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Wei R, Wei P, Yuan H, Yi X, Aschner M, Jiang YM, Li SJ. Inflammation in Metal-Induced Neurological Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:4459-4481. [PMID: 38206494 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-04041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Essential metals play critical roles in maintaining human health as they participate in various physiological activities. Nonetheless, both excessive accumulation and deficiency of these metals may result in neurotoxicity secondary to neuroinflammation and the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Activation of these cells can promote the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It is well known that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in metal-induced neurotoxicity as well as the development of neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Initially seen as a defense mechanism, persistent inflammatory responses are now considered harmful. Astrocytes and microglia are key regulators of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system, and their excessive activation may induce sustained neuroinflammation. Therefore, in this review, we aim to emphasize the important role and molecular mechanisms underlying metal-induced neurotoxicity. Our objective is to raise the awareness on metal-induced neuroinflammation in neurological disorders. However, it is not only just neuroinflammation that different metals could induce; they can also cause harm to the nervous system through oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy, to name a few. The primary pathophysiological mechanism by which these metals induce neurological disorders remains to be determined. In addition, given the various pathways through which individuals are exposed to metals, it is necessary to also consider the effects of co-exposure to multiple metals on neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruokun Wei
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Peiqi Wei
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiang Yi
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- The Department of Molecular Pharmacology at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Jiang
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Shao-Jun Li
- Toxicology Department, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environment and Health Research, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuang-yong Rd., Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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Jacob SM, Lee S, Kim SH, Sharkey KA, Pfeffer G, Nguyen MD. Brain-body mechanisms contribute to sexual dimorphism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:475-494. [PMID: 38965379 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-00991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common form of human motor neuron disease. It is characterized by the progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons, leading to generalized motor weakness and, ultimately, respiratory paralysis and death within 3-5 years. The disease is shaped by genetics, age, sex and environmental stressors, but no cure or routine biomarkers exist for the disease. Male individuals have a higher propensity to develop ALS, and a different manifestation of the disease phenotype, than female individuals. However, the mechanisms underlying these sex differences remain a mystery. In this Review, we summarize the epidemiology of ALS, examine the sexually dimorphic presentation of the disease and highlight the genetic variants and molecular pathways that might contribute to sex differences in humans and animal models of ALS. We advance the idea that sexual dimorphism in ALS arises from the interactions between the CNS and peripheral organs, involving vascular, metabolic, endocrine, musculoskeletal and immune systems, which are strikingly different between male and female individuals. Finally, we review the response to treatments in ALS and discuss the potential to implement future personalized therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Jacob
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sukyoung Lee
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gerald Pfeffer
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Jiang S, Xu R. The Current Potential Pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04269-3. [PMID: 38829511 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease mainly characterized by the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in the affected motor neurons. At present, the accurate pathogenesis of ALS remains unclear and there are still no effective treatment measures for ALS. The potential pathogenesis of ALS mainly includes the misfolding of some pathogenic proteins, the genetic variation, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy disorders, neuroinflammation, the misregulation of RNA, the altered axonal transport, and gut microbial dysbiosis. Exploring the pathogenesis of ALS is a critical step in searching for the effective therapeutic approaches. The current studies suggested that the genetic variation, gut microbial dysbiosis, the activation of glial cells, and the transportation disorder of extracellular vesicles may play some important roles in the pathogenesis of ALS. This review conducts a systematic review of these current potential promising topics closely related to the pathogenesis of ALS; it aims to provide some new evidences and clues for searching the novel treatment measures of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishi Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, National Regional Center for Neurological Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Center South University, Jiangxi Hospital. No. 152 of Aiguo Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Renshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, National Regional Center for Neurological Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Center South University, Jiangxi Hospital. No. 152 of Aiguo Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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Islam R, Choudhary H, Rajan R, Vrionis F, Hanafy KA. An overview on microglial origin, distribution, and phenotype in Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e30829. [PMID: 35822939 PMCID: PMC9837313 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease that is responsible for about one-third of dementia cases worldwide. It is believed that AD is initiated with the deposition of Ab plaques in the brain. Genetic studies have shown that a high number of AD risk genes are expressed by microglia, the resident macrophages of brain. Common mode of action by microglia cells is neuroinflammation and phagocytosis. Moreover, it has been discovered that inflammatory marker levels are increased in AD patients. Recent studies advocate that neuroinflammation plays a major role in AD progression. Microglia have different activation profiles depending on the region of brain and stimuli. In different activation, profile microglia can generate either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses. Microglia defend brain cells from pathogens and respond to injuries; also, microglia can lead to neuronal death along the way. In this review, we will bring the different roles played by microglia and microglia-related genes in the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezwanul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Hadi Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Robin Rajan
- Marcus Neuroscience Institute, Boca Raton Medical Center, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Frank Vrionis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
- Marcus Neuroscience Institute, Boca Raton Medical Center, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Khalid A. Hanafy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
- Marcus Neuroscience Institute, Boca Raton Medical Center, Boca Raton, FL
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Tsekrekou M, Giannakou M, Papanikolopoulou K, Skretas G. Protein aggregation and therapeutic strategies in SOD1- and TDP-43- linked ALS. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1383453. [PMID: 38855322 PMCID: PMC11157337 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1383453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with severe socio-economic impact. A hallmark of ALS pathology is the presence of aberrant cytoplasmic inclusions composed of misfolded and aggregated proteins, including both wild-type and mutant forms. This review highlights the critical role of misfolded protein species in ALS pathogenesis, particularly focusing on Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), and emphasizes the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies targeting these misfolded proteins directly. Despite significant advancements in understanding ALS mechanisms, the disease remains incurable, with current treatments offering limited clinical benefits. Through a comprehensive analysis, the review focuses on the direct modulation of the misfolded proteins and presents recent discoveries in small molecules and peptides that inhibit SOD1 and TDP-43 aggregation, underscoring their potential as effective treatments to modify disease progression and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsekrekou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Giannakou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Papanikolopoulou
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, Greece
- ResQ Biotech, Patras Science Park, Rio, Greece
| | - Georgios Skretas
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
- ResQ Biotech, Patras Science Park, Rio, Greece
- Institute for Bio-innovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, Greece
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Swindell WR. Meta-analysis of differential gene expression in lower motor neurons isolated by laser capture microdissection from post-mortem ALS spinal cords. Front Genet 2024; 15:1385114. [PMID: 38689650 PMCID: PMC11059082 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1385114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disease for which underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. The motor neuron is a central player in ALS pathogenesis but different transcriptome signatures have been derived from bulk analysis of post-mortem tissue and iPSC-derived motor neurons (iPSC-MNs). Methods This study performed a meta-analysis of six gene expression studies (microarray and RNA-seq) in which laser capture microdissection (LCM) was used to isolate lower motor neurons from post-mortem spinal cords of ALS and control (CTL) subjects. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with consistent ALS versus CTL expression differences across studies were identified. Results The analysis identified 222 ALS-increased DEGs (FDR <0.10, SMD >0.80) and 278 ALS-decreased DEGs (FDR <0.10, SMD < -0.80). ALS-increased DEGs were linked to PI3K-AKT signaling, innate immunity, inflammation, motor neuron differentiation and extracellular matrix. ALS-decreased DEGs were associated with the ubiquitin-proteosome system, microtubules, axon growth, RNA-binding proteins and synaptic membrane. ALS-decreased DEG mRNAs frequently interacted with RNA-binding proteins (e.g., FUS, HuR). The complete set of DEGs (increased and decreased) overlapped significantly with genes near ALS-associated SNP loci (p < 0.01). Transcription factor target motifs with increased proximity to ALS-increased DEGs were identified, most notably DNA elements predicted to interact with forkhead transcription factors (e.g., FOXP1) and motor neuron and pancreas homeobox 1 (MNX1). Some of these DNA elements overlie ALS-associated SNPs within known enhancers and are predicted to have genotype-dependent MNX1 interactions. DEGs were compared to those identified from SOD1-G93A mice and bulk spinal cord segments or iPSC-MNs from ALS patients. There was good correspondence with transcriptome changes from SOD1-G93A mice (r ≤ 0.408) but most DEGs were not differentially expressed in bulk spinal cords or iPSC-MNs and transcriptome-wide effect size correlations were weak (bulk tissue: r ≤ 0.207, iPSC-MN: r ≤ 0.037). Conclusion This study defines a robust transcriptome signature from LCM-based motor neuron studies of post-mortem tissue from ALS and CTL subjects. This signature differs from those obtained from analysis of bulk spinal cord segments and iPSC-MNs. Results provide insight into mechanisms underlying gene dysregulation in ALS and highlight connections between these mechanisms, ALS genetics, and motor neuron biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Swindell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Zhong R, Rua MT, Wei-LaPierre L. Targeting mitochondrial Ca 2+ uptake for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Physiol 2024; 602:1519-1549. [PMID: 38010626 PMCID: PMC11032238 DOI: 10.1113/jp284143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare adult-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor neuron (MN) loss, muscle denervation and paralysis. Over the past several decades, researchers have made tremendous efforts to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underpinning ALS, with much yet to be resolved. ALS is described as a non-cell autonomous condition with pathology detected in both MNs and non-neuronal cells, such as glial cells and skeletal muscle. Studies in ALS patient and animal models reveal ubiquitous abnormalities in mitochondrial structure and function, and disturbance of intracellular calcium homeostasis in various tissue types, suggesting a pivotal role of aberrant mitochondrial calcium uptake and dysfunctional calcium signalling cascades in ALS pathogenesis. Calcium signalling and mitochondrial dysfunction are intricately related to the manifestation of cell death contributing to MN loss and skeletal muscle dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the potential contribution of intracellular calcium signalling, particularly mitochondrial calcium uptake, in ALS pathogenesis. Functional consequences of excessive mitochondrial calcium uptake and possible therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial calcium uptake or the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, the main channel mediating mitochondrial calcium influx, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjia Zhong
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China, 110001
| | - Michael T. Rua
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Lan Wei-LaPierre
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Xiao C, Gu X, Feng Y, Shen J. Two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis of 91 circulating inflammatory protein levels and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1367106. [PMID: 38601850 PMCID: PMC11004327 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1367106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with poorly understood pathophysiology. Recent studies have highlighted systemic inflammation, especially the role of circulating inflammatory proteins, in ALS. Methods This study investigates the potential causal link between these proteins and ALS. We employed a two-sample Mendelian Randomization(MR) approach, analyzing data from large-scale genome-wide association studies to explore the relationship between 91 circulating inflammatory proteins and ALS. This included various MR methods like MR Egger, weighted median, and inverse-variance weighted, complemented by sensitivity analyses for robust results. Results Significant associations were observed between levels of inflammatory proteins, including Adenosine Deaminase, Interleukin-17C, Oncostatin-M, Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor, and Osteoprotegerin, and ALS risk. Consistencies were noted across different P-value thresholds. Bidirectional MR suggested that ALS risk might influence levels of certain inflammatory proteins. Discussion Our findings, via MR analysis, indicate a potential causal relationship between circulating inflammatory proteins and ALS. This sheds new light on ALS pathophysiology and suggests possible therapeutic targets. Further research is required to confirm these results and understand the specific roles of these proteins in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Xiao
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaochu Gu
- Medical Laboratory, Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Feng
- The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jing Shen
- The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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Du R, Chen P, Li M, Zhu Y, He Z, Huang X. Developing a novel immune infiltration-associated mitophagy prediction model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using bioinformatics strategies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360527. [PMID: 38601155 PMCID: PMC11005030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, which leads to muscle weakness and eventual paralysis. Numerous studies have indicated that mitophagy and immune inflammation have a significant impact on the onset and advancement of ALS. Nevertheless, the possible diagnostic and prognostic significance of mitophagy-related genes associated with immune infiltration in ALS is uncertain. The purpose of this study is to create a predictive model for ALS using genes linked with mitophagy-associated immune infiltration. Methods ALS gene expression profiles were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Univariate Cox analysis and machine learning methods were applied to analyze mitophagy-associated genes and develop a prognostic risk score model. Subsequently, functional and immune infiltration analyses were conducted to study the biological attributes and immune cell enrichment in individuals with ALS. Additionally, validation of identified feature genes in the prediction model was performed using ALS mouse models and ALS patients. Results In this study, a comprehensive analysis revealed the identification of 22 mitophagy-related differential expression genes and 40 prognostic genes. Additionally, an 18-gene prognostic signature was identified with machine learning, which was utilized to construct a prognostic risk score model. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated the enrichment of various pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation, unfolded proteins, KRAS, and mTOR signaling pathways, as well as other immune-related pathways. The analysis of immune infiltration revealed notable distinctions in certain congenital immune cells and adaptive immune cells between the low-risk and high-risk groups, particularly concerning the T lymphocyte subgroup. ALS mouse models and ALS clinical samples demonstrated consistent expression levels of four mitophagy-related immune infiltration genes (BCKDHA, JTB, KYNU, and GTF2H5) with the results of bioinformatics analysis. Conclusion This study has successfully devised and verified a pioneering prognostic predictive risk score for ALS, utilizing eighteen mitophagy-related genes. Furthermore, the findings indicate that four of these genes exhibit promising roles in the context of ALS prognostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Du
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
- Department of General Surgery & Institute of General Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mao Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yahui Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
| | - Zhengqing He
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xusheng Huang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
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Wang Y, Cheng W, Chen X, Cheng C, Zhang L, Huang W. Serum Proteomics Identified TAFI as a Potential Molecule Facilitating the Migration of Peripheral Monocytes to Damaged White Matter During Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:597-616. [PMID: 37978153 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is assumed as the critical pathophysiologic mechanism of white matter lesions (WMLs), and infiltrated peripheral monocyte-derived macrophages are implicated in the development of neuroinflammation. This study sought to explore the blood molecules that promote the migration of peripheral monocytes to the sites of WMLs. The serum protein expression profiles of patients and Sprague-Dawley rat models with WMLs were detected by data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics technique. Compared with corresponding control groups, we acquired 62 and 41 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the serum of patients and model rats with WMLs respectively. Bioinformatics investigations demonstrated that these DEPs were linked to various Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways and Gene Ontology (GO) terms involved in neuroinflammation. Afterward, we identified thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) as a shared and overexpressed protein in clinical and animal serum samples, which was further verified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, an upregulation of TAFI was also observed in the white matter of rat models, and the inhibition of TAFI impeded the migration of peripheral monocytes to the area of WMLs. In vitro experiments suggested that TAFI could enhance the migration ability of RAW264.7 cells and increase the expression of Ccr2. Our study demonstrates that neuroinflammatory signals can be detected in the peripheral blood of WMLs patients and model rats. TAFI may serve as a potential protein that promotes the migration of peripheral monocytes to WMLs regions, thereby providing a novel molecular target for further investigation into the interaction between the central and peripheral immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wenchao Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiuying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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He D, Xu Y, Liu M, Cui L. The Inflammatory Puzzle: Piecing together the Links between Neuroinflammation and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Aging Dis 2024; 15:96-114. [PMID: 37307819 PMCID: PMC10796096 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that has a complex genetic basis. Through advancements in genetic screening, researchers have identified more than 40 mutant genes associated with ALS, some of which impact immune function. Neuroinflammation, with abnormal activation of immune cells and excessive production of inflammatory cytokines in the central nervous system, significantly contributes to the pathophysiology of ALS. In this review, we examine recent evidence on the involvement of ALS-associated mutant genes in immune dysregulation, with a specific focus on the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway and N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-mediated immune regulation in the context of neurodegeneration. We also discuss the perturbation of immune cell homeostasis in both the central nervous system and peripheral tissues in ALS. Furthermore, we explore the advancements made in the emerging genetic and cell-based therapies for ALS. This review underscores the complex relationship between ALS and neuroinflammation, highlighting the potential to identify modifiable factors for therapeutic intervention. A deeper understanding of the connection between neuroinflammation and the risk of ALS is crucial for advancing effective treatments for this debilitating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di He
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Mingsheng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
| | - Liying Cui
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, China
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Cadenas-Garrido P, Schonvandt-Alarcos A, Herrera-Quintana L, Vázquez-Lorente H, Santamaría-Quiles A, Ruiz de Francisco J, Moya-Escudero M, Martín-Oliva D, Martín-Guerrero SM, Rodríguez-Santana C, Aragón-Vela J, Plaza-Diaz J. Using Redox Proteomics to Gain New Insights into Neurodegenerative Disease and Protein Modification. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:127. [PMID: 38275652 PMCID: PMC10812581 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant defenses in biological systems ensure redox homeostasis, regulating baseline levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). Oxidative stress (OS), characterized by a lack of antioxidant defenses or an elevation in ROS and RNS, may cause a modification of biomolecules, ROS being primarily absorbed by proteins. As a result of both genome and environment interactions, proteomics provides complete information about a cell's proteome, which changes continuously. Besides measuring protein expression levels, proteomics can also be used to identify protein modifications, localizations, the effects of added agents, and the interactions between proteins. Several oxidative processes are frequently used to modify proteins post-translationally, including carbonylation, oxidation of amino acid side chains, glycation, or lipid peroxidation, which produces highly reactive alkenals. Reactive alkenals, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, are added to cysteine (Cys), lysine (Lys), or histidine (His) residues by a Michael addition, and tyrosine (Tyr) residues are nitrated and Cys residues are nitrosylated by a Michael addition. Oxidative and nitrosative stress have been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases as a result of oxidative damage to the brain, which may be especially vulnerable due to the large consumption of dioxygen. Therefore, the current methods applied for the detection, identification, and quantification in redox proteomics are of great interest. This review describes the main protein modifications classified as chemical reactions. Finally, we discuss the importance of redox proteomics to health and describe the analytical methods used in redox proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cadenas-Garrido
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (A.S.-A.); (A.S.-Q.); (J.R.d.F.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - Ailén Schonvandt-Alarcos
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (A.S.-A.); (A.S.-Q.); (J.R.d.F.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - Lourdes Herrera-Quintana
- Department of Physiology, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.H.-Q.); (H.V.-L.); (C.R.-S.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology Park, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Héctor Vázquez-Lorente
- Department of Physiology, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.H.-Q.); (H.V.-L.); (C.R.-S.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology Park, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Alicia Santamaría-Quiles
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (A.S.-A.); (A.S.-Q.); (J.R.d.F.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - Jon Ruiz de Francisco
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (A.S.-A.); (A.S.-Q.); (J.R.d.F.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - Marina Moya-Escudero
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (A.S.-A.); (A.S.-Q.); (J.R.d.F.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - David Martín-Oliva
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Sandra M. Martín-Guerrero
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - César Rodríguez-Santana
- Department of Physiology, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.H.-Q.); (H.V.-L.); (C.R.-S.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology Park, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Aragón-Vela
- Department of Health Sciences, Area of Physiology, Building B3, Campus s/n “Las Lagunillas”, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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13
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Naaldijk Y, Sherman LS, Turrini N, Kenfack Y, Ratajczak MZ, Souayah N, Rameshwar P, Ulrich H. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Macrophage Crosstalk Provides Specific Exosomal Cargo to Direct Immune Response Licensing of Macrophages during Inflammatory Responses. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:218-236. [PMID: 37851277 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) continue to be a significant healthcare problem. The economic and social implications of NDDs increase with longevity. NDDs are linked to neuroinflammation and activated microglia and astrocytes play a central role. There is a growing interest for stem cell-based therapy to deliver genes, and for tissue regeneration. The promise of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is based on their availability as off-the-shelf source, and ease of expanding from discarded tissues. We tested the hypothesis that MSC have a major role of resetting activated microglial cells. We modeled microglial cell lines by using U937 cell-derived M1 and M2 macrophages. We studied macrophage types, alone, or in a non-contact culture with MSCs. MSCs induced significant release of exosomes from both types of macrophages, but significantly more of the M1 type. RNA sequencing showed enhanced gene expression within the exosomes with the major changes linked to the inflammatory response, including cytokines and the purinergic receptors. Computational analyses of the transcripts supported the expected effect of MSCs in suppressing the inflammatory response of M1 macrophages. The inflammatory cargo of M1 macrophage-derived exosomes revealed involvement of cytokines and purinergic receptors. At the same time, the exosomes from MSC-M2 macrophages were able to reset the classical M2 macrophages to more balanced inflammation. Interestingly, we excluded transfer of purinergic receptor transcripts from the co-cultured MSCs by analyzing these cells for the identified purinergic receptors. Since exosomes are intercellular communicators, these findings provide insights into how MSCs may modulate tissue regeneration and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Lauren S Sherman
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Newark, NJ, USA
- Rutgers School of Graduate Studies at NHMS, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Natalia Turrini
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine at Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nizar Souayah
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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14
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Zhao S, Chen R, Gao Y, Lu Y, Bai X, Zhang J. Fundamental roles of the Optineurin gene in the molecular pathology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1319706. [PMID: 38178841 PMCID: PMC10764443 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1319706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons (MNs) in the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by multiple factors, including mutations in any one of several specific genes. Optineurin (OPTN) mutation is an essential cause of some familial and sporadic ALS. Besides, as a multifunctional protein, OPTN is highly expressed and conserved in the central nervous system. OPTN exerts its functions by interacting with various proteins, often acting as an adaptor to provide a link between two or more core proteins related to autophagy and inflammation, etc. OPTN mutation mainly results in its function deficiency, which alters these interactions, leading to functional impairment in many processes. Meanwhile, OPTN immunopositive inclusions are also confirmed in the cases of ALS due to C9ORF72, FUS, TARDBP, and SOD1 mutations. Therefore, OPTN gene may play fundamental roles in the molecular pathology of ALS in addition to OPTN mutation. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the ALS pathology of OPTN defect, such as mitophagy disorder, neuroinflammation, neuronal axonal degeneration, vesicular transport dysfunction, etc., which will provide a reference for research on the pathogenesis and treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Medical Research Center, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, China
- Chifeng Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Chifeng, China
| | - Ranran Chen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Research Center, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, China
- Chifeng Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Chifeng, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Neurology, Medical Research Center, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, China
- Chifeng Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Chifeng, China
| | - Yanchao Lu
- Department of Neurology, Medical Research Center, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, China
- Chifeng Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Chifeng, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Neurology, Medical Research Center, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, China
- Chifeng Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Chifeng, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Medical Research Center, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, China
- Chifeng Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Chifeng, China
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15
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Theme 03 - In Vitro Experimental Models. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2023; 24:115-127. [PMID: 37966318 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2023.2260193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
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16
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Rogers ML, Schultz DW, Karnaros V, Shepheard SR. Urinary biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: candidates, opportunities and considerations. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad287. [PMID: 37946793 PMCID: PMC10631861 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a relentless neurodegenerative disease that is mostly fatal within 3-5 years and is diagnosed on evidence of progressive upper and lower motor neuron degeneration. Around 15% of those with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis also have frontotemporal degeneration, and gene mutations account for ∼10%. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a variable heterogeneous disease, and it is becoming increasingly clear that numerous different disease processes culminate in the final degeneration of motor neurons. There is a profound need to clearly articulate and measure pathological process that occurs. Such information is needed to tailor treatments to individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis according to an individual's pathological fingerprint. For new candidate therapies, there is also a need for methods to select patients according to expected treatment outcomes and measure the success, or not, of treatments. Biomarkers are essential tools to fulfil these needs, and urine is a rich source for candidate biofluid biomarkers. This review will describe promising candidate urinary biomarkers of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other possible urinary candidates in future areas of investigation as well as the limitations of urinary biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Louise Rogers
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - David W Schultz
- Neurology Department and MND Clinic, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vassilios Karnaros
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Shepheard
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, South Australia, Australia
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17
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Arabi TZ, Alabdulqader AA, Sabbah BN, Ouban A. Brain-inhabiting bacteria and neurodegenerative diseases: the "brain microbiome" theory. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1240945. [PMID: 37927338 PMCID: PMC10620799 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1240945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Controversies surrounding the validity of the toxic proteinopathy theory of Alzheimer's disease have led the scientific community to seek alternative theories in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders (ND). Recent studies have provided evidence of a microbiome in the central nervous system. Some have hypothesized that brain-inhabiting organisms induce chronic neuroinflammation, leading to the development of a spectrum of NDs. Bacteria such as Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, and Cutibacterium acnes have been found to inhabit the brains of ND patients. Furthermore, several fungi, including Candida and Malassezia species, have been identified in the central nervous system of these patients. However, there remains several limitations to the brain microbiome hypothesis. Varying results across the literature, concerns regarding sample contamination, and the presence of exogenous deoxyribonucleic acids have led to doubts about the hypothesis. These results provide valuable insight into the pathogenesis of NDs. Herein, we provide a review of the evidence for and against the brain microbiome theory and describe the difficulties facing the hypothesis. Additionally, we define possible mechanisms of bacterial invasion of the brain and organism-related neurodegeneration in NDs and the potential therapeutic premises of this theory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abderrahman Ouban
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Lemos JP, Tenório LPG, Mouly V, Butler-Browne G, Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Savino W, Smeriglio P. T cell biology in neuromuscular disorders: a focus on Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1202834. [PMID: 37920473 PMCID: PMC10619758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1202834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence demonstrates a continuous interaction between the immune system, the nerve and the muscle in neuromuscular disorders of different pathogenetic origins, such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), the focus of this review. Herein we highlight the complexity of the cellular and molecular interactions involving the immune system in neuromuscular disorders, as exemplified by DMD and ALS. We describe the distinct types of cell-mediated interactions, such as cytokine/chemokine production as well as cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions between T lymphocytes and other immune cells, which target cells of the muscular or nervous tissues. Most of these interactions occur independently of exogenous pathogens, through ligand-receptor binding and subsequent signal transduction cascades, at distinct levels of specificity. Although this issue reveals the complexity of the system, it can also be envisioned as a window of opportunity to design therapeutic strategies (including synthetic moieties, cell and gene therapy, as well as immunotherapy) by acting upon one or more targets. In this respect, we discuss ongoing clinical trials using VLA-4 inhibition in DMD, and in ALS, with a focus on regulatory T cells, both revealing promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pereira Lemos
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Liliane Patrícia Gonçalves Tenório
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Gillian Butler-Browne
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- INOVA-IOC Network on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- INOVA-IOC Network on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Piera Smeriglio
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
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19
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Mahani MA, Karimvand AN, Naserifar N. Optimized hybrid dielectrophoretic microchip for separation of bioparticles. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300257. [PMID: 37480169 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care diagnostics requires a smart separation of particles and/or cells. In this work, the multiorifice fluid fractionation as a passive method and dielectrophoresis-based actuator as an active tool are combined to offer a new device for size-based particle separation. The main objective of the combination of these two well-established techniques is to improve the performance of the multiorifice fluid fractionation by taking advantage of dielectrophoresis-based actuator for separating particles. Initially, by using numerical simulations, the effect of using dielectrophoresis-based actuator in multiorifice fluid fractionation on the separation of particles was investigated, and the size of the device was optimized by 25% compared to a device without dielectrophoresis-based actuator. Also, adding dielectrophoresis-based actuator to multiorifice fluid fractionation can extend the range of flow rates needed for separation. In the absence of dielectrophoresis-based actuator, the separation took place only when the flow rate is 100 μL/min, in the presence of dielectrophoresis-based actuator (20 Vp-p), the separation happened in flow rates ranging from 70 to 120 μL/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moheb Amir Mahani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Naser Naserifar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Chi B, Öztürk MM, Paraggio CL, Leonard CE, Sanita ME, Dastpak M, O’Connell JD, Coady JA, Zhang J, Gygi SP, Lopez-Gonzalez R, Yin S, Reed R. Causal ALS genes impact the MHC class II antigen presentation pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305756120. [PMID: 37722062 PMCID: PMC10523463 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305756120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in RNA/DNA-binding proteins cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the underlying disease mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report that a set of ALS-associated proteins, namely FUS, EWSR1, TAF15, and MATR3, impact the expression of genes encoding the major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) antigen presentation pathway. Both subunits of the MHC II heterodimer, HLA-DR, are down-regulated in ALS gene knockouts/knockdown in HeLa and human microglial cells, due to loss of the MHC II transcription factor CIITA. Importantly, hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) derived from human embryonic stem cells bearing the FUSR495X mutation and HPCs derived from C9ORF72 ALS patient induced pluripotent stem cells also exhibit disrupted MHC II expression. Given that HPCs give rise to numerous immune cells, our data raise the possibility that loss of the MHC II pathway results in global failure of the immune system to protect motor neurons from damage that leads to ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binkai Chi
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Muhammet M. Öztürk
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Christina L. Paraggio
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Claudia E. Leonard
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Maria E. Sanita
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Mahtab Dastpak
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Jeremy D. O’Connell
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Jordan A. Coady
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Jiuchun Zhang
- Harvard Medical School Cell Biology Initiative for Genome Editing and Neurodegeneration, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Steven P. Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Rodrigo Lopez-Gonzalez
- Department of Neurosciences Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH44196
| | - Shanye Yin
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY10461
| | - Robin Reed
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
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21
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Gao C, Jiang J, Tan Y, Chen S. Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:359. [PMID: 37735487 PMCID: PMC10514343 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia activation is observed in various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances in single-cell technologies have revealed that these reactive microglia were with high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Some identified microglia in specific states correlate with pathological hallmarks and are associated with specific functions. Microglia both exert protective function by phagocytosing and clearing pathological protein aggregates and play detrimental roles due to excessive uptake of protein aggregates, which would lead to microglial phagocytic ability impairment, neuroinflammation, and eventually neurodegeneration. In addition, peripheral immune cells infiltration shapes microglia into a pro-inflammatory phenotype and accelerates disease progression. Microglia also act as a mobile vehicle to propagate protein aggregates. Extracellular vesicles released from microglia and autophagy impairment in microglia all contribute to pathological progression and neurodegeneration. Thus, enhancing microglial phagocytosis, reducing microglial-mediated neuroinflammation, inhibiting microglial exosome synthesis and secretion, and promoting microglial conversion into a protective phenotype are considered to be promising strategies for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we comprehensively review the biology of microglia and the roles of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, dementia with Lewy bodies and Huntington's disease. We also summarize the possible microglia-targeted interventions and treatments against neurodegenerative diseases with preclinical and clinical evidence in cell experiments, animal studies, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
- Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), Shanghai Tech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Tsuruta K, Shidara T, Miyagishi H, Nango H, Nakatani Y, Suzuki N, Amano T, Suzuki T, Kosuge Y. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Miyako Bidens pilosa in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated BV-2 Microglia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13698. [PMID: 37762010 PMCID: PMC10530530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a fundamental feature in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and arises from the activation of astrocytes and microglial cells. Previously, we reported that Miyako Bidens pilosa extract (MBP) inhibited microglial activation and prolonged the life span in a human ALS-linked mutant superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1G93A) transgenic mouse model of ALS (G93A mice). Herein, we evaluated the effect of MBP on microglial activation in the spinal cord of G93A mice and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. The administration of MBP inhibited the upregulation of the M1-microglia/macrophage marker (interferon-γ receptor (IFN-γR)) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6) in G93A mice. However, MBP did not affect the increase in the M2-microglia/macrophage marker (IL-13R) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and IL-10) in G93A mice. BV-2 cell exposure to MBP resulted in a decrease in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT) reduction activity and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, without an increase in the number of ethidium homodimer-1-stained dead cells. Moreover, MBP suppressed the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in BV-2 cells. These results suggest that the selective suppression of M1-related pro-inflammatory cytokines is involved in the therapeutic potential of MBP in ALS model mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komugi Tsuruta
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi 274-8555, Chiba, Japan; (K.T.); (T.S.); (H.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Takato Shidara
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi 274-8555, Chiba, Japan; (K.T.); (T.S.); (H.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Hiroko Miyagishi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi 274-8555, Chiba, Japan; (K.T.); (T.S.); (H.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Hiroshi Nango
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi 274-8555, Chiba, Japan; (K.T.); (T.S.); (H.M.); (H.N.)
| | - Yoshihiko Nakatani
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara 324-8501, Tochigi, Japan;
| | - Naoto Suzuki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi 274-8555, Chiba, Japan; (N.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Taku Amano
- Tochigi Prefectural Okamotodai Hospital, 2162 Shimookamotomachi, Utsunomiya 329-1104, Tochigi, Japan;
| | - Toyofumi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi 274-8555, Chiba, Japan; (N.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Yasuhiro Kosuge
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi 274-8555, Chiba, Japan; (K.T.); (T.S.); (H.M.); (H.N.)
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23
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Zamiri K, Kesari S, Paul K, Hwang SH, Hammock B, Kaczor-Urbanowicz KE, Urbanowicz A, Gao L, Whitelegge J, Fiala M. Therapy of autoimmune inflammation in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Dimethyl fumarate and H-151 downregulate inflammatory cytokines in the cGAS-STING pathway. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23068. [PMID: 37436778 PMCID: PMC10619685 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300573r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
In sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS), IL-17A- and granzyme-positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), IL-17A-positive mast cells, and inflammatory macrophages invade the brain and spinal cord. In some patients, the disease starts following a trauma or a severe infection. We examined cytokines and cytokine regulators over the disease course and found that, since the early stages, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) exhibit increased expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-12A, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, as well as granzymes and the transcription factors STAT3 and STAT4. In later stages, PBMCs upregulated the autoimmunity-associated cytokines IL-23A and IL-17B, and the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10, which attract CTL and monocytes into the central nervous system. The inflammation is fueled by the downregulation of IL-10, TGFβ, and the inhibitory T-cell co-receptors CTLA4, LAG3, and PD-1, and, in vitro, by stimulation with the ligand PD-L1. We investigated in two sALS patients the regulation of the macrophage transcriptome by dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a drug approved against multiple sclerosis and psoriasis, and the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS/STING) pathway inhibitor H-151. Both DMF and H-151 downregulated the expression of granzymes and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-15, IL-23A, and IFN-γ, and induced a pro-resolution macrophage phenotype. The eicosanoid epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EET) from arachidonic acid was anti-inflammatory in synergy with DMF. H-151 and DMF are thus candidate drugs targeting the inflammation and autoimmunity in sALS via modulation of the NFκB and cGAS/STING pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurosh Zamiri
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA School of Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Pacific Neuroscience Institute and Saint John’s Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, CA
| | - Ketema Paul
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA School of Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California – Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce Hammock
- UCLA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karolina Elżbieta Kaczor-Urbanowicz
- UCLA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute of Control and Computation Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Urbanowicz
- UCLA Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute of Control and Computation Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucy Gao
- Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julian Whitelegge
- Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Milan Fiala
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA School of Life Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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24
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Calafatti M, Cocozza G, Limatola C, Garofalo S. Microglial crosstalk with astrocytes and immune cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1223096. [PMID: 37564648 PMCID: PMC10410456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1223096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, biomedical research efforts aimed to unravel the mechanisms involved in motor neuron death that occurs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). While the main causes of disease progression were first sought in the motor neurons, more recent studies highlight the gliocentric theory demonstrating the pivotal role of microglia and astrocyte, but also of infiltrating immune cells, in the pathological processes that take place in the central nervous system microenvironment. From this point of view, microglia-astrocytes-lymphocytes crosstalk is fundamental to shape the microenvironment toward a pro-inflammatory one, enhancing neuronal damage. In this review, we dissect the current state-of-the-art knowledge of the microglial dialogue with other cell populations as one of the principal hallmarks of ALS progression. Particularly, we deeply investigate the microglia crosstalk with astrocytes and immune cells reporting in vitro and in vivo studies related to ALS mouse models and human patients. At last, we highlight the current experimental therapeutic approaches that aim to modulate microglial phenotype to revert the microenvironment, thus counteracting ALS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Calafatti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Germana Cocozza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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25
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Ramachandran S, Grozdanov V, Leins B, Kandler K, Witzel S, Mulaw M, Ludolph AC, Weishaupt JH, Danzer KM. Low T-cell reactivity to TDP-43 peptides in ALS. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1193507. [PMID: 37545536 PMCID: PMC10401033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1193507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulation of the immune system in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) includes changes in T-cells composition and infiltration of T cells in the brain and spinal cord. Recent studies have shown that cytotoxic T cells can directly induce motor neuron death in a mouse model of ALS and that T cells from ALS patients are cytotoxic to iPSC-derived motor neurons from ALS patients. Furthermore, a clonal expansion to unknown epitope(s) was recently found in familial ALS and increased peripheral and intrathecal activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in sporadic ALS. Results Here, we show an increased activation of peripheral T cells from patients with sporadic ALS by IL-2 treatment, suggesting an increase of antigen-experienced T cells in ALS blood. However, a putative antigen for T-cell activation in ALS has not yet been identified. Therefore, we investigated if peptides derived from TDP-43, a key protein in ALS pathogenesis, can act as epitopes for antigen-mediated activation of human T cells by ELISPOT and flow cytometry. We found that TDP-43 peptides induced only a weak MHCI or MHCII-restricted activation of both naïve and antigen-experienced T cells from healthy controls and ALS patients. Interestingly, we found less activation in T cells from ALS patients to TDP-43 and control stimuli. Furthermore, we found no change in the levels of naturally occurring auto-antibodies against full-length TDP-43 in ALS. Conclusion Our data suggests a general increase in antigen-experienced T cells in ALS blood, measured by in-vitro culture with IL-2 for 14 days. Furthermore, it suggests that TDP-43 is a weak autoantigen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bianca Leins
- Neurology, University Clinic, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Simon Witzel
- Neurology, University Clinic, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Medhanie Mulaw
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, Medical Faculty, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert C. Ludolph
- Neurology, University Clinic, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany
| | - Jochen H. Weishaupt
- Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin M. Danzer
- Neurology, University Clinic, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany
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26
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Vidovic M, Müschen LH, Brakemeier S, Machetanz G, Naumann M, Castro-Gomez S. Current State and Future Directions in the Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050736. [PMID: 36899872 PMCID: PMC10000757 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of upper and lower motor neurons, resulting in progressive weakness of all voluntary muscles and eventual respiratory failure. Non-motor symptoms, such as cognitive and behavioral changes, frequently occur over the course of the disease. Considering its poor prognosis with a median survival time of 2 to 4 years and limited causal treatment options, an early diagnosis of ALS plays an essential role. In the past, diagnosis has primarily been determined by clinical findings supported by electrophysiological and laboratory measurements. To increase diagnostic accuracy, reduce diagnostic delay, optimize stratification in clinical trials and provide quantitative monitoring of disease progression and treatment responsivity, research on disease-specific and feasible fluid biomarkers, such as neurofilaments, has been intensely pursued. Advances in imaging techniques have additionally yielded diagnostic benefits. Growing perception and greater availability of genetic testing facilitate early identification of pathogenic ALS-related gene mutations, predictive testing and access to novel therapeutic agents in clinical trials addressing disease-modified therapies before the advent of the first clinical symptoms. Lately, personalized survival prediction models have been proposed to offer a more detailed disclosure of the prognosis for the patient. In this review, the established procedures and future directions in the diagnostics of ALS are summarized to serve as a practical guideline and to improve the diagnostic pathway of this burdensome disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Vidovic
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (S.C.-G.)
| | | | - Svenja Brakemeier
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Gerrit Machetanz
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Naumann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sergio Castro-Gomez
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry/Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (S.C.-G.)
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27
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Steinruecke M, Lonergan RM, Selvaraj BT, Chandran S, Diaz-Castro B, Stavrou M. Blood-CNS barrier dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Proposed mechanisms and clinical implications. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:642-654. [PMID: 36704819 PMCID: PMC10108188 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231153281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
There is strong evidence for blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barrier dysfunction at the early stages of many neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Since impairment of the blood-central nervous system barrier (BCNSB) occurs during the pre-symptomatic stages of ALS, the mechanisms underlying this pathology are likely also involved in the ALS disease process. In this review, we explore how drivers of ALS disease, particularly mitochondrial dysfunction, astrocyte pathology and neuroinflammation, may contribute to BCNSB impairment. Mitochondria are highly abundant in BCNSB tissue and mitochondrial dysfunction in ALS contributes to motor neuron death. Likewise, astrocytes adopt key physical, transport and metabolic functions at the barrier, many of which are impaired in ALS. Astrocytes also show raised expression of inflammatory markers in ALS and ablating ALS-causing transgenes in astrocytes slows disease progression. In addition, key drivers of neuroinflammation, including TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) pathology, matrix metalloproteinase activation and systemic inflammation, affect BCNSB integrity in ALS. Finally, we discuss the translational implications of BCNSB dysfunction in ALS, including the development of biomarkers for disease onset and progression, approaches aimed at restoring BCNSB integrity and in vitro modelling of the neurogliovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Steinruecke
- Edinburgh Medical School, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Bhuvaneish T Selvaraj
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Blanca Diaz-Castro
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maria Stavrou
- Euan MacDonald Centre for MND Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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28
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Azlan UK, Khairul Annuar NA, Mediani A, Aizat WM, Damanhuri HA, Tong X, Yanagisawa D, Tooyama I, Wan Ngah WZ, Jantan I, Hamezah HS. An insight into the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects and mechanisms of Moringa oleifera. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1035220. [PMID: 36686668 PMCID: PMC9849397 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1035220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are sporadic maladies that affect patients' lives with progressive neurological disabilities and reduced quality of life. Neuroinflammation and oxidative reaction are among the pivotal factors for neurodegenerative conditions, contributing to the progression of NDs, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and Huntington's disease (HD). Management of NDs is still less than optimum due to its wide range of causative factors and influences, such as lifestyle, genetic variants, and environmental aspects. The neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory activities of Moringa oleifera have been documented in numerous studies due to its richness of phytochemicals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review highlights up-to-date research findings on the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of M. oleifera, including mechanisms against NDs. The information was gathered from databases, which include Scopus, Science Direct, Ovid-MEDLINE, Springer, and Elsevier. Neuroprotective effects of M. oleifera were mainly assessed by using the crude extracts in vitro and in vivo experiments. Isolated compounds from M. oleifera such as moringin, astragalin, and isoquercitrin, and identified compounds of M. oleifera such as phenolic acids and flavonoids (chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, (-)-epicatechin, and isoquercitrin) have been reported to have neuropharmacological activities. Therefore, these compounds may potentially contribute to the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects. More in-depth studies using in vivo animal models of neurological-related disorders and extensive preclinical investigations, such as pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and bioavailability studies are necessary before clinical trials can be carried out to develop M. oleifera constituents into neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummi Kalthum Azlan
- 1Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Ahmed Mediani
- 1Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mohd Aizat
- 1Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hanafi Ahmad Damanhuri
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xiaohui Tong
- 3School of Life Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Daijiro Yanagisawa
- 4Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tooyama
- 5Medical Innovation Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah
- 5Medical Innovation Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- 1Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hamizah Shahirah Hamezah
- 1Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia,*Correspondence: Hamizah Shahirah Hamezah,
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29
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Muzio L, Ghirelli A, Agosta F, Martino G. Novel therapeutic approaches for motor neuron disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 196:523-537. [PMID: 37620088 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that leads to the neurodegeneration and death of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs). Although MNs are the main cells involved in the process of neurodegeneration, a growing body of evidence points toward other cell types as concurrent to disease initiation and propagation. Given the current absence of effective therapies, the quest for other therapeutic targets remains open and still challenges the scientific community. Both neuronal and extra-neuronal mechanisms of cellular stress and damage have been studied and have posed the basis for the development of novel therapies that have been investigated on both animal models and humans. In this chapter, a thorough review of the main mechanisms of cellular damage and the respective therapeutic attempts targeting them is reported. The main areas covered include neuroinflammation, protein aggregation, RNA metabolism, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Muzio
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, InsPE, Milan, Italy
| | - Alma Ghirelli
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, InsPE, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Agosta
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, InsPE, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, InsPE, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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30
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Klose V, Jesse S, Lewerenz J, Kassubek J, Dorst J, Tumani H, Ludolph AC, Roselli F. CSF oligoclonal IgG bands are not associated with ALS progression and prognosis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1170360. [PMID: 37213901 PMCID: PMC10196068 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1170360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by progressive motoneuron degeneration through cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms; and the involvement of the innate and adaptive immune system has been hypothesized based on human and murine model data. We have explored if B-cell activation and IgG responses, as detected by IgG Oligoclonal bands (OCB) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid, were associated with ALS or with a subgroup of patients with distinct clinical features. Methods IgG OCB were determined in patients affected by ALS (n=457), Alzheimer Disease (n=516), Mild Cognitive Impairment (n=91), Tension-type Headache (n=152) and idiopathic Facial Palsy (n=94). For ALS patients, clinico-demographic and survival data were prospectively collected in the Register Schabia. Results The prevalence of IgG OCB is comparable in ALS and the four neurological cohorts. When the OCB pattern was considered (highlighting either intrathecal or systemic B-cells activation), no effect of OCB pattern on clinic-demographic parameters and overall. ALS patients with intrathecal IgG synthesis (type 2 and 3) were more likely to display infectious, inflammatory or systemic autoimmune conditions. Discussion These data suggest that OCB are not related to ALS pathophysiology but rather are a finding possibly indicative a coincidental infectious or inflammatory comorbidity that merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Klose
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Jesse
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Lewerenz
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Dorst
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hayrettin Tumani
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert C. Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Neurozentrum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- *Correspondence: Albert C. Ludolph,
| | - Francesco Roselli
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Neurozentrum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Francesco Roselli,
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31
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Jiang Z, Wang Z, Wei X, Yu XF. Inflammatory checkpoints in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: From biomarkers to therapeutic targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059994. [PMID: 36618399 PMCID: PMC9815501 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor neuron damage. Due to the complexity of the ALS, so far the etiology and underlying pathogenesis of sporadic ALS are not completely understood. Recently, many studies have emphasized the role of inflammatory networks, which are comprised of various inflammatory molecules and proteins in the pathogenesis of ALS. Inflammatory molecules and proteins may be used as independent predictors of patient survival and might be used in patient stratification and in evaluating the therapeutic response in clinical trials. This review article describes the latest advances in various inflammatory markers in ALS and its animal models. In particular, this review discusses the role of inflammatory molecule markers in the pathogenesis of the disease and their relationship with clinical parameters. We also highlight the advantages and disadvantages of applying inflammatory markers in clinical manifestations, animal studies, and drug clinical trials. Further, we summarize the potential application of some inflammatory biomarkers as new therapeutic targets and therapeutic strategies, which would perhaps expand the therapeutic interventions for ALS.
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Tang YM, Pulimood NS, Stifani S. Comparing the Characteristics of Microglia Preparations Generated Using Different Human iPSC-Based Differentiation Methods to Model Neurodegenerative Diseases. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221145105. [PMID: 36524236 PMCID: PMC9761225 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221145105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As the resident immune cells of the healthy nervous system, homeostatic microglia can rapidly become activated in response to injury/disease. Dysregulated microglia activation is a hallmark of nervous system disorders including neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer's disease. The elucidation of the biological and pathological roles of microglia has recently benefitted from the development of microglia-like cells using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based approaches. The success of iPSC-derived microglia preparations as a disease-relevant model system depends on their representation of the in vivo spatial and temporal heterogeneity of microglia under pathological conditions. Little is currently known about the potential of human iPSC-derived microglia generated using different methods for the study of neurodegenerative diseases. We compared the transcriptomes of human iPSC-derived microglia generated using two frequently used in vitro differentiation methods to determine whether separate strategies can generate microglia with distinct transcriptional signatures in vitro. We show that microglia derived using different differentiation methods display distinct maturation characteristics after equivalent times in culture. We also reveal that iPSC-derived microglia preparations generated using these two methods are composed of different subpopulations with transcriptomic signatures resembling those of in vivo regionally distinct microglia subtypes, specifically white-matter and gray-matter microglia. These findings highlight the need to better characterize the subtype composition of each microglia preparation prior to its use to model neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Man Tang
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological
Institute-Hospital, McGill
University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nisha S. Pulimood
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological
Institute-Hospital, McGill
University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stefano Stifani
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological
Institute-Hospital, McGill
University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Stefano Stifani, Department of Neurology
and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4.
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Investigation of the causal relationship between ALS and autoimmune disorders: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Med 2022; 20:382. [PMID: 36320012 PMCID: PMC9628014 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have reported an association between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and different autoimmune disorders. This study aims to explore the causal relationship between autoimmune disorders and ALS using Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS To test the genetically predicted effects of liability towards immune-related outcomes on ALS risk, we used summary statistics from the largest European genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for these disorders in a two-sample MR setting. To do this, we extracted single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the GWAS, which strongly associated with the 12 traits, and queried their effects in a large European ALS GWAS (27,265 cases and 110,881 controls). To avoid bias in our MR instruments related to the complex linkage disequilibrium structure of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, we excluded SNPs within this region from the analyses. We computed inverse-variance weighted (IVW) MR estimates and undertook sensitivity analyses using MR methods robust to horizontal pleiotropy. We also performed a reverse MR analysis testing the causal effects of ALS on the above autoimmune traits. RESULTS After applying Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, our MR analyses showed that the liability to autoimmune disorders does not affect ALS risk. Our reverse MR analysis also did not support the effects of liability to ALS on other autoimmune disorders. The results of the main IVW MR analyses were generally supported by our sensitivity MR analyses. The variance in the exposures explained by the sets of SNPs used as MR instruments ranged from 8.1 × 10-4 to 0.31. Our MR study was well-powered to detect effects as small as an odds ratio (OR) of 1.045 for ALS in the main MR and as small as an OR of 1.32 in the reverse MR. CONCLUSION Our MR study does not support a relationship between liability to autoimmune disorders and ALS risk in the European population. The associations observed in epidemiological studies could be partly attributed to shared biology or environmental confounders.
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Monsour M, Garbuzova-Davis S, Borlongan CV. Patching Up the Permeability: The Role of Stem Cells in Lessening Neurovascular Damage in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:1196-1209. [PMID: 36181767 PMCID: PMC9801306 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a debilitating disease with poor prognosis. The pathophysiology of ALS is commonly debated, with theories involving inflammation, glutamate excitotoxity, oxidative stress, mitochondria malfunction, neurofilament accumulation, inadequate nutrients or growth factors, and changes in glial support predominating. These underlying pathological mechanisms, however, act together to weaken the blood brain barrier and blood spinal cord barrier, collectively considered as the blood central nervous system barrier (BCNSB). Altering the impermeability of the BCNSB impairs the neurovascular unit, or interdependent relationship between the brain and advances the concept that ALS is has a significant neurovascular component contributing to its degenerative presentation. This unique categorization of ALS opens a variety of treatment options targeting the reestablishment of BCNSB integrity. This review will critically assess the evidence implicating the significant neurovascular components of ALS pathophysiology, while also offering an in-depth discussion regarding the use of stem cells to repair these pathological changes within the neurovascular unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Monsour
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Svitlana Garbuzova-Davis
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Corresponding author: Cesar V. Borlongan, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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35
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Synaptic Effects of Palmitoylethanolamide in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081161. [PMID: 36009055 PMCID: PMC9405819 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence strongly supports the key role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroinflammation may alter synaptic transmission contributing to the progression of neurodegeneration, as largely documented in animal models and in patients’ studies. In the last few years, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endogenous lipid mediator, and its new composite, which is a formulation constituted of PEA and the well-recognized antioxidant flavonoid luteolin (Lut) subjected to an ultra-micronization process (co-ultraPEALut), has been identified as a potential therapeutic agent in different disorders by exerting potential beneficial effects on neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation by modulating synaptic transmission. In this review, we will show the potential therapeutic effects of PEA in animal models and in patients affected by neurodegenerative disorders.
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36
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Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns Content in Extracellular Vesicles Promotes Early Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152364. [PMID: 35954208 PMCID: PMC9367540 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common hallmark in different neurodegenerative conditions that share neuronal dysfunction and a progressive loss of a selectively vulnerable brain cell population. Alongside ageing and genetics, inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are considered key risk factors. Microglia are considered immune sentinels of the central nervous system capable of initiating an innate and adaptive immune response. Nevertheless, the pathological mechanisms underlying the initiation and spread of inflammation in the brain are still poorly described. Recently, a new mechanism of intercellular signalling mediated by small extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been identified. EVs are nanosized particles (30–150 nm) with a bilipid membrane that carries cell-specific bioactive cargos that participate in physiological or pathological processes. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are cellular components recognised by the immune receptors of microglia, inducing or aggravating neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders. Diverse evidence links mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation mediated by mitochondrial-DAMPs (mtDAMPs) such as mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and cardiolipin, among others. Mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) are a subtype of EVs produced after mild damage to mitochondria and, upon fusion with multivesicular bodies are released as EVs to the extracellular space. MDVs are particularly enriched in mtDAMPs which can induce an immune response and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, growing evidence supports the association between mitochondrial dysfunction, EV release and inflammation. Here, we describe the role of extracellular vesicles-associated mtDAMPS in physiological conditions and as neuroinflammation activators contributing to neurodegenerative disorders.
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Wong JK, Roselle AK, Shue TM, Shimshak SJE, Beaty JM, Celestin NM, Gao I, Griffin RP, Cudkowicz ME, Sadiq SA. Apolipoprotein B-100-mediated motor neuron degeneration in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac207. [PMID: 36043141 PMCID: PMC9416068 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neuron degeneration. Approximately 90% of cases occur sporadically with no known cause while 10% are familial cases arising from known inherited genetic mutations. In vivo studies have predominantly utilized transgenic models harbouring amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated gene mutations, which have not hitherto elucidated mechanisms underlying motor neuron death or identified therapeutic targets specific to sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here we provide evidence demonstrating pathogenic differences in CSF from patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with mutations in SOD1, C9orf72 and TARDBP. Using a novel CSF-mediated animal model, we show that intrathecal delivery of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient-derived CSF into the cervical subarachnoid space in adult wild-type mice induces permanent motor disability which is associated with hallmark pathological features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis including motor neuron loss, cytoplasmic TDP-43 translocation, reactive astrogliosis and microglial activation. Motor impairments are not induced by SOD1, C9orf72 or TARDBP CSF, although a moderate degree of histopathological change occurs in C9orf72 and TARDBP CSF-injected mice. By conducting a series of CSF filtration studies and global proteomic analysis of CSF, we identified apolipoprotein B-100 in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis CSF as the putative agent responsible for inducing motor disability, motor neuron degeneration and pathological translocation of TDP-43. Apolipoprotein B-100 alone is sufficient to recapitulate clinical and pathological outcomes in vivo and induce death of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived motor neurons in vitro. Targeted removal of apolipoprotein B-100 from sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis CSF via filtration or immunodepletion successfully attenuated the neurotoxic capacity of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis CSF to induce motor disability, motor neuron death, and TDP-43 translocation. This study presents apolipoprotein B-100 as a novel therapeutic target specific for the predominant sporadic form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and establishes proof-of-concept to support CSF pheresis as a therapeutic strategy for mitigating neurotoxicity in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie K Wong
- Larry G. Gluck Division of ALS Research, Tisch Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York , New York, NY 10019 , USA
| | - Anna K Roselle
- Larry G. Gluck Division of ALS Research, Tisch Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York , New York, NY 10019 , USA
| | - Taylor M Shue
- Larry G. Gluck Division of ALS Research, Tisch Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York , New York, NY 10019 , USA
| | - Serena J E Shimshak
- Larry G. Gluck Division of ALS Research, Tisch Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York , New York, NY 10019 , USA
| | - Joseph M Beaty
- Larry G. Gluck Division of ALS Research, Tisch Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York , New York, NY 10019 , USA
| | - Nadia M Celestin
- Larry G. Gluck Division of ALS Research, Tisch Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York , New York, NY 10019 , USA
| | - Ivy Gao
- Larry G. Gluck Division of ALS Research, Tisch Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York , New York, NY 10019 , USA
| | - Rose P Griffin
- Larry G. Gluck Division of ALS Research, Tisch Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York , New York, NY 10019 , USA
| | - Merit E Cudkowicz
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02114 , USA
| | - Saud A Sadiq
- Larry G. Gluck Division of ALS Research, Tisch Multiple Sclerosis Research Center of New York , New York, NY 10019 , USA
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Zang X, Chen S, Zhu J, Ma J, Zhai Y. The Emerging Role of Central and Peripheral Immune Systems in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:872134. [PMID: 35547626 PMCID: PMC9082639 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.872134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, it has been widely believed that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides an immune privileged environment in the central nervous system (CNS) by blocking peripheral immune cells and humoral immune factors. This view has been revised in recent years, with increasing evidence revealing that the peripheral immune system plays a critical role in regulating CNS homeostasis and disease. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive dysfunction and the loss of neurons in the CNS. An increasing number of studies have focused on the role of the connection between the peripheral immune system and the CNS in neurodegenerative diseases. On the one hand, peripherally released cytokines can cross the BBB, cause direct neurotoxicity and contribute to the activation of microglia and astrocytes. On the other hand, peripheral immune cells can also infiltrate the brain and participate in the progression of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases have a high morbidity and disability rate, yet there are no effective therapies to stop or reverse their progression. In recent years, neuroinflammation has received much attention as a therapeutic target for many neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight the emerging role of the peripheral and central immune systems in neurodegenerative diseases, as well as their interactions. A better understanding of the emerging role of the immune systems may improve therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - JunYao Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junwen Ma
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhai
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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39
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Figueroa-Romero C, Monteagudo A, Murdock BJ, Famie JP, Webber-Davis IF, Piecuch CE, Teener SJ, Pacut C, Goutman SA, Feldman EL. Tofacitinib Suppresses Natural Killer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo: Implications for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:773288. [PMID: 35197969 PMCID: PMC8859451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.773288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal and incurable neurodegenerative disease with few therapeutic options. However, the immune system, including natural killer (NK) cells, is linked to ALS progression and may constitute a viable therapeutic ALS target. Tofacitinib is an FDA-approved immunomodulating small molecule which suppresses immune cell function by blocking proinflammatory cytokine signaling. This includes the cytokine IL-15 which is the primary cytokine associated with NK cell function and proliferation. However, the impact of tofacitinib on NK activation and cytotoxicity has not been thoroughly investigated, particularly in ALS. We therefore tested the ability of tofacitinib to suppress cytotoxicity and cytokine production in an NK cell line and in primary NK cells derived from control and ALS participants. We also investigated whether tofacitinib protected ALS neurons from NK cell cytotoxicity. Finally, we conducted a comprehensive pharmacokinetic study of tofacitinib in mice and tested the feasibility of administration formulated in chow. Success was assessed through the impact of tofacitinib on peripheral NK cell levels in mice. We found tofacitinib suppressed IL-15-induced activation as measured by STAT1 phosphorylation, cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory gene expression, and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in both an NK cell line and primary NK cells. Furthermore, tofacitinib protected ALS neurons from NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In mice, we found tofacitinib bioavailability was 37% in both male and female mice; using these data we formulated mouse containing low and high doses of tofacitinib and found that the drug suppressed peripheral NK cell levels in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that tofacitinib can suppress NK cell function and may be a viable therapeutic strategy for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina Monteagudo
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Benjamin J Murdock
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Joshua P Famie
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ian F Webber-Davis
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Caroline E Piecuch
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Samuel J Teener
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Crystal Pacut
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stephen A Goutman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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40
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Yildiz O, Schroth J, Lombardi V, Pucino V, Bobeva Y, Yip PK, Schmierer K, Mauro C, Tree T, Henson SM, Malaspina A. The Expression of Active CD11b Monocytes in Blood and Disease Progression in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3370. [PMID: 35328793 PMCID: PMC8952310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes expressing the inflammation suppressing active CD11b, a beta2 integrin, may regulate neuroinflammation and modify clinical outcomes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this single site, retrospective study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 38 individuals living with ALS and 20 non-neurological controls (NNC) were investigated using flow cytometry to study active CD11b integrin classical (CM), intermediate (IM) and non-classical (NCM) monocytes during ALS progression. Seventeen ALS participants were sampled at the baseline (V1) and at two additional time points (V2 and V3) for longitudinal analysis. Active CD11b+ CM frequencies increased steeply between the baseline and V3 (ANOVA repeated measurement, p < 0.001), and the V2/V1 ratio negatively correlated with the disease progression rate, similar to higher frequencies of active CD11b+ NCM at the baseline (R = −0.6567; p = 0.0031 and R = 0.3862; p = 0.0168, respectively). CD11b NCM, clinical covariates and neurofilament light-chain plasma concentration at the baseline predicted shorter survival in a multivariable and univariate analysis (CD11b NCM—HR: 1.05, CI: 1.01−1.11, p = 0.013. Log rank: above median: 43 months and below median: 21.22 months; p = 0.0022). Blood samples with the highest frequencies of active CD11b+ IM and NCM contained the lowest concentrations of soluble CD11b. Our preliminary data suggest that the levels of active CD11b+ monocytes and NCM in the blood predict different clinical outcomes in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Yildiz
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (V.L.); (Y.B.); (P.K.Y.); (K.S.)
- Neuromuscular Department, Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Johannes Schroth
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.S.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Vittoria Lombardi
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (V.L.); (Y.B.); (P.K.Y.); (K.S.)
- Neuromuscular Department, Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Valentina Pucino
- Institute of Inflammation and Aging, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (V.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Yoana Bobeva
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (V.L.); (Y.B.); (P.K.Y.); (K.S.)
- Neuromuscular Department, Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ping Kei Yip
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (V.L.); (Y.B.); (P.K.Y.); (K.S.)
| | - Klaus Schmierer
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (V.L.); (Y.B.); (P.K.Y.); (K.S.)
- Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 1BB, UK
| | - Claudio Mauro
- Institute of Inflammation and Aging, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (V.P.); (C.M.)
| | - Timothy Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
| | - Sian Mari Henson
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.S.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Andrea Malaspina
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; (V.L.); (Y.B.); (P.K.Y.); (K.S.)
- Neuromuscular Department, Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Masrori P, Beckers J, Gossye H, Van Damme P. The role of inflammation in neurodegeneration: novel insights into the role of the immune system in C9orf72 HRE-mediated ALS/FTD. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:22. [PMID: 35303907 PMCID: PMC8932121 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an important hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). An inflammatory reaction to neuronal injury is deemed vital for neuronal health and homeostasis. However, a continued activation of the inflammatory response can be detrimental to remaining neurons and aggravate the disease process. Apart from a disease modifying role, some evidence suggests that neuroinflammation may also contribute to the upstream cause of the disease. In this review, we will first focus on the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 gene (C9orf72) hexanucleotide repeat expansions (HRE)-mediated ALS/FTD (C9-ALS/FTD). Additionally, we will discuss evidence from ex vivo and in vivo studies and finally, we briefly summarize the trials and progress of anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Masrori
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Experimental Neurology, Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N5, Herestraat 49, 602, 3000, Leuven, PB, Belgium.,Neurology Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jimmy Beckers
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Experimental Neurology, Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N5, Herestraat 49, 602, 3000, Leuven, PB, Belgium
| | - Helena Gossye
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Antwerp, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.,VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases, University of Antwerp, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven-University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Experimental Neurology, Center for Brain and Disease Research, VIB, Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N5, Herestraat 49, 602, 3000, Leuven, PB, Belgium. .,Neurology Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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42
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Cox LM, Calcagno N, Gauthier C, Madore C, Butovsky O, Weiner HL. The microbiota restrains neurodegenerative microglia in a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:47. [PMID: 35272713 PMCID: PMC8915543 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota can affect neurologic disease by shaping microglia, the primary immune cell in the central nervous system (CNS). While antibiotics improve models of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and the C9orf72 model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), antibiotics worsen disease progression the in SOD1G93A model of ALS. In ALS, microglia transition from a homeostatic to a neurodegenerative (MGnD) phenotype and contribute to disease pathogenesis, but whether this switch can be affected by the microbiota has not been investigated. RESULTS In this short report, we found that a low-dose antibiotic treatment worsened motor function and decreased survival in the SOD1 mice, which is consistent with studies using high-dose antibiotics. We also found that co-housing SOD1 mice with wildtype mice had no effect on disease progression. We investigated changes in the microbiome and found that antibiotics reduced Akkermansia and butyrate-producing bacteria, which may be beneficial in ALS, and cohousing had little effect on the microbiome. To investigate changes in CNS resident immune cells, we sorted spinal cord microglia and found that antibiotics downregulated homeostatic genes and increased neurodegenerative disease genes in SOD1 mice. Furthermore, antibiotic-induced changes in microglia preceded changes in motor function, suggesting that this may be contributing to disease progression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the microbiota play a protective role in the SOD1 model of ALS by restraining MGnD microglia, which is opposite to other neurologic disease models, and sheds new light on the importance of disease-specific interactions between microbiota and microglia. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Cox
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Narghes Calcagno
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christian Gauthier
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Charlotte Madore
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Bordeaux University, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Quek H, Cuní-López C, Stewart R, Colletti T, Notaro A, Nguyen TH, Sun Y, Guo CC, Lupton MK, Roberts TL, Lim YC, Oikari LE, La Bella V, White AR. ALS monocyte-derived microglia-like cells reveal cytoplasmic TDP-43 accumulation, DNA damage, and cell-specific impairment of phagocytosis associated with disease progression. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:58. [PMID: 35227277 PMCID: PMC8887023 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease characterised by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons. Increasing evidence indicates that neuroinflammation mediated by microglia contributes to ALS pathogenesis. This microglial activation is evident in post-mortem brain tissues and neuroimaging data from patients with ALS. However, the role of microglia in the pathogenesis and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis remains unclear, partly due to the lack of a model system that is able to faithfully recapitulate the clinical pathology of ALS. To address this shortcoming, we describe an approach that generates monocyte-derived microglia-like cells that are capable of expressing molecular markers, and functional characteristics similar to in vivo human brain microglia.
Methods
In this study, we have established monocyte-derived microglia-like cells from 30 sporadic patients with ALS, including 15 patients with slow disease progression, 6 with intermediate progression, and 9 with rapid progression, together with 20 non-affected healthy controls.
Results
We demonstrate that patient monocyte-derived microglia-like cells recapitulate canonical pathological features of ALS including non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated-TDP-43-positive inclusions. Moreover, ALS microglia-like cells showed significantly impaired phagocytosis, altered cytokine profiles, and abnormal morphologies consistent with a neuroinflammatory phenotype. Interestingly, all ALS microglia-like cells showed abnormal phagocytosis consistent with the progression of the disease. In-depth analysis of ALS microglia-like cells from the rapid disease progression cohort revealed significantly altered cell-specific variation in phagocytic function. In addition, DNA damage and NOD-leucine rich repeat and pyrin containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activity were also elevated in ALS patient monocyte-derived microglia-like cells, indicating a potential new pathway involved in driving disease progression.
Conclusions
Taken together, our work demonstrates that the monocyte-derived microglia-like cell model recapitulates disease-specific hallmarks and characteristics that substantiate patient heterogeneity associated with disease subgroups. Thus, monocyte-derived microglia-like cells are highly applicable to monitor disease progression and can be applied as a functional readout in clinical trials for anti-neuroinflammatory agents, providing a basis for personalised treatment for patients with ALS.
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Kabir MT, Rahman MH, Shah M, Jamiruddin MR, Basak D, Al-Harrasi A, Bhatia S, Ashraf GM, Najda A, El-Kott AF, Mohamed HRH, Al-Malky HS, Germoush MO, Altyar AE, Alwafai EB, Ghaboura N, Abdel-Daim MM. Therapeutic promise of carotenoids as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents in neurodegenerative disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 146:112610. [PMID: 35062074 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis have various disease-specific causal factors and pathological features. A very common characteristic of NDs is oxidative stress (OS), which takes place due to the elevated generation of reactive oxygen species during the progression of NDs. Furthermore, the pathological condition of NDs including an increased level of protein aggregates can further lead to chronic inflammation because of the microglial activation. Carotenoids (CTs) are naturally occurring pigments that play a significant role in averting brain disorders. More than 750 CTs are present in nature, and they are widely available in plants, microorganisms, and animals. CTs are accountable for the red, yellow, and orange pigments in several animals and plants, and these colors usually indicate various types of CTs. CTs exert various bioactive properties because of its characteristic structure, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Due to the protective properties of CTs, levels of CTs in the human body have been markedly linked with the prevention and treatment of multiple diseases including NDs. In this review, we have summarized the relationship between OS, neuroinflammation, and NDs. In addition, we have also particularly focused on the antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties of CTs in the management of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tanvir Kabir
- Department of Pharmacy, Brac University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh; Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, South Korea.
| | - Muddaser Shah
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | | | - Debasish Basak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL 33169, United States
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, 616 Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa, Oman; School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Prem Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Department of Vegetable and Herbal Crops, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 50A Doświadczalna Street, 20-280 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Attalla F El-Kott
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; Zoology Department, College of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Hanan R H Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Hamdan S Al-Malky
- Regional Drug Information Center, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mousa O Germoush
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box: 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed E Altyar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esraa B Alwafai
- Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehmat Ghaboura
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
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45
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Sujkowski A, Hong L, Wessells RJ, Todi SV. The protective role of exercise against age-related neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 74:101543. [PMID: 34923167 PMCID: PMC8761166 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endurance exercise is a widely accessible, low-cost intervention with a variety of benefits to multiple organ systems. Exercise improves multiple indices of physical performance and stimulates pronounced health benefits reducing a range of pathologies including metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. Endurance exercise delays brain aging, preserves memory and cognition, and improves symptoms of neurodegenerative pathologies like Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and various ataxias. Potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise include neuronal survival and plasticity, neurogenesis, epigenetic modifications, angiogenesis, autophagy, and the synthesis and release of neurotrophins and cytokines. In this review, we discuss shared benefits and molecular pathways driving the protective effects of endurance exercise on various neurodegenerative diseases in animal models and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Sujkowski
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Luke Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - R J Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Sokol V Todi
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA.
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Toledo ARL, Monroy GR, Salazar FE, Lee JY, Jain S, Yadav H, Borlongan CV. Gut-Brain Axis as a Pathological and Therapeutic Target for Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1184. [PMID: 35163103 PMCID: PMC8834995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lifestyle and dietary behaviors contribute to disease onset and progression. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), considered multifactorial disorders, have been associated with changes in the gut microbiome. NDDs display pathologies that alter brain functions with a tendency to worsen over time. NDDs are a worldwide health problem; in the US alone, 12 million Americans will suffer from NDDs by 2030. While etiology may vary, the gut microbiome serves as a key element underlying NDD development and prognosis. In particular, an inflammation-associated microbiome plagues NDDs. Conversely, sequestration of this inflammatory microbiome by a correction in the dysbiotic state of the gut may render therapeutic effects on NDDs. To this end, treatment with short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, the main metabolites responsible for maintaining gut homeostasis, ameliorates the inflammatory microbiome. This intimate pathological link between the gut and NDDs suggests that the gut-brain axis (GBA) acts as an underexplored area for developing therapies for NDDs. Traditionally, the classification of NDDs depends on their clinical presentation, mostly manifesting as extrapyramidal and pyramidal movement disorders, with neuropathological evaluation at autopsy as the gold standard for diagnosis. In this review, we highlight the evolving notion that GBA stands as an equally sensitive pathological marker of NDDs, particularly in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and chronic stroke. Additionally, GBA represents a potent therapeutic target for treating NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Rosa Lezama Toledo
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.R.L.T.); (G.R.M.); (F.E.S.); (J.-Y.L.)
| | - Germán Rivera Monroy
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.R.L.T.); (G.R.M.); (F.E.S.); (J.-Y.L.)
| | - Felipe Esparza Salazar
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.R.L.T.); (G.R.M.); (F.E.S.); (J.-Y.L.)
| | - Jea-Young Lee
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.R.L.T.); (G.R.M.); (F.E.S.); (J.-Y.L.)
| | - Shalini Jain
- Center for Microbiome Research, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.J.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Center for Microbiome Research, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (S.J.); (H.Y.)
| | - Cesario Venturina Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (A.R.L.T.); (G.R.M.); (F.E.S.); (J.-Y.L.)
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Xie M, Zhao S, Bosco DB, Nguyen A, Wu LJ. Microglial TREM2 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:125-137. [PMID: 34874625 PMCID: PMC8898078 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is an aggressive motor neuron degenerative disease characterized by selective loss of both upper and lower motor neurons. The mechanisms underlying disease initiation and progression are poorly understood. The involvement of nonmotor neuraxis emphasizes the contribution of glial cells in disease progress. Microglia comprise a unique subset of glial cells and are the principal immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) is a surface receptor that, within the CNS, is exclusively expressed on microglia and plays crucial roles in microglial proliferation, migration, activation, metabolism, and phagocytosis. Genetic evidence has linked TREM2 to neurodegenerative diseases including ALS, but its function in ALS pathogenesis is largely unknown. In this review, we summarize how microglial activation, with a specific focus on TREM2 function, affects ALS progression clinically and experimentally. Understanding microglial TREM2 function will help pinpoint the molecular target for ALS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manling Xie
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Shunyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Dale B. Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Aivi Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Cinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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48
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Liu E, Karpf L, Bohl D. Neuroinflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia and the Interest of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Study Immune Cells Interactions With Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:767041. [PMID: 34970118 PMCID: PMC8712677 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.767041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a shared hallmark between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). For long, studies were conducted on tissues of post-mortem patients and neuroinflammation was thought to be only bystander result of the disease with the immune system reacting to dying neurons. In the last two decades, thanks to improving technologies, the identification of causal genes and the development of new tools and models, the involvement of inflammation has emerged as a potential driver of the diseases and evolved as a new area of intense research. In this review, we present the current knowledge about neuroinflammation in ALS, ALS-FTD, and FTD patients and animal models and we discuss reasons of failures linked to therapeutic trials with immunomodulator drugs. Then we present the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and its interest as a new tool to have a better immunopathological comprehension of both diseases in a human context. The iPSC technology giving the unique opportunity to study cells across differentiation and maturation times, brings the hope to shed light on the different mechanisms linking neurodegeneration and activation of the immune system. Protocols available to differentiate iPSC into different immune cell types are presented. Finally, we discuss the interest in studying monocultures of iPS-derived immune cells, co-cultures with neurons and 3D cultures with different cell types, as more integrated cellular approaches. The hope is that the future work with human iPS-derived cells helps not only to identify disease-specific defects in the different cell types but also to decipher the synergistic effects between neurons and immune cells. These new cellular tools could help to find new therapeutic approaches for all patients with ALS, ALS-FTD, and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Liu
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Léa Karpf
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Bohl
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, INSERM, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Tennakoon A, Katharesan V, Musgrave IF, Koblar SA, Faull RLM, Curtis MA, Johnson IP. Normal aging, motor neurone disease, and Alzheimer's disease are characterized by cortical changes in inflammatory cytokines. J Neurosci Res 2021; 100:653-669. [PMID: 34882833 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of increased brain inflammation in the development of neurodegenerative diseases is unclear. Here, we have compared cytokine changes in normal aging, motor neurone disease (MND), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). After an initial analysis, six candidate cytokines, interleukin (IL)- 4, 5, 6, 10, macrophage inhibitory protein (MIP)-1α, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, showing greatest changes were assayed in postmortem frozen human superior frontal gyri (n = 12) of AD patients, aging and young adult controls along with the precentral gyrus (n = 12) of MND patients. Healthy aging was associated with decreased anti-inflammatory IL-10 and FGF-2 levels. AD prefrontal cortex was associated with increased levels of IL-4, IL-5, and FGF-2, with the largest increase seen for FGF-2. Notwithstanding differences in the specific frontal lobe gyrus sampled, MND patients' primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) was associated with increased levels of IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and FGF-2 compared to the aging prefrontal cortex (superior frontal gyrus). Immunocytochemistry showed that FGF-2 is expressed in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in normal aging prefrontal cortex, AD prefrontal cortex, and MND motor cortex. We report that healthy aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases have different cortical inflammatory signatures that are characterized by increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and call into question the view that increased inflammation underlies the development of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Tennakoon
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Viythia Katharesan
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Simon Andrea Koblar
- Department of Medical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Richard Lewis Maxwell Faull
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and the Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maurice Anthony Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and the Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian Paul Johnson
- Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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50
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Kluever V, Fornasiero EF. Principles of brain aging: Status and challenges of modeling human molecular changes in mice. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101465. [PMID: 34555542 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Due to the extension of human life expectancy, the prevalence of cognitive impairment is rising in the older portion of society. Developing new strategies to delay or attenuate cognitive decline is vital. For this purpose, it is imperative to understand the cellular and molecular events at the basis of brain aging. While several organs are directly accessible to molecular analysis through biopsies, the brain constitutes a notable exception. Most of the molecular studies are performed on postmortem tissues, where cell death and tissue damage have already occurred. Hence, the study of the molecular aspects of cognitive decline largely relies on animal models and in particular on small mammals such as mice. What have we learned from these models? Do these animals recapitulate the changes observed in humans? What should we expect from future mouse studies? In this review we answer these questions by summarizing the state of the research that has addressed cognitive decline in mice from several perspectives, including genetic manipulation and omics strategies. We conclude that, while extremely valuable, mouse models have limitations that can be addressed by the optimal design of future studies and by ensuring that results are cross-validated in the human context.
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