudis
- Minotech Genomics Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Evgenia Kokosali
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Garyfallia Gouna
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanouella Vogiatzi
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Basta
- University of Crete, Medical School, Psychiatry Department, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Stefania Kapetanaki
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Simeon Panagiotakis
- University of Crete, Medical School, Internal Medicine Department, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Alexandros Kanterakis
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (ICS-FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Boumpas
- University of Crete, Medical School, Internal Medicine Department, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christos Lionis
- University of Crete, Medical School, Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Andreas Plaitakis
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Simos
- University of Crete, Medical School, Psychiatry Department, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Alexandros Vgontzas
- University of Crete, Medical School, Psychiatry Department, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kafetzopoulos
- Minotech Genomics Facility, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- University of Crete, Medical School, Neurology/Neurogenetics Laboratory, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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19
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Chu M, Nan H, Jiang D, Liu L, Huang A, Wang Y, Wu L. Progranulin Gene Mutations in Chinese Patients with Frontotemporal Dementia: A Case Report and Literature Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:225-234. [PMID: 36970912 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progranulin (GRN) mutations in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) have been less frequently reported in China than in Western countries. OBJECTIVE This study reports a novel GRN mutation and summarizes the genetic and clinical features of patients with GRN mutations in China. METHODS Comprehensive clinical, genetic, and neuroimaging examinations were conducted on a 58-year-old female patient diagnosed with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia. A literature review was also conducted and clinical and genetic features of patients with GRN mutations in China were summarized. RESULTS Neuroimaging revealed marked lateral atrophy and hypometabolism in the left frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. The patient was negative for pathologic amyloid and tau deposition by positron emission tomography. A novel heterozygous 45-bp deletion (c.1414-14_1444delCCCTTCCCCGCCAGGCTGTGTGCTGCGAGGATCGCCAGCACTGCT) was detected by whole-exome sequencing of the patient's genomic DNA. Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay was presumed to be involved in the degradation of the mutant gene transcript. The mutation was deemed pathogenic according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics criteria. The patient had a reduced plasma GRN level. In the literature, there were reports of 13 Chinese patients - mostly female - with GRN mutations; the prevalence was 1.2% -2.6% and patients mostly had early disease onset. CONCLUSION Our findings expand the mutation profile of GRN in China, which can aid the diagnosis and treatment of FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haitian Nan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Anqi Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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20
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Zecca C, Tortelli R, Carrera P, Dell'Abate MT, Logroscino G, Ferrari M. Genotype-phenotype correlation in the spectrum of frontotemporal dementia-parkinsonian syndromes and advanced diagnostic approaches. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2022; 60:171-188. [PMID: 36510705 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2022.2150833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The term frontotemporal dementia (FTD) refers to a group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterized mainly by atrophy of the frontal and anterior temporal lobes. Based on clinical presentation, three main clinical syndromes have traditionally been described: behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), non-fluent/agrammatic primary progressive aphasia (nfPPA), and semantic variant PPA (svPPA). However, over the last 20 years, it has been recognized that cognitive phenotypes often overlap with motor phenotypes, either motor neuron diseases or parkinsonian signs and/or syndromes like progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and cortico-basal syndrome (CBS). Furthermore, FTD-related genes are characterized by genetic pleiotropy and can cause, even in the same family, pure motor phenotypes, findings that underlie the clinical continuum of the spectrum, which has pure cognitive and pure motor phenotypes as the extremes. The genotype-phenotype correlation of the spectrum, FTD-motor neuron disease, has been well defined and extensively investigated, while the continuum, FTD-parkinsonism, lacks a comprehensive review. In this narrative review, we describe the current knowledge about the genotype-phenotype correlation of the spectrum, FTD-parkinsonism, focusing on the phenotypes that are less frequent than bvFTD, namely nfPPA, svPPA, PSP, CBS, and cognitive-motor overlapping phenotypes (i.e. PPA + PSP). From a pathological point of view, they are characterized mainly by the presence of phosphorylated-tau inclusions, either 4 R or 3 R. The genetic correlate of the spectrum can be heterogeneous, although some variants seem to lead preferentially to specific clinical syndromes. Furthermore, we critically review the contribution of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) in disentangling the complex heritability of the FTD-parkinsonism spectrum and in defining the genotype-phenotype correlation of the entire clinical scenario, owing to the ability of these techniques to test multiple genes, and so to allow detailed investigations of the overlapping phenotypes. Finally, we conclude with the importance of a detailed genetic characterization and we offer to patients and families the chance to be included in future randomized clinical trials focused on autosomal dominant forms of FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zecca
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Pia Fondazione Card G. Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy
| | - Rosanna Tortelli
- Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paola Carrera
- Unit of Genomics for Human Disease Diagnosis and Clinical Molecular Biology Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Dell'Abate
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Pia Fondazione Card G. Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Pia Fondazione Card G. Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy.,Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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21
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Santamaría-García H, Ogonowsky N, Baez S, Palacio N, Reyes P, Schulte M, López A, Matallana D, Ibanez A. Neurocognitive patterns across genetic levels in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a multiple single cases study. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:454. [PMID: 36474176 PMCID: PMC9724347 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02954-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) has been related to different genetic factors. Identifying multimodal phenotypic heterogeneity triggered by various genetic influences is critical for improving diagnosis, prognosis, and treatments. However, the specific impact of different genetic levels (mutations vs. risk variants vs. sporadic presentations) on clinical and neurocognitive phenotypes is not entirely understood, specially in patites from underrepresented regions such as Colombia. METHODS Here, in a multiple single cases study, we provide systematic comparisons regarding cognitive, neuropsychiatric, brain atrophy, and gene expression-atrophy overlap in a novel cohort of FTD patients (n = 42) from Colombia with different genetic levels, including patients with known genetic influences (G-FTD) such as those with genetic mutations (GR1) in particular genes (MAPT, TARDBP, and TREM2); patients with risk variants (GR2) in genes associated with FTD (tau Haplotypes H1 and H2 and APOE variants including ε2, ε3, ε4); and sporadic FTD patients (S-FTD (GR3)). RESULTS We found that patients from GR1 and GR2 exhibited earlier disease onset, pervasive cognitive impairments (cognitive screening, executive functioning, ToM), and increased brain atrophy (prefrontal areas, cingulated cortices, basal ganglia, and inferior temporal gyrus) than S-FTD patients (GR3). No differences in disease duration were observed across groups. Additionally, significant neuropsychiatric symptoms were observed in the GR1. The GR1 also presented more clinical and neurocognitive compromise than GR2 patients; these groups, however, did not display differences in disease onset or duration. APOE and tau patients showed more neuropsychiatric symptoms and primary atrophy in parietal and temporal cortices than GR1 patients. The gene-atrophy overlap analysis revealed atrophy in regions with specific genetic overexpression in all G-FTD patients. A differential family presentation did not explain the results. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the existence of genetic levels affecting the clinical, neurocognitive, and, to a lesser extent, neuropsychiatric presentation of bvFTD in the present underrepresented sample. These results support tailored assessments characterization based on the parallels of genetic levels and neurocognitive profiles in bvFTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernando Santamaría-García
- PhD program in Neuroscience, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Memory and cognition Center, Intellectus, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia.
- Department of Neurology, Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Natalia Ogonowsky
- CONICET & Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Baez
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicole Palacio
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pablo Reyes
- PhD program in Neuroscience, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Michael Schulte
- CONICET & Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea López
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Agustín Ibanez
- Latin American Institute for Brain Health (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, & National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Trinity Collegue of Dublin, Dublin, Irland.
- Global Brain Health Insititute, Universidad California San Francisco-Trinity College of Dublin, San Francisco, USA.
- Global Brain Health Insititute, Universidad California San Francisco-Trinity College of Dublin, Dublin, Irland.
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22
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Kobayashi R, Naruse H, Kawakatsu S, Iseki C, Suzuki Y, Koyama S, Morioka D, Ishiura H, Mitsui J, Ohta Y, Tsuji S, Toda T, Otani K. Valosin-containing protein Asp395Gly mutation in a patient with frontotemporal dementia: a case report. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:406. [PMID: 36329418 PMCID: PMC9632072 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Variants in the valosin-containing protein (VCP) gene were identified as one of the causes for inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget disease of the bone and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Previously identified pathogenic variants in VCP are associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP) pathologically, but p.Asp395Gly VCP was recently reported to cause familial FTD with tauopathy characterized by neurofibrillary tau tangles (NFT) and not FTLD-TDP. We describe the clinical and genetic findings of a patient with p.Asp395Gly valosin-containing protein (VCP), who was diagnosed with FTD without a family history and in the absence of muscle or bone disease comorbidity. Case presentation The patient was a 62-year-old man, who developed atypical depression at the age of 37 years. Subsequently, he presented with self-centered behavior at the age of 45 years. The self-centered behavior intensified from around the age of 50 years, which was accompanied by the development of executive dysfunction; therefore, he visited our hospital at 52 years of age. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral frontal lobe atrophy. Brain perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography revealed bilateral frontal lobe hypoperfusion. The patient fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for behavioral variant of FTD. Ten years after the diagnosis, computed tomography of the trunk and limbs, muscle biopsy, and bone scintigraphy revealed the absence of concomitant muscle and bone disease. The concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total tau and phosphorylated tau proteins were 389 pg/mL and 53.2 pg/mL (cut-off: 50 pg/mL), respectively. Genetic analyses were performed using the whole-exome and Sanger sequencing methods. We identified p.Asp395Gly VCP in this patient with pure FTD. Conclusions p.Asp395Gly VCP was identified in a patient with likely sporadic FTD without concomitant muscle and bone disease. The CSF analysis suggested that our patient may have FTD due to NFT accumulation similar to the familial FTD patients with p.Asp395Gly VCP recently reported. Our findings suggest that a genetic search for the pathogenic variants of VCP should be considered not only for familial FTD, but also for patients with sporadic FTD, even in the absence of comorbid muscle or bone disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-022-02951-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kobayashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Hiroya Naruse
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kawakatsu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Aizu Medical Center, Fukushima Medical University, Aizuwakamatsu, Japan
| | - Chifumi Iseki
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yuya Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shingo Koyama
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Daichi Morioka
- Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohta
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Medical Genomics, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Otani
- Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
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23
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Staffaroni AM, Quintana M, Wendelberger B, Heuer HW, Russell LL, Cobigo Y, Wolf A, Goh SYM, Petrucelli L, Gendron TF, Heller C, Clark AL, Taylor JC, Wise A, Ong E, Forsberg L, Brushaber D, Rojas JC, VandeVrede L, Ljubenkov P, Kramer J, Casaletto KB, Appleby B, Bordelon Y, Botha H, Dickerson BC, Domoto-Reilly K, Fields JA, Foroud T, Gavrilova R, Geschwind D, Ghoshal N, Goldman J, Graff-Radford J, Graff-Radford N, Grossman M, Hall MGH, Hsiung GY, Huey ED, Irwin D, Jones DT, Kantarci K, Kaufer D, Knopman D, Kremers W, Lago AL, Lapid MI, Litvan I, Lucente D, Mackenzie IR, Mendez MF, Mester C, Miller BL, Onyike CU, Rademakers R, Ramanan VK, Ramos EM, Rao M, Rascovsky K, Rankin KP, Roberson ED, Savica R, Tartaglia MC, Weintraub S, Wong B, Cash DM, Bouzigues A, Swift IJ, Peakman G, Bocchetta M, Todd EG, Convery RS, Rowe JB, Borroni B, Galimberti D, Tiraboschi P, Masellis M, Finger E, van Swieten JC, Seelaar H, Jiskoot LC, Sorbi S, Butler CR, Graff C, Gerhard A, Langheinrich T, Laforce R, Sanchez-Valle R, de Mendonça A, Moreno F, Synofzik M, Vandenberghe R, Ducharme S, Le Ber I, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Pasquier F, Santana I, Kornak J, Boeve BF, Rosen HJ, Rohrer JD, Boxer AL. Temporal order of clinical and biomarker changes in familial frontotemporal dementia. Nat Med 2022; 28:2194-2206. [PMID: 36138153 PMCID: PMC9951811 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Unlike familial Alzheimer's disease, we have been unable to accurately predict symptom onset in presymptomatic familial frontotemporal dementia (f-FTD) mutation carriers, which is a major hurdle to designing disease prevention trials. We developed multimodal models for f-FTD disease progression and estimated clinical trial sample sizes in C9orf72, GRN and MAPT mutation carriers. Models included longitudinal clinical and neuropsychological scores, regional brain volumes and plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) in 796 carriers and 412 noncarrier controls. We found that the temporal ordering of clinical and biomarker progression differed by genotype. In prevention-trial simulations using model-based patient selection, atrophy and NfL were the best endpoints, whereas clinical measures were potential endpoints in early symptomatic trials. f-FTD prevention trials are feasible but will likely require global recruitment efforts. These disease progression models will facilitate the planning of f-FTD clinical trials, including the selection of optimal endpoints and enrollment criteria to maximize power to detect treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Staffaroni
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Hilary W Heuer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lucy L Russell
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square London, London, UK
| | - Yann Cobigo
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy Wolf
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sheng-Yang Matt Goh
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Carolin Heller
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square London, London, UK
| | - Annie L Clark
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jack Carson Taylor
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy Wise
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elise Ong
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leah Forsberg
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Danielle Brushaber
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julio C Rojas
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lawren VandeVrede
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter Ljubenkov
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joel Kramer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlin B Casaletto
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian Appleby
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yvette Bordelon
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Hugo Botha
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Julie A Fields
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Indiana University School of Medicine, National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Daniel Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
- Institute for Precision Health, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jill Goldman
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Murray Grossman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew G H Hall
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ging-Yuek Hsiung
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Edward D Huey
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Irwin
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David T Jones
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel Kaufer
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Walter Kremers
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Argentina Lario Lago
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria I Lapid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Diane Lucente
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian R Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mario F Mendez
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Carly Mester
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chiadi U Onyike
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Meghana Rao
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Katya Rascovsky
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rodolfo Savica
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bonnie Wong
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square London, London, UK
| | - Arabella Bouzigues
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square London, London, UK
| | - Imogen J Swift
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square London, London, UK
| | - Georgia Peakman
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square London, London, UK
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square London, London, UK
| | - Emily G Todd
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square London, London, UK
| | - Rhian S Convery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square London, London, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Mario Masellis
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Chris R Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline Graff
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tobias Langheinrich
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Neurology Service, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Johannes Levin
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florence Pasquier
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm, Lille, France
- CHU, CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND Lille, Lille, France
| | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - John Kornak
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Howard J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square London, London, UK
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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24
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Kim EJ, Na DL, Kim HJ, Park KW, Lee JH, Roh JH, Kwon JC, Yoon SJ, Jung NY, Jeong JH, Jang JW, Kim HJ, Park KH, Choi SH, Kim S, Park YH, Kim BC, Youn YC, Ki CS, Kim SH, Seo SW, Kim YE. Genetic Screening in Korean Patients with Frontotemporal Dementia Syndrome. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2022; 6:651-662. [DOI: 10.3233/adr-220030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous group of diseases. However, pathogenic variants in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72), microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), and progranulin (GRN) genes are mainly associated with genetic FTD in Caucasian populations. Objective: To understand the genetic background of Korean patients with FTD syndrome. Methods: We searched for pathogenic variants of 52 genes related to FTD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, familial Alzheimer’s disease, and other dementias, and hexanucleotide repeats of the C9orf72 gene in 72 Korean patients with FTD using whole exome sequencing and the repeat-primed polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Results: One likely pathogenic variant, p.G706R of MAPT, in a patient with behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD) and 13 variants of uncertain significance (VUSs) in nine patients with FTD were identified. Of these VUSs, M232R of the PRNP gene, whose role in pathogenicity is controversial, was also found in two patients with bvFTD. Conclusions: These results indicate that known pathogenic variants of the three main FTD genes (MAPT, GRN, and C9orf72) in Western countries are rare in Korean FTD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Korea
| | - Duk L. Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Won Park
- Department of Neurology, Dong-A Medical Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Hoon Roh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jay C. Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Changwon Fatima Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon
| | - Na-Yeon Jung
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Busan, Korea
| | - Jee H. Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Hospital, Seoul
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee Hyung Park
- Department of Neurology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Young Ho Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Byeong C. Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
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25
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Tipton PW, Deutschlaender AB, Savica R, Heckman MG, Brushaber DE, Dickerson BC, Gavrilova RH, Geschwind DH, Ghoshal N, Graff-Radford J, Graff-Radford NR, Grossman M, Hsiung GYR, Huey ED, Irwin DJ, Jones DT, Knopman DS, McGinnis SM, Rademakers R, Ramos EM, Forsberg LK, Heuer HW, Onyike C, Tartaglia C, Domoto-Reilly K, Roberson ED, Mendez MF, Litvan I, Appleby BS, Grant I, Kaufer D, Boxer AL, Rosen HJ, Boeve BF, Wszolek ZK. Differences in Motor Features of C9orf72, MAPT, or GRN Variant Carriers With Familial Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Neurology 2022; 99:e1154-e1167. [PMID: 35790423 PMCID: PMC9536745 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (f-FTLD) is a phenotypically heterogeneous spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders most often caused by variants within chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72), microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), or granulin (GRN). The phenotypic association with each of these genes is incompletely understood. We hypothesized that the frequency of specific clinical features would correspond with different genes. METHODS We screened the Advancing Research and Treatment in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (ARTFL)/Longitudinal Evaluation of Familial Frontotemporal Dementia Subjects (LEFFTDS)/ARTFL LEFFTDS Longitudinal Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Consortium for symptomatic carriers of pathogenic variants in C9orf72, MAPT, or GRN. We assessed for clinical differences among these 3 groups based on data recorded as part of a detailed neurologic examination, the Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Rating Scale, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy-Quality of Life Rating Scale, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (motor items), and the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale, revised version. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and Fisher exact test. RESULTS We identified 184 symptomatic participants who had a single pathogenic variant in C9orf72 (n = 88), MAPT (n = 53), or GRN (n = 43). Motor symptom age at onset was earliest in the MAPT participants followed by C9orf72, whereas the GRN pathogenic variant carriers developed symptoms later. C9orf72 participants more often had fasciculations, muscle atrophy, and weakness, whereas parkinsonism was less frequent. Vertical oculomotor abnormalities were more common in the MAPT cohort, whereas apraxia and focal limb dystonia occurred more often in participants with GRN variants. DISCUSSION We present a large comparative study of motor features in C9orf72, MAPT, and GRN pathogenic variant carriers with symptomatic f-FTLD. Our findings demonstrate characteristic phenotypic differences corresponding with specific gene variants that increase our understanding of the genotype-phenotype relationship in this complex spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION NCT02365922, NCT02372773, and NCT04363684.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wade Tipton
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill.
| | - Angela B Deutschlaender
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Rodolfo Savica
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Michael G Heckman
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Danielle E Brushaber
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Ralitza H Gavrilova
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Jonathan Graff-Radford
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Neill R Graff-Radford
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Murray Grossman
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Ging-Yuek R Hsiung
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Edward D Huey
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - David John Irwin
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - David T Jones
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - David S Knopman
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Scott M McGinnis
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Leah K Forsberg
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Hilary W Heuer
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Chiadi Onyike
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Carmela Tartaglia
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Kimiko Domoto-Reilly
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Erik D Roberson
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Mario F Mendez
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Irene Litvan
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Brian S Appleby
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Ian Grant
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Daniel Kaufer
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Adam L Boxer
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Howard J Rosen
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Brad F Boeve
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
| | - Zbigniew K Wszolek
- From the Department of Neurology (P.W.T., A.B.D., N.R.G.-R., Z.K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Department of Neurology (R.S., D.E.B., R.H.G., J.G.-R., D.T.J., D.S.K., L.K.F., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics (M.G.H.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Massachusetts General Hospital (B.C.D., S.M.M.), Harvard University, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (D.H.G., E.M.R., M.F.M.); Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; University of Pennsylvania (M.G., D.J.I.), Philadelphia; University of British Columbia (G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York; Department of Neuroscience (R.R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) (H.W.H., A.L.B., H.J.R.); Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (C.O.), Baltimore, MD; University of Toronto (C.T.), Ontario, Canada; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (I.L.); Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; Northwestern University (I.G.), Evanston, IL; and University of North Carolina (D.K.), Chapel Hill
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Souza LCD, Hosogi ML, Machado TH, Carthery-Goulart MT, Yassuda MS, Smid J, Barbosa BJAP, Schilling LP, Balthazar MLF, Frota NAF, Vale FAC, Caramelli P, Bertolucci PHF, Chaves MLF, Brucki SMD, Nitrini R, Bahia VS, Takada LT. Diagnóstico da demência frontotemporal: recomendações do Departamento Científico de Neurologia Cognitiva e do Envelhecimento da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia. Dement Neuropsychol 2022; 16:40-52. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2022-s103pt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO A “demência frontotemporal” (DFT) é uma síndrome clínica, cujo denominador comum é o acometimento focal dos lobos frontais e/ou temporais. A DFT tem três fenótipos clínicos distintos: a variante comportamental e dois subtipos linguísticos, a saber, a afasia progressiva primária não-fluente/agramática (APP-NF/A) e a afasia progressiva primária semântica (APP-S). A DFT é a segunda causa mais comum de demência em indivíduos com idade inferior a 65 anos, após a doença de Alzheimer. O presente artigo apresenta recomendações para diagnóstico da DFT no cenário brasileiro, considerando os três níveis de complexidade do sistema de saúde: atenção primária à saúde e níveis secundários. São propostos protocolos de investigação diagnóstica abrangendo testagem cognitiva, avaliação comportamental, avaliação fonoaudiológica, exames laboratoriais e de neuroimagem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Cruz de Souza
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | - Thais Helena Machado
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Breno José Alencar Pires Barbosa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil; Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira, Brasil
| | - Lucas Porcello Schilling
- Pontifícia Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Pontifícia Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Pontifícia Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Paulo Caramelli
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
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27
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Souza LCD, Hosogi ML, Machado TH, Carthery-Goulart MT, Yassuda MS, Smid J, Barbosa BJAP, Schilling LP, Balthazar MLF, Frota NAF, Vale FAC, Caramelli P, Bertolucci PHF, Chaves MLF, Brucki SMD, Nitrini R, Bahia VS, Takada LT. Diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia: recommendations of the Scientific Department of Cognitive Neurology and Aging of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology. Dement Neuropsychol 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2022-s103en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT “Frontotemporal dementia” (FTD) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the focal involvement of the frontal and/or temporal lobes. FTD has three clinical phenotypes: the behavioral variant and two linguistic subtypes, namely, non-fluent/agrammatic primary progressive aphasia (PPA-NF/A) and semantic PPA (PPA-S). FTD is the second most common cause of dementia in individuals under the age of 65 years. This article presents recommendations for the diagnosis of FTD in the Brazilian scenario, considering the three levels of complexity of the health system: primary health care, secondary and tertiary levels. Diagnostic guidelines are proposed, including cognitive testing, behavioral and language assessments, laboratory tests, and neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Cruz de Souza
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | - Thais Helena Machado
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Breno José Alencar Pires Barbosa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil; Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira, Brasil
| | - Lucas Porcello Schilling
- Pontifícia Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Pontifícia Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Pontifícia Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Paulo Caramelli
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
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28
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Silverman HE, Ake JM, Manoochehri M, Appleby BS, Brushaber D, Devick KL, Dickerson BC, Fields JA, Forsberg LK, Ghoshal N, Graff‐Radford NR, Grossman M, Heuer HW, Kornak J, Lapid MI, Litvan I, Mackenzie IR, Mendez MF, Onyike CU, Pascual B, Tartaglia MC, Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Rosen HJ, Cosentino S, Huey ED, Barker MS, Goldman JS. The contribution of behavioral features to caregiver burden in FTLD spectrum disorders. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:1635-1649. [PMID: 34854532 PMCID: PMC9160199 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Caregivers of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) spectrum disorders experience tremendous burden, which has been associated with the neuropsychiatric and behavioral features of the disorders. METHODS In a sample of 558 participants with FTLD spectrum disorders, we performed multiple-variable regressions to identify the behavioral features that were most strongly associated with caregiver burden, as measured by the Zarit Burden Interview, at each stage of disease. RESULTS Apathy and disinhibition, as rated by both clinicians and caregivers, as well as clinician-rated psychosis, showed the strongest associations with caregiver burden, a pattern that was consistent when participants were separated cross-sectionally by disease stage. In addition, behavioral features appeared to contribute most to caregiver burden in patients with early dementia. DISCUSSION Caregivers should be provided with early education on the management of the behavioral features of FTLD spectrum disorders. Interventions targeting apathy, disinhibition, and psychosis may be most useful to reduce caregiver burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Silverman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterDepartment of NeurologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jeannie M. Ake
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterDepartment of NeurologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Masood Manoochehri
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterDepartment of NeurologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Brian S. Appleby
- Department of NeurologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Danielle Brushaber
- Division of Clinical Trials and BiostatisticsDepartment of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Katrina L. Devick
- Division of Clinical Trials and BiostatisticsDepartment of Quantitative Health SciencesMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Bradford C. Dickerson
- Department of NeurologyFrontotemporal Disorders UnitMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Julie A. Fields
- Division of Neurocognitive DisordersDepartment of Psychiatry and PsychologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Nupur Ghoshal
- Department of NeurologyWashington UniversitySt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - Murray Grossman
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration CenterDepartment of NeurologyPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Hilary W. Heuer
- Department of NeurologyMemory and Aging CenterUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - John Kornak
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maria I. Lapid
- Division of Neurocognitive DisordersDepartment of Psychiatry and PsychologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ian R. Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Mario F. Mendez
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral SciencesUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Chiadi U. Onyike
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and NeuropsychiatryDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Belen Pascual
- Stanley H. Appel Department of NeurologyHouston Methodist HospitalWeill Cornell MedicineHouston Methodist Neurological and Research InstituteHoustonTexasUSA
| | | | | | - Adam L. Boxer
- Department of NeurologyMemory and Aging CenterUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Howard J. Rosen
- Department of NeurologyMemory and Aging CenterUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stephanie Cosentino
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterDepartment of NeurologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Edward D. Huey
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterDepartment of NeurologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and New York Psychiatric InstituteColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkUSA
| | - Megan S. Barker
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterDepartment of NeurologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jill S. Goldman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and Gertrude H. Sergievsky CenterDepartment of NeurologyColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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Cobigo Y, Goh MS, Wolf A, Staffaroni AM, Kornak J, Miller BL, Rabinovici GD, Seeley WW, Spina S, Boxer AL, Boeve BF, Wang L, Allegri R, Farlow M, Mori H, Perrin RJ, Kramer J, Rosen HJ. Detection of emerging neurodegeneration using Bayesian linear mixed-effect modeling. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 36:103144. [PMID: 36030718 PMCID: PMC9428846 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of neurodegeneration, and prediction of when neurodegenerative diseases will lead to symptoms, are critical for developing and initiating disease modifying treatments for these disorders. While each neurodegenerative disease has a typical pattern of early changes in the brain, these disorders are heterogeneous, and early manifestations can vary greatly across people. Methods for detecting emerging neurodegeneration in any part of the brain are therefore needed. Prior publications have described the use of Bayesian linear mixed-effects (BLME) modeling for characterizing the trajectory of change across the brain in healthy controls and patients with neurodegenerative disease. Here, we use an extension of such a model to detect emerging neurodegeneration in cognitively healthy individuals at risk for dementia. We use BLME to quantify individualized rates of volume loss across the cerebral cortex from the first two MRIs in each person and then extend the BLME model to predict future values for each voxel. We then compare observed values at subsequent time points with the values that were expected from the initial rates of change and identify voxels that are lower than the expected values, indicating accelerated volume loss and neurodegeneration. We apply the model to longitudinal imaging data from cognitively normal participants in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), some of whom subsequently developed dementia, and two cognitively normal cases who developed pathology-proven frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). These analyses identified regions of accelerated volume loss prior to or accompanying the earliest symptoms, and expanding across the brain over time, in all cases. The changes were detected in regions that are typical for the likely diseases affecting each patient, including medial temporal regions in patients at risk for Alzheimer's disease, and insular, frontal, and/or anterior/inferior temporal regions in patients with likely or proven FTLD. In the cases where detailed histories were available, the first regions identified were consistent with early symptoms. Furthermore, survival analysis in the ADNI cases demonstrated that the rate of spread of accelerated volume loss across the brain was a statistically significant predictor of time to conversion to dementia. This method for detection of neurodegeneration is a potentially promising approach for identifying early changes due to a variety of diseases, without prior assumptions about what regions are most likely to be affected first in an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Cobigo
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, United States.
| | - Matthew S Goh
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, United States
| | - Amy Wolf
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, United States
| | - Adam M Staffaroni
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, United States
| | - John Kornak
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, United States
| | - Bruce L Miller
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, United States
| | - Gil D Rabinovici
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, United States
| | - William W Seeley
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, United States
| | - Salvatore Spina
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, United States
| | - Adam L Boxer
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, United States
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Department of Neurology, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department Radiology, United States
| | - Ricardo Allegri
- FLENI Institute of Neurological Research (Fundacion para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurologicas de la Infancia), Argentina
| | | | - Hiroshi Mori
- Osaka City University Medical School, Department of Neurosciences, Japan
| | | | - Joel Kramer
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, United States
| | - Howard J Rosen
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews many of the complex facets of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). A particular focus is on improving diagnostic accuracy to reduce the arduous diagnostic odyssey that so many patients and families endure. Strategies to promote diagnostic accuracy and approach the management of problematic symptoms are also discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Although the International Consensus Criteria for bvFTD were published more than a decade ago and clinicopathologic studies have confirmed their utility, diagnostic confusion continues. This article presents updated data along with illustrative cases to emphasize the clinical pearls that are most useful for clinicians. Although accurate prediction of the underlying proteinopathy remains a challenge, the ability to differentiate bvFTD from atypical Alzheimer disease, psychiatric disorders, and other mimickers has improved. Knowledge about the genetic underpinnings in a significant minority of individuals with familial FTLD is enabling early and accurate diagnosis. Therapeutic optimism has also increased, particularly in familial FTLD, with a few clinical trials in progress and several more planned, some of which are designed to slow progression or delay the onset of symptoms, or both. SUMMARY The diagnosis and management of bvFTD is challenging for clinicians and particularly for patients and their families. Although much progress has been gained over recent years, several key research questions persist. Treatments that significantly improve symptoms or alter the course of FTLD remain elusive, but optimism is increasing as pathobiology is better understood and novel therapies are being developed.
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31
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Kobayashi R, Hayashi H, Kawakatsu S, Shibuya Y, Morioka D, Ohba M, Yoshioka M, Sakamoto K, Kanoto M, Otani K. Comparing Medial Temporal Atrophy Between Early-Onset Semantic Dementia and Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Using Voxel-Based Morphometry: A Multicenter MRI Study. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:503-510. [PMID: 35996258 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220820145429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset Semantic dementia (EOSD) and early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) are often difficult to clinically differentiate in the early stages of the diseases because of the overlaps of clinical symptoms such as language symptoms. We compared the degree of atrophy in medial temporal structures between the two types of dementia using the voxel-based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer's disease (VSRAD). METHODS The participants included 29 (age: 61.7±4.5 years) and 39 (age: 60.2±4.9 years) patients with EOSD and EOAD, respectively. The degree of atrophy in medial temporal structures was quantified using the VSRAD for magnetic resonance imaging data. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to distinguish patients with EOSD and EOAD using the mean Z score (Z-score) in bilateral medial temporal structures and the absolute value (laterality score) of the laterality of Z-score (| right-left |) for indicating the degree of asymmetrical atrophy in medial temporal structures. RESULTS The EOSD group had significantly higher Z and laterality scores than the EOAD group (Zscores: mean ± standard deviation: 3.74±1.05 vs. 1.56±0.81, respectively; P<0.001; laterality score: mean ± standard deviation: 2.35±1.23 vs. 0.68±0.51, respectively; P<0.001). In ROC analysis, the sensitivity and specificity to differentiate EOSD from EOAD by a Z-score of 2.29 were 97% and 85%, respectively and by the laterality score of 1.05 were 93% and 85%, respectively. CONCLUSION EOSD leads to more severe and asymmetrical atrophy in medial temporal structures than EOAD. The VSRAD may be useful to distinguish between these dementias that have several clinically similar symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kobayashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iidanishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hayashi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Fukushima Medical University School of Health Sciences, Sakaemachi 10-6, Fukushima 960-8516, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kawakatsu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Aizu Medical Center, Fukushima Medical University, Kawahigashi 21-2, Aizuwakamatsu 969-3492, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Shibuya
- Department of Psychiatry, Nihonkai General Hospital, Akihocho 30, Sakata 998-8501, Japan
| | - Daichi Morioka
- Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iidanishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohba
- Department of Radiology, Yamagata University Hospital, Iidanishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990- 9585, Japan
| | - Masanori Yoshioka
- Department of Radiology, Yamagata University Hospital, Iidanishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990- 9585, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Sakamoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iidanishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Aizu Medical Center, Fukushima Medical University, Kawahigashi 21-2, Aizuwakamatsu 969-3492, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kanoto
- Department of Radiology, Division of Diagnostic Radiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iidanishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Koichi Otani
- Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Iidanishi 2-2-2, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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32
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Pfeffer G, Lee G, Pontifex CS, Fanganiello RD, Peck A, Weihl CC, Kimonis V. Multisystem Proteinopathy Due to VCP Mutations: A Review of Clinical Heterogeneity and Genetic Diagnosis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:963. [PMID: 35741724 PMCID: PMC9222868 DOI: 10.3390/genes13060963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we review clinical features and genetic diagnosis of diseases caused by mutations in the gene encoding valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97), the functionally diverse AAA-ATPase. VCP is crucial to a multitude of cellular functions including protein quality control, stress granule formation and clearance, and genomic integrity functions, among others. Pathogenic mutations in VCP cause multisystem proteinopathy (VCP-MSP), an autosomal dominant, adult-onset disorder causing dysfunction in several tissue types. It can result in complex neurodegenerative conditions including inclusion body myopathy, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or combinations of these. There is also an association with other neurodegenerative phenotypes such as Alzheimer-type dementia and Parkinsonism. Non-neurological presentations include Paget disease of bone and may also include cardiac dysfunction. We provide a detailed discussion of genotype-phenotype correlations, recommendations for genetic diagnosis, and genetic counselling implications of VCP-MSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Pfeffer
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
- Alberta Child Health Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Grace Lee
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA; (G.L.); (V.K.)
| | - Carly S. Pontifex
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
| | - Roberto D. Fanganiello
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Allison Peck
- Cure VCP Disease, Inc., Americus, GA 31709, USA;
| | - Conrad C. Weihl
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Virginia Kimonis
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA; (G.L.); (V.K.)
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Barker MS, Gottesman RT, Manoochehri M, Chapman S, Appleby BS, Brushaber D, Devick KL, Dickerson BC, Domoto-Reilly K, Fields JA, Forsberg LK, Galasko DR, Ghoshal N, Goldman J, Graff-Radford NR, Grossman M, Heuer HW, Hsiung GY, Knopman DS, Kornak J, Litvan I, Mackenzie IR, Masdeu JC, Mendez MF, Pascual B, Staffaroni AM, Tartaglia MC, Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Rosen HJ, Rankin KP, Cosentino S, Rascovsky K, Huey ED. Proposed research criteria for prodromal behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Brain 2022; 145:1079-1097. [PMID: 35349636 PMCID: PMC9050566 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, no research criteria exist for the diagnosis of prodromal behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), though early detection is of high research importance. Thus, we sought to develop and validate a proposed set of research criteria for prodromal bvFTD, termed 'mild behavioural and/or cognitive impairment in bvFTD' (MBCI-FTD). Participants included 72 participants deemed to have prodromal bvFTD; this comprised 55 carriers of a pathogenic mutation known to cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and 17 individuals with autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal lobar degeneration. All had mild behavioural and/or cognitive changes, as judged by an evaluating clinician. Based on extensive clinical workup, the prodromal bvFTD group was divided into a Development Group (n = 22) and a Validation Group (n = 50). The Development Group was selected to be the subset of the prodromal bvFTD group for whom we had the strongest longitudinal evidence of conversion to bvFTD, and was used to develop the MBCI-FTD criteria. The Validation Group was the remainder of the prodromal bvFTD group and was used as a separate sample on which to validate the criteria. Familial non-carriers were included as healthy controls (n = 165). The frequencies of behavioural and neuropsychiatric features, neuropsychological deficits, and social cognitive dysfunction in the prodromal bvFTD Development Group and healthy controls were assessed. Based on sensitivity and specificity analyses, seven core features were identified: apathy without moderate-severe dysphoria, behavioural disinhibition, irritability/agitation, reduced empathy/sympathy, repetitive behaviours (simple and/or complex), joviality/gregariousness, and appetite changes/hyperorality. Supportive features include a neuropsychological profile of impaired executive function or naming with intact orientation and visuospatial skills, reduced insight for cognitive or behavioural changes, and poor social cognition. Three core features or two core features plus one supportive feature are required for the diagnosis of possible MBCI-FTD; probable MBCI-FTD requires imaging or biomarker evidence, or a pathogenic genetic mutation. The proposed MBCI-FTD criteria correctly classified 95% of the prodromal bvFTD Development Group, and 74% of the prodromal bvFTD Validation Group, with a false positive rate of <10% in healthy controls. Finally, the MBCI-FTD criteria were tested on a cohort of individuals with prodromal Alzheimer's disease, and the false positive rate of diagnosis was 11-16%. Future research will need to refine the sensitivity and specificity of these criteria, and incorporate emerging biomarker evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Barker
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reena T Gottesman
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Masood Manoochehri
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia Chapman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian S Appleby
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Danielle Brushaber
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Katrina L Devick
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- Department of Neurology, Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Julie A Fields
- Division of Neurocognitive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Douglas R Galasko
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jill Goldman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Murray Grossman
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hilary W Heuer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ging-Yuek Hsiung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - John Kornak
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ian R Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joseph C Masdeu
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA and Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Mario F Mendez
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Belen Pascual
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA and Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Adam M Staffaroni
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Adam L Boxer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Cosentino
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katya Rascovsky
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward D Huey
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and New York Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
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Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Kumfor F, Pijnenburg Y, Rohrer JD. Advances and controversies in frontotemporal dementia: diagnosis, biomarkers, and therapeutic considerations. Lancet Neurol 2022; 21:258-272. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Saracino D, Géraudie A, Remes AM, Ferrieux S, Noguès-Lassiaille M, Bottani S, Cipriano L, Houot M, Funkiewiez A, Camuzat A, Rinaldi D, Teichmann M, Pariente J, Couratier P, Boutoleau-Bretonnière C, Auriacombe S, Etcharry-Bouyx F, Levy R, Migliaccio R, Solje E, Le Ber I. Primary progressive aphasias associated with C9orf72 expansions: Another side of the story. Cortex 2021; 145:145-159. [PMID: 34717271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
C9orf72 repeat expansions are rarely associated with primary progressive aphasias (PPA). In-depth characterization of the linguistic deficits, and the underlying patterns of grey-matter atrophy in PPA associated with the C9orf72 expansions (PPA-C9orf72) are currently lacking. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed a unique series of 16 patients affected by PPA-C9orf72. Eleven patients were issued from two independent French and Finnish cohorts, and five were identified by means of literature review. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies were performed on three of them. This study depicts the spectrum of C9orf72-related aphasic phenotypes, and illustrates their linguistic presentation. The non-fluent/agrammatic variant was the most frequent phenotype in our series (9/16 patients, 56%), with apraxia of speech being the main defining feature. Left frontal lobe atrophy was present in these subjects, peaking in inferior frontal gyrus. Three patients (19%) showed the semantic variant, with progression of atrophy in temporo-polar regions, later involving orbitofrontal cortex. Anterior temporal lobe dysfunction was also particularly relevant in two patients (12.5%) with mixed forms of PPA. Lastly, two patients (12.5%) had unclassifiable PPA with predominating word-finding difficulties. No PPA-C9orf72 patients in our series fulfilled the criteria of the logopenic variant. Importantly, this study underlines the role of C9orf72 mutation in the disruption of the most anterior parts of the language network, including prefrontal and temporo-polar areas. It provides guidelines for C9orf72 testing in PPA patients, with important clinical impact as gene-specific therapies are upcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Saracino
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team, Inria Research Center of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Géraudie
- Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France; ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne M Remes
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sophie Ferrieux
- Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marie Noguès-Lassiaille
- Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Simona Bottani
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team, Inria Research Center of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Cipriano
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" - Naples, Italy
| | - Marion Houot
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN), ICM, CIC Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Funkiewiez
- Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau (ICM), FrontLab, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Camuzat
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Daisy Rinaldi
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marc Teichmann
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau (ICM), FrontLab, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France; ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Sophie Auriacombe
- CMRR Nouvelle Aquitaine / Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives Clinique (IMNc), CHU de Bordeaux Hôpital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Richard Levy
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau (ICM), FrontLab, Paris, France
| | - Raffaella Migliaccio
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau (ICM), FrontLab, Paris, France
| | - Eino Solje
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Neuro Center, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau (ICM), FrontLab, Paris, France.
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Bourbouli M, Paraskevas GP, Rentzos M, Mathioudakis L, Zouvelou V, Bougea A, Tychalas A, Kimiskidis VK, Constantinides V, Zafeiris S, Tzagournissakis M, Papadimas G, Karadima G, Koutsis G, Kroupis C, Kartanou C, Kapaki E, Zaganas I. Genotyping and Plasma/Cerebrospinal Fluid Profiling of a Cohort of Frontotemporal Dementia-Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091239. [PMID: 34573259 PMCID: PMC8472580 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are part of the same pathophysiological spectrum and have common genetic and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. Our aim here was to identify causative gene variants in a cohort of Greek patients with FTD, ALS and FTD-ALS, to measure levels of CSF biomarkers and to investigate genotype-phenotype/CSF biomarker associations. In this cohort of 130 patients (56 FTD, 58 ALS and 16 FTD-ALS), we performed C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion analysis, whole exome sequencing and measurement of “classical” (Aβ42, total tau and phospho-tau) and novel (TDP-43) CSF biomarkers and plasma progranulin. Through these analyses, we identified 14 patients with C9orf72 repeat expansion and 11 patients with causative variants in other genes (three in TARDBP, three in GRN, three in VCP, one in FUS, one in SOD1). In ALS patients, we found that levels of phospho-tau were lower in C9orf72 repeat expansion and MAPT c.855C>T (p.Asp285Asp) carriers compared to non-carriers. Additionally, carriers of rare C9orf72 and APP variants had lower levels of total tau and Aβ42, respectively. Plasma progranulin levels were decreased in patients carrying GRN pathogenic variants. This study expands the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of FTD/ALS and offers insights in possible genotypic/CSF biomarker associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Bourbouli
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Neurology Department, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (M.B.); (L.M.); (S.Z.); (M.T.)
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.P.P.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (G.P.); (G.K.); (G.K.); (C.K.); (E.K.)
| | - George P. Paraskevas
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.P.P.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (G.P.); (G.K.); (G.K.); (C.K.); (E.K.)
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Mihail Rentzos
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.P.P.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (G.P.); (G.K.); (G.K.); (C.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Lambros Mathioudakis
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Neurology Department, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (M.B.); (L.M.); (S.Z.); (M.T.)
| | - Vasiliki Zouvelou
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.P.P.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (G.P.); (G.K.); (G.K.); (C.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Anastasia Bougea
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.P.P.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (G.P.); (G.K.); (G.K.); (C.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Athanasios Tychalas
- Department of Neurology, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Vasilios K. Kimiskidis
- 1st Department of Neurology, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Vasilios Constantinides
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.P.P.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (G.P.); (G.K.); (G.K.); (C.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Spiros Zafeiris
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Neurology Department, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (M.B.); (L.M.); (S.Z.); (M.T.)
| | - Minas Tzagournissakis
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Neurology Department, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (M.B.); (L.M.); (S.Z.); (M.T.)
| | - Georgios Papadimas
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.P.P.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (G.P.); (G.K.); (G.K.); (C.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Georgia Karadima
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.P.P.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (G.P.); (G.K.); (G.K.); (C.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Georgios Koutsis
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.P.P.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (G.P.); (G.K.); (G.K.); (C.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Christos Kroupis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Chrisoula Kartanou
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.P.P.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (G.P.); (G.K.); (G.K.); (C.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Elisabeth Kapaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece; (G.P.P.); (M.R.); (V.Z.); (A.B.); (V.C.); (G.P.); (G.K.); (G.K.); (C.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Ioannis Zaganas
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Neurology Department, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (M.B.); (L.M.); (S.Z.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2810-394643
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Liu L, Cui B, Chu M, Cui Y, Jing D, Li D, Xie K, Kong Y, Xia T, Wang C, Wu L. The Frequency of Genetic Mutations Associated With Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia in Chinese Han Patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:699836. [PMID: 34305575 PMCID: PMC8297439 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.699836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is a clinically heterogeneous syndrome with high heredity. However, the frequencies of mutations associated with bvFTD have yet to be determined. The aim of the current study was to investigate the frequency of Chinese Han patients harboring genetic bvFTD variants. METHODS A total of 49 bvFTD patients selected from our frontotemporal lobar degeneration database, including 14 familial cases belonging to eight families and 35 sporadic cases were consecutively recruited from July 2014 to December 2019 at Xuanwu Hospital (Beijing, China). Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed and repeat-primed PCR was used to test samples for the C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion mutation. The frequency of genetic variants and the pathogenicity of the novel variants were analyzed. RESULTS Ten pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified in 17 bvFTD patients, including C9orf72 repeat expansions, six previously reported mutations and three novel mutations (MAPT p. R5C, p. D54N, GRN p. P451L). Genetic mutations accounted for 27.9% (12/43) of total cases, 87.5% (7/8) of patients with familial bvFTD, and 14.3% (5/35) with sporadic bvFTD. Pathogenic variants mostly occurred in MAPT gene (20.9%, 9/43), followed by C9orf72 repeat expansions (2.3%, 1/43), GRN gene (2.3%, 1/43) and FUS gene (2.3%, 1/43). CONCLUSION There was a high prevalence of genetic variants in Chinese bvFTD patients, highlighting the necessity of genetic testing for bvFTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Shenyang Fifth People Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Chu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Donglai Jing
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Rongcheng People’s Hospital, Hebei, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Xie
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Kong
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianxinyu Xia
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaodong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Liyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
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Mol MO, Wong TH, Melhem S, Basu S, Viscusi R, Galjart N, Rozemuller AJ, Fallini C, Landers JE, Kaat LD, Seelaar H, van Rooij JG, van Swieten JC. Novel TUBA4A Variant Associated With Familial Frontotemporal Dementia. Neurol Genet 2021; 7:e596. [PMID: 34169147 PMCID: PMC8221227 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the strong genetic component of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a substantial proportion of patients remain genetically unresolved. We performed an in-depth study of a family with an autosomal dominant form of FTD to investigate the underlying genetic cause. METHODS Following clinical and pathologic characterization of the family, genetic studies included haplotype sharing analysis and exome sequencing. Subsequently, we performed immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and a microtubule repolymerization assay to investigate the potential impact of the candidate variant in tubulin alpha 4a (TUBA4A). RESULTS The clinical presentation in this family is heterogeneous, including behavioral changes, parkinsonian features, and uncharacterized dementia. Neuropathologic examination of 2 patients revealed TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) pathology with abundant dystrophic neurites and neuronal intranuclear inclusions, consistent with frontotemporal lobar degeneration-TDP type A. We identified a likely pathogenic variant in TUBA4A segregating with disease. TUBA4A encodes for α-tubulin, which is a major component of the microtubule network. Variants in TUBA4A have been suggested as a rare genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and have sporadically been reported in patients with FTD without supporting genetic segregation. A decreased trend of TUBA4A protein abundance was observed in patients compared with controls, and a microtubule repolymerization assay demonstrated disrupted α-tubulin function. As opposed to variants found in ALS, TUBA4A variants associated with FTD appear more localized to the N-terminus, indicating different pathogenic mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the role of TUBA4A variants as rare genetic cause of familial FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shamiram Melhem
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sreya Basu
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Viscusi
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niels Galjart
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J.M. Rozemuller
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Fallini
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John E. Landers
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Donker Kaat
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen G.J. van Rooij
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John C. van Swieten
- From the Department of Neurology (M.O.M., T.H.W., S.M., L.D.K., H.S.,
J.G.J.v.R., J.C.v.S.), and Department of Cell Biology (S.B., R.V., N.G.),
Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology (A.J.M.R.), Amsterdam
University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the
Netherlands; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (C.F.), University of
Rhode Island, Kingston; Department of Neurology (J.E.L.), University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; and Department of Clinical Genetics
(L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Zampatti S, Ragazzo M, Peconi C, Luciano S, Gambardella S, Caputo V, Strafella C, Cascella R, Caltagirone C, Giardina E. Genetic Counselling Improves the Molecular Characterisation of Dementing Disorders. J Pers Med 2021; 11:474. [PMID: 34073306 PMCID: PMC8227097 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11060474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementing disorders are a complex group of neurodegenerative diseases characterised by different, but often overlapping, pathological pathways. Genetics have been largely associated with the development or the risk to develop dementing diseases. Recent advances in molecular technologies permit analyzing of several genes in a small time, but the interpretation analysis is complicated by several factors: the clinical complexity of neurodegenerative disorders, the frequency of co-morbidities, and the high phenotypic heterogeneity of genetic diseases. Genetic counselling supports the diagnostic path, providing an accurate familial and phenotypic characterisation of patients. In this review, we summarise neurodegenerative dementing disorders and their genetic determinants. Genetic variants and associated phenotypes will be divided into high and low impact, in order to reflect the pathologic continuum between multifactorial and mendelian genetic factors. Moreover, we report a molecular characterisation of genes associated with neurodegenerative disorders with cognitive impairment. In particular, the high frequency of rare coding genetic variants in dementing genes strongly supports the role of geneticists in both, clinical phenotype characterisation and interpretation of genotypic data. The smart application of exome analysis to dementia patients, with a pre-analytical selection on familial, clinical, and instrumental features, improves the diagnostic yield of genetic test, reduces time for diagnosis, and allows a rapid and personalised management of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Zampatti
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory UILDM, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (S.Z.); (C.P.); (S.L.); (C.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Michele Ragazzo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (V.C.)
| | - Cristina Peconi
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory UILDM, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (S.Z.); (C.P.); (S.L.); (C.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Serena Luciano
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory UILDM, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (S.Z.); (C.P.); (S.L.); (C.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Stefano Gambardella
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy;
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Valerio Caputo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (V.C.)
| | - Claudia Strafella
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory UILDM, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (S.Z.); (C.P.); (S.L.); (C.S.); (R.C.)
| | - Raffaella Cascella
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory UILDM, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (S.Z.); (C.P.); (S.L.); (C.S.); (R.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, 1000 Tirana, Albania
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy;
| | - Emiliano Giardina
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory UILDM, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy; (S.Z.); (C.P.); (S.L.); (C.S.); (R.C.)
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (V.C.)
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40
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Rojas JC, Wang P, Staffaroni AM, Heller C, Cobigo Y, Wolf A, Goh SYM, Ljubenkov PA, Heuer HW, Fong JC, Taylor JB, Veras E, Song L, Jeromin A, Hanlon D, Yu L, Khinikar A, Sivasankaran R, Kieloch A, Valentin MA, Karydas AM, Mitic LL, Pearlman R, Kornak J, Kramer JH, Miller BL, Kantarci K, Knopman DS, Graff-Radford N, Petrucelli L, Rademakers R, Irwin DJ, Grossman M, Ramos EM, Coppola G, Mendez MF, Bordelon Y, Dickerson BC, Ghoshal N, Huey ED, Mackenzie IR, Appleby BS, Domoto-Reilly K, Hsiung GYR, Toga AW, Weintraub S, Kaufer DI, Kerwin D, Litvan I, Onyike CU, Pantelyat A, Roberson ED, Tartaglia MC, Foroud T, Chen W, Czerkowicz J, Graham DL, van Swieten JC, Borroni B, Sanchez-Valle R, Moreno F, Laforce R, Graff C, Synofzik M, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Masellis M, Finger E, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonça A, Tagliavini F, Santana I, Ducharme S, Butler CR, Gerhard A, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Sorbi S, Cash DM, Convery RS, Bocchetta M, Foiani M, Greaves CV, Peakman G, Russell L, Swift I, Todd E, Rohrer JD, Boeve BF, Rosen HJ, Boxer AL. Plasma Neurofilament Light for Prediction of Disease Progression in Familial Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Neurology 2021; 96:e2296-e2312. [PMID: 33827960 PMCID: PMC8166434 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) identifies asymptomatic carriers of familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)-causing mutations at risk of disease progression. METHODS Baseline plasma NfL concentrations were measured with single-molecule array in original (n = 277) and validation (n = 297) cohorts. C9orf72, GRN, and MAPT mutation carriers and noncarriers from the same families were classified by disease severity (asymptomatic, prodromal, and full phenotype) using the CDR Dementia Staging Instrument plus behavior and language domains from the National Alzheimer's Disease Coordinating Center FTLD module (CDR+NACC-FTLD). Linear mixed-effect models related NfL to clinical variables. RESULTS In both cohorts, baseline NfL was higher in asymptomatic mutation carriers who showed phenoconversion or disease progression compared to nonprogressors (original: 11.4 ± 7 pg/mL vs 6.7 ± 5 pg/mL, p = 0.002; validation: 14.1 ± 12 pg/mL vs 8.7 ± 6 pg/mL, p = 0.035). Plasma NfL discriminated symptomatic from asymptomatic mutation carriers or those with prodromal disease (original cutoff: 13.6 pg/mL, 87.5% sensitivity, 82.7% specificity; validation cutoff: 19.8 pg/mL, 87.4% sensitivity, 84.3% specificity). Higher baseline NfL correlated with worse longitudinal CDR+NACC-FTLD sum of boxes scores, neuropsychological function, and atrophy, regardless of genotype or disease severity, including asymptomatic mutation carriers. CONCLUSIONS Plasma NfL identifies asymptomatic carriers of FTLD-causing mutations at short-term risk of disease progression and is a potential tool to select participants for prevention clinical trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02372773 and NCT02365922. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class I evidence that in carriers of FTLD-causing mutations, elevation of plasma NfL predicts short-term risk of clinical progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Rojas
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy.
| | - Ping Wang
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Adam M Staffaroni
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Carolin Heller
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Yann Cobigo
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Amy Wolf
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Sheng-Yang M Goh
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Peter A Ljubenkov
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Hilary W Heuer
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Jamie C Fong
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Joanne B Taylor
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Eliseo Veras
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Linan Song
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Andreas Jeromin
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - David Hanlon
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Lili Yu
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Arvind Khinikar
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Rajeev Sivasankaran
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Kieloch
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Marie-Anne Valentin
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna M Karydas
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura L Mitic
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Rodney Pearlman
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - John Kornak
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Joel H Kramer
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Bruce L Miller
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - David S Knopman
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Neill Graff-Radford
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - David J Irwin
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Murray Grossman
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario F Mendez
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Yvette Bordelon
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Edward D Huey
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Ian R Mackenzie
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Brian S Appleby
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Kimiko Domoto-Reilly
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Ging-Yuek R Hsiung
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Arthur W Toga
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniel I Kaufer
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Diana Kerwin
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Litvan
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiadikaobi U Onyike
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Alexander Pantelyat
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Erik D Roberson
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria C Tartaglia
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Weiping Chen
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Julie Czerkowicz
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Danielle L Graham
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - John C van Swieten
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Fermin Moreno
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Robert Laforce
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Caroline Graff
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - James B Rowe
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Masellis
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Alexandre de Mendonça
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Isabel Santana
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Simon Ducharme
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Chris R Butler
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Johannes Levin
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Adrian Danek
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Markus Otto
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - David M Cash
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Rhian S Convery
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Martha Foiani
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Caroline V Greaves
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Georgia Peakman
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucy Russell
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Imogen Swift
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Emily Todd
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Howard J Rosen
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Adam L Boxer
- From the University of California, San Francisco (J.C.R., P.W., A.M.S., Y.C., A.W., S.-Y.M.G., P.A.L., H.W.H., J.C.F., J.B.T., A.M.K., L.L.M., J.K., J.H.K., B.L.M., H.J.S., A.L.B.); UK Dementia Research Centre (C.H., D.M.C., R.S.C., M.B., M.F., C.V.G., G.P., L.R., I.S., E.T., J.D.R.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London; Quanterix Corp (E.V., L.S., A.J., D.H.), Lexington; Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Inc (L.Y., A. Khinikar, R.S.), Cambridge, MA; Novartis Pharma AG (A. Kieloch, M.-A.V.), Basel, Switzerland; Bluefield Project to Cure Frontotemporal Dementia (L.L.M., R.P.), San Francisco, CA; Mayo Clinic (K.K., D.S.K., B.F.B.), Rochester, MN; Mayo Clinic (N.G.-R., L.P., R.R.), Jacksonville, FL; University of Pennsylvania (D.J.I., M.G.), Philadelphia; University of California, Los Angeles (E.M.R., G.C., M.F.M., Y.B.); Harvard University/Massachusetts General Hospital (B.D.C.), Boston, MA; Washington University (N.G.), St. Louis, MO; Columbia University (E.D.H.), New York, NY; University of British Columbia (I.R.M., G.-Y.R.H.), Vancouver, Canada; Case Western Reserve University (B.S.A.), Cleveland, OH; University of Washington (K.D.-R.), Seattle; Laboratory of Neuroimaging (A.W.T.), University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Northwestern University (S.W.), Chicago, IL; University of North Carolina (D.I.K.), Chapel Hill; Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas (D.K.); University of California, San Diego (I.L.); Johns Hopkins Hospital (C.U.O., A.P.), Baltimore, MD; University of Alabama at Birmingham (E.D.R.); University of Toronto (M.C.T., M.M.), Ontario, Canada; Indiana University School of Medicine (T.F.), Indianapolis; Biogen Inc (W.C., J.C., D.L.G.), Cambridge, MA; Erasmus Medical Centre (J.C.v.S.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Brescia (B.B.), Italy; University of Barcelona (R.S.-V.); Donostia University Hospital (F.M.), San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec; Faculté de Médecine (R.L.), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada; Center for Alzheimer Research (C.G.), Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet; Unit for Hereditary Dementias (C.G.), Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden; University of Tübingen (M.S.); Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico (D.G.); University of Milan (D.G.), Centro Dino Ferrari, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospital (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; University of Western Ontario (E.F.), London, Canada; KU Leuven (R.V.), Belgium; Neurology Service (R.V.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; University of Lisbon (A.d.M.), Portugal; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (F.T.), Milan, Italy; University of Coimbra (I.S.), Portugal; McGill University (S.D.), Montreal, Québec, Canada; University of Oxford (C.R.B.); Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (A.G.), University of Manchester, UK; University of Duisburg-Essen (A.G.), Duisberg; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (J.L., A.D.); German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (J.L.), Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy); University of Ulm (M.O.), Germany; and Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (S.S.), University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
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Barker MS, Manoochehri M, Rizer SJ, Appleby BS, Brushaber D, Dev SI, Devick KL, Dickerson BC, Fields JA, Foroud TM, Forsberg LK, Galasko DR, Ghoshal N, Graff-Radford NR, Grossman M, Heuer HW, Hsiung GY, Kornak J, Litvan I, Mackenzie IR, Mendez MF, Pascual B, Rankin KP, Rascovsky K, Staffaroni AM, Tartaglia MC, Weintraub S, Wong B, Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Rosen HJ, Goldman J, Huey ED, Cosentino S. Recognition memory and divergent cognitive profiles in prodromal genetic frontotemporal dementia. Cortex 2021; 139:99-115. [PMID: 33857770 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although executive dysfunction is the characteristic cognitive marker of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), episodic memory deficits are relatively common, and may be present even during the prodromal disease phase. In a cohort of mutation carriers with mild behavioral and/or cognitive symptoms consistent with prodromal bvFTD, we aimed to investigate patterns of performance on an abbreviated list learning task, with a particular focus on recognition memory. We further aimed to characterize the cognitive prodromes associated with the three major genetic causes of frontotemporal dementia, as emerging evidence suggests there may be subtle differences in cognitive profiles among carriers of different genetic mutations. Participants included 57 carriers of a pathogenic mutation in microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT, N = 23), or progranulin (GRN, N = 15), or a or a hexanucleotide repeat expansion in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72, N = 19), with mild cognitive and/or behavioral symptoms consistent with prodromal bvFTD. Familial non-carriers were included as controls (N = 143). All participants completed a comprehensive neuropsychological examination, including an abbreviated list learning test assessing episodic memory recall and recognition. MAPT mutation carriers performed worse than non-carriers in terms of list recall, and had difficulty discriminating targets from distractors on the recognition memory task, primarily due to the endorsement of distractors as targets. MAPT mutation carriers also showed nonverbal episodic memory and semantic memory dysfunction (object naming). GRN mutation carriers were variable in performance and overall the most dysexecutive. Slowed psychomotor speed was evident in C9orf72 repeat expansion carriers. Identifying the earliest cognitive indicators of bvFTD is of critical clinical and research importance. List learning may be a sensitive cognitive marker for incipient dementia in MAPT and potentially a subset of GRN carriers. Our results highlight that distinct cognitive profiles may be evident in carriers of the three disease-causing genes during the prodromal disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Barker
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Masood Manoochehri
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra J Rizer
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian S Appleby
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Danielle Brushaber
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sheena I Dev
- Department of Neurology, Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrina L Devick
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- Department of Neurology, Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie A Fields
- Division of Neurocognitive Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tatiana M Foroud
- National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease (NCRAD), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Douglas R Galasko
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Murray Grossman
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hilary W Heuer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ging-Yuek Hsiung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John Kornak
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Irene Litvan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ian R Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mario F Mendez
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Belen Pascual
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katya Rascovsky
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam M Staffaroni
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bonnie Wong
- Department of Neurology, Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Adam L Boxer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jill Goldman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward D Huey
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and New York Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie Cosentino
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Hsu JL, Lin CH, Chen PL, Lin KJ, Chen TF. Genetic study of young-onset dementia using targeted gene panel sequencing in Taiwan. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2021; 186:67-76. [PMID: 33580635 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic progress allows the molecular diagnosis of young-onset dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We aimed to identify the mutational and clinical spectra of causal genes in a Taiwanese cohort of young-onset dementia. Ninety-one patients with young-onset dementia and 22 age/gender-matched controls were recruited. Genetic causes were identified by a targeted panel containing 90 causative genes for AD, FTD, and related neurodegenerative disorders. Plasma biomarkers, including total tau, Aβ42, and Aβ40, were assayed. Molecular amyloid and tau PET scans were performed in some patients carrying mutations. Nine of 52 patients (17.3%) with young-onset AD had mutations: 2 (22.2%), 4 (44.5%), 2 (22.2%), and 1 (11.1%) in APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and TREM2, respectively. Two of 33 patients (6.1%) with young-onset FTD had mutations in MAPT and LRRK2. Three of the 6 patients (50.0%) with possible FTD combined with other neurodegenerative disorders had individual mutations in APP, PSEN2, or MAPT. Patients with PSEN1 mutations had earlier onset of disease than those without mutations (p = .02). Plasma level of total tau was increased and Aβ42 and Aβ40 levels decreased in all groups of dementia patients compared to controls. Our findings provide a genetic spectrum of young-onset dementia in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Lung Hsu
- Department of Neurology, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Taipei Medical University, Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine and Research Center for Brain and Consciousness, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Lin
- Department of Neurology, Centre of Parkinson and Movement Disorders, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lung Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ju Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Translation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Healthy Aging Research Center and Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Centre of Parkinson and Movement Disorders, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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43
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Boeve BF, Rosen H. Clinical and Neuroimaging Aspects of Familial Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Associated with MAPT and GRN Mutations. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1281:77-92. [PMID: 33433870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51140-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous kindreds with familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration have been linked to mutations in microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) or progranulin (GRN) genes. While there are many similarities in the clinical manifestations and associated neuroimaging findings, there are also distinct differences. In this review, we compare and contrast the demographic/inheritance characteristics, histopathology, pathophysiology, clinical aspects, and key neuroimaging findings between those with MAPT and GRN mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Howard Rosen
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Koriath CAM, Kenny J, Ryan NS, Rohrer JD, Schott JM, Houlden H, Fox NC, Tabrizi SJ, Mead S. Genetic testing in dementia - utility and clinical strategies. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:23-36. [PMID: 33168964 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-00416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Techniques for clinical genetic testing in dementia disorders have advanced rapidly but remain to be more widely implemented in practice. A positive genetic test offers a precise molecular diagnosis, can help members of an affected family to determine personal risk, provides a basis for reproductive choices and can offer options for clinical trials. The likelihood of identifying a specific genetic cause of dementia depends on the clinical condition, the age at onset and family history. Attempts to match phenotypes to single genes are mostly inadvisable owing to clinical overlap between the dementias, genetic heterogeneity, pleiotropy and concurrent mutations. Currently, the appropriate genetic test in most cases of dementia is a next-generation sequencing gene panel, though some conditions necessitate specific types of test such as repeat expansion testing. Whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing are becoming financially feasible but raise or exacerbate complex issues such as variants of uncertain significance, secondary findings and the potential for re-analysis in light of new information. However, the capacity for data analysis and counselling is already restricting the provision of genetic testing. Patients and their relatives need to be given reliable information to enable them to make informed choices about tests, treatments and data sharing; the ability of patients with dementia to make decisions must be considered when providing this information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Kenny
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, London, UK
| | - Natalie S Ryan
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sarah J Tabrizi
- Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK.
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Clinical Update on C9orf72: Frontotemporal Dementia, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Beyond. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1281:67-76. [PMID: 33433869 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51140-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The identification of C9orf72 gene has led to important scientific progresses and has considerably changed our clinical practice. However, a decade after C9orf72 discovery, some important clinical questions remain unsolved. The reliable cutoff for the pathogenic repeat number and the implication of intermediate alleles in frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or in other diseases are still uncertain. The occurrence of an anticipation phenomenon - at the clinical and molecular levels - in C9orf72 kindreds is still debated as well, and the factors driving age at onset and phenotype variability are largely unknown. All these questions have a significant impact not only in clinical practice for diagnosis and genetic counseling but also in a research context for the initiation of therapeutic trials. In this chapter, we will address all those issues and summarize the recent updates about clinical aspects of C9orf72 disease, focusing on both the common and the less typical phenotypes.
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Castro M, Venkateswaran N, Peters ST, Deyle DR, Bower M, Koob MD, Boeve BF, Vossel K. Case Report: Early-Onset Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia in Patient With Retrotransposed Full-Length Transcript of Matrin-3 Variant 5. Front Neurol 2020; 11:600468. [PMID: 33408686 PMCID: PMC7779795 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.600468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) rarely occurs in individuals under the age of 30, and genetic causes of early-onset FTD are largely unknown. The current report follows a 27 year-old patient with no significant past medical history presenting with two years of progressive changes in behavior, rushed speech, verbal aggression, and social withdrawal. MRI and FDG-PET imaging of the brain revealed changes maximally in the frontal and temporal lobes, which along with the clinical features, are consistent with behavioral variant FTD. Next generation sequencing of a panel of 28 genes associated with dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) initially revealed a duplication of exon 15 in Matrin-3 (MATR3). Whole genome sequencing determined that this genetic anomaly was, in fact, a sequence corresponding with full-length MATR3 variant 5 inserted into chromosome 12, indicating retrotransposition from a messenger RNA intermediate. To our knowledge, this is a novel mutation of MATR3, as the majority of mutations in MATR3 linked to FTD-ALS are point mutations. Genomic DNA analysis revealed that this mutation is also present in one unaffected first-degree relative and one unaffected second-degree relative. This suggests that the mutation is either a disease-causing mutation with incomplete penetrance, which has been observed in heritable FTD, or a benign variant. Retrotransposons are not often implicated in neurodegenerative diseases; thus, it is crucial to clarify the potential role of this MATR3 variant 5 retrotransposition in early-onset FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn Castro
- Department of Neurology, N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Nisha Venkateswaran
- Department of Neurology, N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Samuel T Peters
- Department of Neurology, N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - David R Deyle
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Matthew Bower
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, M Health-Fairview, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Michael D Koob
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Keith Vossel
- Department of Neurology, N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Department of Neurology, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Huang M, Modeste E, Dammer E, Merino P, Taylor G, Duong DM, Deng Q, Holler CJ, Gearing M, Dickson D, Seyfried NT, Kukar T. Network analysis of the progranulin-deficient mouse brain proteome reveals pathogenic mechanisms shared in human frontotemporal dementia caused by GRN mutations. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:163. [PMID: 33028409 PMCID: PMC7541308 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous, loss-of-function mutations in the granulin gene (GRN) encoding progranulin (PGRN) are a common cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Homozygous GRN mutations cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis-11 (CLN11), a lysosome storage disease. PGRN is a secreted glycoprotein that can be proteolytically cleaved into seven bioactive 6 kDa granulins. However, it is unclear how deficiency of PGRN and granulins causes neurodegeneration. To gain insight into the mechanisms of FTD pathogenesis, we utilized Tandem Mass Tag isobaric labeling mass spectrometry to perform an unbiased quantitative proteomic analysis of whole-brain tissue from wild type (Grn+/+) and Grn knockout (Grn-/-) mice at 3- and 19-months of age. At 3-months lysosomal proteins (i.e. Gns, Scarb2, Hexb) are selectively increased indicating lysosomal dysfunction is an early consequence of PGRN deficiency. Additionally, proteins involved in lipid metabolism (Acly, Apoc3, Asah1, Gpld1, Ppt1, and Naaa) are decreased; suggesting lysosomal degradation of lipids may be impaired in the Grn-/- brain. Systems biology using weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) of the Grn-/- brain proteome identified 26 modules of highly co-expressed proteins. Three modules strongly correlated to Grn deficiency and were enriched with lysosomal proteins (Gpnmb, CtsD, CtsZ, and Tpp1) and inflammatory proteins (Lgals3, GFAP, CD44, S100a, and C1qa). We find that lysosomal dysregulation is exacerbated with age in the Grn-/- mouse brain leading to neuroinflammation, synaptic loss, and decreased markers of oligodendrocytes, myelin, and neurons. In particular, GPNMB and LGALS3 (galectin-3) were upregulated by microglia and elevated in FTD-GRN brain samples, indicating common pathogenic pathways are dysregulated in human FTD cases and Grn-/- mice. GPNMB levels were significantly increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of FTD-GRN patients, but not in MAPT or C9orf72 carriers, suggesting GPNMB could be a biomarker specific to FTD-GRN to monitor disease onset, progression, and drug response. Our findings support the idea that insufficiency of PGRN and granulins in humans causes neurodegeneration through lysosomal dysfunction, defects in autophagy, and neuroinflammation, which could be targeted to develop effective therapies.
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Staffaroni AM, Goh SYM, Cobigo Y, Ong E, Lee SE, Casaletto KB, Wolf A, Forsberg LK, Ghoshal N, Graff-Radford NR, Grossman M, Heuer HW, Hsiung GYR, Kantarci K, Knopman DS, Kremers WK, Mackenzie IR, Miller BL, Pedraza O, Rascovsky K, Tartaglia MC, Wszolek ZK, Kramer JH, Kornak J, Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Rosen HJ. Rates of Brain Atrophy Across Disease Stages in Familial Frontotemporal Dementia Associated With MAPT, GRN, and C9orf72 Pathogenic Variants. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2022847. [PMID: 33112398 PMCID: PMC7593814 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.22847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Several clinical trials are planned for familial forms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (f-FTLD). Precise modeling of brain atrophy in f-FTLD could improve the power to detect a treatment effect. Objective To characterize regions and rates of atrophy in the 3 primary f-FTLD genetic groups (MAPT, GRN, and C9orf72) across all disease stages from asymptomatic to dementia. Design, Setting, and Participants This investigation was a case-control study of participants enrolled in the Advancing Research and Treatment for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration or Longitudinal Evaluation of Familial Frontotemporal Dementia studies. The study took place at 18 North American academic medical centers between January 2009 and September 2018. Participants with f-FTLD (n = 100) with a known pathogenic variant (MAPT [n = 28], GRN [n = 33], or C9orf72 [n = 39]) were grouped according to disease stage (ie, Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] plus National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center [NACC] FTLD module). Included were participants with at least 2 structural magnetic resonance images at presymptomatic (CDR + NACC FTLD = 0 [n = 57]), mild or questionable (CDR + NACC FTLD = 0.5 [n = 15]), or symptomatic (CDR + NACC FTLD = ≥1 [n = 28]) disease stages. The control group included family members of known pathogenic variant carriers who did not carry the pathogenic variant (n = 60). Main Outcomes and Measures This study fitted bayesian linear mixed-effects models in each voxel of the brain to quantify the rate of atrophy in each of the 3 genes, at each of the 3 disease stages, compared with controls. The study also analyzed rates of clinical decline in each of these groups, as measured by the CDR + NACC FTLD box score. Results The sample included 100 participants with f-FTLD with a known pathogenic variant (mean [SD] age, 50.48 [13.78] years; 53 [53%] female) and 60 family members of known pathogenic variant carriers who did not carry the pathogenic variant (mean [SD] age, 47.51 [12.43] years; 36 [60%] female). MAPT and GRN pathogenic variants were associated with increased rates of volume loss compared with controls at all stages of disease. In MAPT pathogenic variant carriers, statistically significant regions of accelerated volume loss compared with controls were identified in temporal regions bilaterally in the presymptomatic stage, with global spread in the symptomatic stage. For example, mean [SD] rates of atrophy in the left temporal were -231 [47] mm3 per year during the presymptomatic stage, -381 [208] mm3 per year during the mild stage, and -1485 [1025] mm3 per year during the symptomatic stage (P < .05). GRN pathogenic variant carriers generally had minimal increases in atrophy rates between the presymptomatic and mild stages, with rapid increases in atrophy rates in the symptomatic stages. For example, in the right frontal lobes, annualized volume loss was -267 [81] mm3 per year in the presymptomatic stage and -182 [90] mm3 per year in the mild stage, but -1169 [555] mm3 per year in the symptomatic stage. Compared with the other groups, C9orf72 expansion carriers showed minimal increases in rate of volume loss with disease progression. For example, the mean (SD) annualized rates of atrophy in the right frontal lobe in C9orf72 expansion carriers was -272 (118) mm3 per year in presymptomatic stages, -310 (189) mm3 per year in mildly symptomatic stages, and -251 (145) mm3 per year in symptomatic stages. Conclusions and Relevance These findings are relevant to clinical trial planning and suggest that the mechanism by which C9orf72 pathogenic variants lead to symptoms may be fundamentally different from the mechanisms associated with other pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Staffaroni
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Sheng-Yang M. Goh
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Yann Cobigo
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Elise Ong
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Suzee E. Lee
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kaitlin B. Casaletto
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Amy Wolf
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Leah K. Forsberg
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nupur Ghoshal
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Murray Grossman
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Hilary W. Heuer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ging-Yuek R. Hsiung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - David S. Knopman
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Walter K. Kremers
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ian R. Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce L. Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Otto Pedraza
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Katya Rascovsky
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - M. Carmela Tartaglia
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Joel H. Kramer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - John Kornak
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Bradley F. Boeve
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Adam L. Boxer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Howard J. Rosen
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco
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Guerreiro R, Gibbons E, Tábuas-Pereira M, Kun-Rodrigues C, Santo GC, Bras J. Genetic architecture of common non-Alzheimer's disease dementias. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 142:104946. [PMID: 32439597 PMCID: PMC8207829 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the most common forms of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD). The heterogeneity of these disorders and/or the clinical overlap with other diseases hinder the study of their genetic components. Even though Mendelian dementias are rare, the study of these forms of disease can have a significant impact in the lives of patients and families and have successfully brought to the fore many of the genes currently known to be involved in FTD and VaD, starting to give us a glimpse of the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenotypes. More recently, genome-wide association studies have also pointed to disease risk-associated loci. This has been particularly important for DLB where familial forms of disease are very rarely described. In this review we systematically describe the Mendelian and risk genes involved in these non-AD dementias in an effort to contribute to a better understanding of their genetic architecture, find differences and commonalities between different dementia phenotypes, and uncover areas that would benefit from more intense research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Guerreiro
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Gibbons
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Miguel Tábuas-Pereira
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Celia Kun-Rodrigues
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Gustavo C Santo
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jose Bras
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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50
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Mol MO, van Rooij JGJ, Wong TH, Melhem S, Verkerk AJMH, Kievit AJA, van Minkelen R, Rademakers R, Pottier C, Kaat LD, Seelaar H, van Swieten JC, Dopper EGP. Underlying genetic variation in familial frontotemporal dementia: sequencing of 198 patients. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 97:148.e9-148.e16. [PMID: 32843152 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) presents with a wide variability in clinical syndromes, genetic etiologies, and underlying pathologies. Despite the discovery of pathogenic variants in several genes, many familial cases remain unsolved. In a large FTD cohort of 198 familial patients, we aimed to determine the types and frequencies of variants in genes related to FTD. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were revealed in 74 (37%) patients, including 4 novel variants. The repeat expansion in C9orf72 was most common (21%), followed by variants in MAPT (6%), GRN (4.5%), and TARDBP (3.5%). Other pathogenic variants were found in VCP, TBK1, PSEN1, and a novel homozygous variant in OPTN. Furthermore, we identified 15 variants of uncertain significance, including a promising variant in TUBA4A and a frameshift in VCP, for which additional research is needed to confirm pathogenicity. The patients without identified genetic cause demonstrated a wide clinical and pathological variety. Our study contributes to the clinical characterization of the genetic subtypes and confirms the value of whole-exome sequencing in identifying novel genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel O Mol
- Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen G J van Rooij
- Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tsz H Wong
- Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shamiram Melhem
- Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anneke J A Kievit
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rick van Minkelen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cyril Pottier
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laura Donker Kaat
- Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elise G P Dopper
- Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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