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Hoffman G, Walkey MC, Gräsvik J, Bacanu GR, Alom S, Bloodworth S, Light ME, Levitt MH, Whitby RJ. A Solid-State Intramolecular Wittig Reaction Enables Efficient Synthesis of Endofullerenes Including Ne@C 60 , 3 He@C 60 , and HD@C 60. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8960-8966. [PMID: 33554419 PMCID: PMC8048630 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An open-cage fullerene incorporating phosphorous ylid and carbonyl group moieties on the rim of the orifice can be filled with gases (H2 , He, Ne) in the solid state, and the cage opening then contracted in situ by raising the temperature to complete an intramolecular Wittig reaction, trapping the atom or molecule inside. Known transformations complete conversion of the product fullerene to C60 containing the endohedral species. As well as providing an improved synthesis of large quantities of 4 He@C60 , H2 @C60 , and D2 @C60 , the method allows the efficient incorporation of expensive gases such as HD and 3 He, to prepare HD@C60 and 3 He@C60 . The method also enables the first synthesis of Ne@C60 by molecular surgery, and its characterization by crystallography and 13 C NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hoffman
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Mark C. Walkey
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - John Gräsvik
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
- Current address: Iggesund Paperboard ABIggesunds BrukLSKA82580IggesundSweden
| | - George R. Bacanu
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Shamim Alom
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Sally Bloodworth
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Mark E. Light
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Malcolm H. Levitt
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Richard J. Whitby
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
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2
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Hoffman G, Walkey MC, Gräsvik J, Bacanu GR, Alom S, Bloodworth S, Light ME, Levitt MH, Whitby RJ. A Solid‐State Intramolecular Wittig Reaction Enables Efficient Synthesis of Endofullerenes Including Ne@C
60
,
3
He@C
60
, and HD@C
60. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hoffman
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Mark C. Walkey
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - John Gräsvik
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
- Current address: Iggesund Paperboard AB Iggesunds Bruk LSKA 82580 Iggesund Sweden
| | - George R. Bacanu
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Shamim Alom
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Sally Bloodworth
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Mark E. Light
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Malcolm H. Levitt
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Richard J. Whitby
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemi Türker
- Department of Chemistry; Middle East Technical University; Üniversiteler, Eskişehir Yolu No:1 06800 Çankaya/Ankara Turkey
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4
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Dral PO, Clark T. On the feasibility of reactions through the fullerene wall: a theoretical study of NHx@C60. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02865b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of small radicals and molecules inside fullerenes by reactions through the fullerene wall is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo O. Dral
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials
- Department of Chemie und Pharmazie
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- Nägelsbachstr. 25
- 91052 Erlangen
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials
- Department of Chemie und Pharmazie
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- Nägelsbachstr. 25
- 91052 Erlangen
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5
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Bartl P, Leidlmair C, Denifl S, Scheier P, Echt O. Cationic complexes of hydrogen with helium. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:227-32. [PMID: 23090688 PMCID: PMC3555426 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectra of helium nanodroplets doped with hydrogen or deuterium reveal that copious amounts of helium can be bound to H(+), H(2)(+), H(3)(+), and larger hydrogen-cluster ions. All conceivable He(n)H(x)(+) stoichiometries are identified if their mass is below the limit of ≈120 u set by the resolution of the spectrometer. Anomalies in the ion yields of He(n)H(x)(+) for x=1, 2, or 3, and n≤30 reveal particularly stable cluster ions. Our results for He(n)H(1)(+) are consistent with conclusions drawn from previous experimental and theoretical studies which were limited to smaller cluster ions. The He(n)H(3)(+) series exhibits a pronounced anomaly at n=12 which was outside the reliable range of earlier experiments. Contrary to findings reported for other diatomic dopant molecules, the monomer ion (i.e. H(2)(+)) retains helium with much greater efficiency than hydrogen-cluster ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bartl
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Christian Leidlmair
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Stephan Denifl
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Paul Scheier
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
| | - Olof Echt
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 25, A-6020 Innsbruck (Austria)
- Department of Physics, University of New HampshireDurham, NH 03824 (USA)
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Jaksch S, Ferreira da Silva F, Denifl S, Echt O, Märk TD, Scheier P. Experimental evidence for the existence of an electronically excited state of the proposed dihydrogen radical cation He-H-H-He+. Chemistry 2009; 15:4190-4. [PMID: 19248067 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Survival of the weakest: The existence of a new class of centrosymmetric radical cations in which H(2) bridges two identical main group elements was recently proposed in this journal by Uggerud and co-workers. By growing complexes inside helium nanodroplets at subkelvin temperatures, we obtained experimental evidence for the existence of the most weakly bound member of this class, He-H-H-He(+) (see picture), although in a metastable, electronically excited state.In a recent report, Uggerud and co-workers (A. Krapp et al., Chem. Eur. J. 2008, 14, 4028) proposed the existence of a new class of radical cations in which a dihydrogen bridges two identical main group elements. Upon electron impact ionization of helium nanodroplets doped with one or more H(2) molecules we observe various He(x)H(y) (+) cluster ions, including He(2)H(2) (+), which would belong to the proposed class of radical cations. Mass-analyzed kinetic energy scans reveal that the ion is metastable; it dissociates in the field-free region of the mass spectrometer. One reaction is into HeH(2) (+) + He with a low kinetic energy release of 15+/-4 meV. Surprisingly, another unimolecular reaction is observed, into HeH(+) + HeH (or He + H). The probability of this reaction is an order of magnitude higher, and the average kinetic energy release is four times larger. These findings suggest the presence of a metastable electronically excited state; they are consistent with the proposed linear, centrosymmetric ion structure of He-H-H-He(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Jaksch
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold Franzens Universität, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Organische Chemie: Nicolaou geehrt / Metallorganische Chemie: Preis für Lappert / Fullerene: Krätschmer ausgezeichnet. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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8
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Organic Chemistry: Nicolaou Honored / Organometallic Chemistry: Prize to Lappert / Fullerenes: Krätschmer Awarded. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- R. W. Saalfrank
- a Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Henkestrasse 42, D-91054 , Erlangen , Germany
| | - A. Dresel
- a Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Henkestrasse 42, D-91054 , Erlangen , Germany
| | - B. Hörner
- a Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Henkestrasse 42, D-91054 , Erlangen , Germany
| | - O. Struck
- a Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Henkestrasse 42, D-91054 , Erlangen , Germany
| | - H. Maid
- a Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Henkestrasse 42, D-91054 , Erlangen , Germany
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11
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Borocci S, Bronzolino N, Grandinetti F. Neutral Helium Compounds: Theoretical Evidence for a Large Class of Polynuclear Complexes. Chemistry 2006; 12:5033-42. [PMID: 16642536 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio calculations at the MP2 and CCSD(T) levels of theory disclose the conceivable existence of neutral complexes containing up to four helium atoms. These species are formally obtained by replacing the hydrogen atoms of parent molecules such as CH(4), SiH(4), NH(3), PH(3), H(2)O, H(2)S, C(2)H(2), C(2)H(4), and C(6)H(6) with -NBeHe moieties, which behave as monovalent functional groups containing helium. The geometries and vibrational frequencies of these M(NBeHe)(n) (n>1; M=central moiety) polyhelium complexes have been investigated at the MP2(full)/6-31G(d) level of theory, and their stability with respect to the loss of helium atom(s) has been evaluated by means of single-point calculations at the CCSD(T)/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. Molecules such as H(n)C(NBeHe)(4-n) and H(n)Si(NBeHe)(4-n) (n=0-3), C(2)(NBeHe)(2), and ortho-, meta-, and para-C(6)H(4)(NBeHe)(2) were invariably characterized as energy minima, and were found to be stable with respect to the loss of helium atom(s) by approximately 4-5 kcal mol(-1). On the other hand, species such as C(2)(NBeHe)(4) and C(6)(NBeHe)(6) were characterized as high-order saddle points on the potential-energy surface, and were unstable with respect to helium atom(s) loss owing to the bending motion of the -NBeHe groups. The molecules containing N, P, O, or S as the central atom also showed a variable topology and include second-order saddle points such as S(NBeHe)(2), third-order saddle points such as HN(NBeHe)(2), but also minimum-energy structures such as O(NBeHe)(2) and HP(NBeHe)(2), which are also stable by approximately 5 kcal mol(-1) with respect to the helium atom(s) loss. These results suggest the conceivable existence of an, in principle, very large class of M(NBeHe)(n) (n>1) polyhelium complexes, whose stability may be substantially affected by the nature and the size of the central moiety M. Atoms-in-Molecules (AIM) calculations on selected species invariably suggest that, in our investigated M(NBeHe)(n) (n>1) compounds, the beryllium-helium interaction is essentially electrostatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Borocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università della Tuscia, L.go dell' Università s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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12
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Cao B, Peres T, Lifshitz C, Cross RJ, Saunders M. Kinetic energy release of C70(+) and its endohedral cation N@C70(+): activation energy for N extrusion. Chemistry 2006; 12:2213-21. [PMID: 16411259 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Unimolecular decomposition of C70(+) and its endohedral cation N@C70(+) were studied by high-resolution mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy (MIKE) spectrometry. Information on the energetics and dynamics of these reactions was extracted. C70(+) dissociates unimolecularly by loss of a C2 unit, whereas N@C70(+) expels the endohedral N atom. Kinetic energy release distributions (KERDs) in these reactions were measured. By use of finite heat bath theory (FHBT), the binding energy for C2 emission from C70(+) and the activation energy for N elimination from N@C70(+) were deduced from KERDs in the light of a recent finding that fragmentation of fullerene cations proceeds via a very loose transition state. The activation energy measured for N extrusion from N@C70(+) was found to be lower than that for C2 evaporation, higher than the value from its neutral molecule N@C70 obtained on the basis of thermal stability measurements, and coincident with the theoretical value. The results provide confirmation that the proposed extrusion mechanism in which the N atom escapes from the cage via formation of an aza-bridged intermediate is correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baopeng Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47404, USA.
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13
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Saalfrank RW, Hörner B, Stalke D, Salbeck J. The First Neutral Adamantanoid Iron(III)-chelate Complex: Spontaneous Formation, Structure, and Electrochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.199311791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Ehlich R, Sprang H, Westerburg M, Campbell EEB. Fragmentation, charge transfer and chemical reactions in C60+/C70+–SF6 collisions. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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16
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Rüttimann M, Haldimann RF, Isaacs L, Diederich F, Khong A, Jiménez-Vázquez H, Cross RJ, Saunders M. π-Electron Ring-Current Effects in Multiple Adducts of3He@C60 and3He@C70: A3He NMR Study. Chemistry 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.19970030714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Schröder D, Schwarz H. Interference signals in “third-generation” BEBE sector field mass spectrometers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(95)04195-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Saalfrank RW, Burak R, Breit A, Stalke D, Herbst-Irmer R, Daub J, Porsch M, Bill E, Müther M, Trautwein AX. Gemischtvalente, tetranucleare Eisenchelatkomplexe als Endorezeptoren: Ladungskompensation durch Kationen-Einschluß. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19941061526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Saalfrank RW, Hörner B, Stalke D, Salbeck J. Der erste neutrale adamantanoide Eisen(III)-Chelatkomplex: spontane Bildung, Struktur und Elektrochemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19931050822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Kolb M, Thiel W. MNDO parameters for helium: Optimization, tests, and application to endohedral fullerene?helium complexes. J Comput Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.540140108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Diederich F, Rubin Y. Synthetic Approaches toward Molecular and Polymeric Carbon Allotropes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.199211013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Diederich F, Rubin Y, Diederich F, Rubin Y. Strategien zum Aufbau molekularer und polymerer Kohlenstoffallotrope. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19921040904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Schwarz H. C60-Fulleren als Tummelplatz für chemische Manipulationen an gekrümmten Oberflächen und in Hohlräumen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19921040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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