1
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Panda J, Raiguru BP, Mishra M, Mohapatra S, Nayak S. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐
a
]pyridines: A Brief Review. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Panda
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Bishnu P. Raiguru
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Mitali Mishra
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Seetaram Mohapatra
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Sabita Nayak
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
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2
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Flash Electrochemical Approach to Carbocations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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3
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Takumi M, Sakaue H, Nagaki A. Flash Electrochemical Approach to Carbocations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202116177. [PMID: 34931424 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A novel flow electrochemical reactor that accomplishes electrolysis within a few seconds in a single passage was developed. By using the flow reactor system, the flash electrochemical generation of short-lived carbocations, including oxocarbenium ions, N -acyliminium ions, glycosyl cations, and Ferrier cations was achieved within a few seconds, enabling the subsequent reaction with nucleophiles before their decomposition. Moreover, continuous operation based on the present system enabled the rapid synthesis of pharmaceutical precursors on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Takumi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Hodaka Sakaue
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Kyoto University, Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Synthetic Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, Katsura, 615-8510, Kyoto, JAPAN
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4
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Thadathil DA, Varghese A, Radhakrishnan KV. The Renaissance of Electro‐Organic Synthesis for the Difunctionalization of Alkenes and Alkynes: A Sustainable Approach. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ditto Abraham Thadathil
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029 India
| | - Anitha Varghese
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029 India
| | - Kokkuvayil Vasu Radhakrishnan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST) Thiruvananthapuram 695019 India
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5
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Brown RCD. The Longer Route can be Better: Electrosynthesis in Extended Path Flow Cells. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2472-2487. [PMID: 34302434 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This personal account provides an overview of work conducted in my research group, and through collaborations with other chemists and engineers, to develop flow electrolysis cells and apply these cells in organic electrosynthesis. First, a brief summary of my training and background in organic synthesis is provided, leading in to the start of flow electrosynthesis in my lab in collaboration with Derek Pletcher. Our work on the development of extended path electrolysis flow reactors is described from a synthetic organic chemist's perspective, including laboratory scale-up to give several moles of an anodic methoxylation product in one day. The importance of cell design is emphasised with regards to achieving good performance in laboratory electrosynthesis with productivities from hundreds of mg h-1 to many g h-1 , at high conversion in a selective fashion. A simple design of recycle flow cell that can be readily constructed in a small University workshop is also discussed, including simple modifications to improve cell performance. Some examples of flow electrosyntheses are provided, including Shono-type oxidation, anodic cleavage of protecting groups, Hofer-Moest reaction of cubane carboxylic acids, oxidative esterification and amidation of aldehydes, and reduction of aryl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C D Brown
- School of Chemistry, The University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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6
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Gleede B, Selt M, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Developments in the Dehydrogenative Electrochemical Synthesis of 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethyl-2,2'-biphenol. Chemistry 2021; 27:8252-8263. [PMID: 33453091 PMCID: PMC8248109 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The symmetric biphenol 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethyl‐2,2′‐biphenol is a well‐known ligand building block and is used in transition‐metal catalysis. In the literature, there are several synthetic routes for the preparation of this exceptional molecule. Herein, the focus is on the sustainable electrochemical synthesis of 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethyl‐2,2′‐biphenol. A brief overview of the developmental history of this inconspicuous molecule, which is of great interest for technical applications, but has many challenges for its synthesis, is provided. The electro‐organic method is a powerful, sustainable, and efficient alternative to conventional synthesis to obtain this symmetric biphenol up to the kilogram scale. Another section of this article is devoted to different process management strategies in batch‐type and flow electrolysis and their respective advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gleede
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Selt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Material Science IN MainZ (MAINZ), Graduate School of Excellence, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Straße 1, 45772, Marl, Germany.,Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Material Science IN MainZ (MAINZ), Graduate School of Excellence, Staudingerweg 9, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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7
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Heard DM, Doobary S, Lennox AJJ. 3D Printed Reactionware for Synthetic Electrochemistry with Hydrogen Fluoride Reagents. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Heard
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS
| | - Sayad Doobary
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS
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8
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Huang C, Li Z, Song J, Xu H. Catalyst‐ and Reagent‐Free Formal Aza‐Wacker Cyclizations Enabled by Continuous‐Flow Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zhao‐Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
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9
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Schotten C, Bourne RA, Kapur N, Nguyen BN, Willans CE. Electrochemical Generation of
N
‐Heterocyclic Carbenes for Use in Synthesis and Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard A. Bourne
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Nikil Kapur
- School of Mechanical Engineering University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Bao N. Nguyen
- School of Chemistry University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
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10
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Huang C, Li ZY, Song J, Xu HC. Catalyst- and Reagent-Free Formal Aza-Wacker Cyclizations Enabled by Continuous-Flow Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11237-11241. [PMID: 33666312 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficient and sustainable methods to access saturated N-heterocycles is of great importance because of the prevalence of these structures in natural products and bioactive compounds. Pd-catalyzed aza-Wacker type cyclization is a powerful method and provides access to N-heterocycles bearing an alkene moiety available for further synthetic manipulations from readily available materials. Herein we disclose a catalyst- and reagent-free formal aza-Wacker type cyclization reaction for the synthesis of functionalized saturated N-heterocycles. Key to the success is to conduct the reactions in a continuous-flow electrochemical reactor without adding supporting electrolyte or additives. The reactions are characterized by broad tolerance of di-, tri- and tetrasubstituted alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhao-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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11
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Chen N, Xu HC. Electrochemically Driven Radical Reactions: From Direct Electrolysis to Molecular Catalysis. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2306-2319. [PMID: 33734572 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organic radicals are versatile synthetic intermediates that provide reactivities and selectivities complementary to ionic species. Despite its long history, electrochemically driven radical reactions remain limited in scope. In the past few years, there have been dramatic increase in research activity in organic electrochemistry. We have been developing electrochemical and electrophotocatalytic methods for the generation and synthetic utilization of organic radicals. In our studies, various radical species such as alkene and arene radical cations and carbon- and heteroatom-centered radicals are generated from readily available precursors through direct electrolysis, molecular electrocatalysis or molecular electrophotocatalysis. These radical species undergo various inter- and intramolecular oxidative transformations to rapidly increase molecular complexity. The simultaneous occurrence of anodic oxidation and cathodic proton reduction allows the oxidative reactions to proceed through H2 evolution without external chemical oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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12
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Dagar N, Sen PP, Roy SR. Electrifying Sustainability on Transition Metal-Free Modes: An Eco-Friendly Approach for the Formation of C-N Bonds. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1229-1257. [PMID: 33373494 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Embracing sustainable green methodologies and techniques in chemical transformations has always been in the limelight to the synthetic community. Electrosynthesis has emerged as a powerful, sustainable synthetic tool for molecular synthesis exploiting inexpensive electricity in place of sacrificial chemical oxidizing/reducing reagents. Herein, recent advances in the incorporation of transition metal-free redox mediators in electrosynthesis for the construction of C-N bonds are outlined. Furthermore, conjugation of this strategy with flow catalysis allows easy scale up of the synthesis of molecular assembly. This comprehensive Review provides an overview of metal-free mediated electro-construction of C-N bonds, focusing on the reaction mechanisms involved and its synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Dagar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Partha Pratim Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sudipta Raha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
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13
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Fangmeyer J, Behrens A, Gleede B, Waldvogel SR, Karst U. Mass-Spectrometric Imaging of Electrode Surfaces-a View on Electrochemical Side Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20428-20433. [PMID: 33448566 PMCID: PMC7693111 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical side reactions, often referred to as "electrode fouling", are known to be a major challenge in electro-organic synthesis and the functionality of modern batteries. Often, polymerization of one or more components is observed. When reaching their limit of solubility, those polymers tend to adsorb on the surface of the electrode, resulting in a passivation of the respective electrode area, which may impact electrochemical performance. Here, matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is presented as valuable imaging technique to visualize polymer deposition on electrode surfaces. Oligomer size distribution and its dependency on the contact time were imaged on a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode of an electrochemical flow-through cell. The approach allows to detect weak spots, where electrode fouling may take place and provides insight into the identity of side-product pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Fangmeyer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of MünsterCorrensstrasse 3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Arne Behrens
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of MünsterCorrensstrasse 3048149MünsterGermany
| | - Barbara Gleede
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of MünsterCorrensstrasse 3048149MünsterGermany
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14
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Lin X, Fang Z, Zeng C, Zhu C, Pang X, Liu C, He W, Duan J, Qin N, Guo K. Continuous Electrochemical Synthesis of Iso-Coumarin Derivatives from o-(1-Alkynyl) Benzoates under Metal- and Oxidant-Free. Chemistry 2020; 26:13738-13742. [PMID: 32460407 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A non-oxidant and metal-free strategy for synthesizing iso-coumarin by using a continuous electrochemical microreactor to initiate an oxidative cyclization reaction of o-(1-alkynyl) benzoate and radicals. This efficient and clean continuous electrosynthesis method not only avoids the complicated gas protection operation and production of by-products in the batch processes, but also help to overcome the difficulty that batch metal catalysis and electrocatalysis are difficult to scale up, and has the potential for pilot-scale experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Lin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Cuilian Zeng
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Chenlong Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xinyan Pang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wei He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jindian Duan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ning Qin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Rd S., Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
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15
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Heard DM, Lennox AJJ. Electrode Materials in Modern Organic Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18866-18884. [PMID: 32633073 PMCID: PMC7589451 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The choice of electrode material is critical for achieving optimal yields and selectivity in synthetic organic electrochemistry. The material imparts significant influence on the kinetics and thermodynamics of electron transfer, and frequently defines the success or failure of a transformation. Electrode processes are complex and so the choice of a material is often empirical and the underlying mechanisms and rationale for success are unknown. In this review, we aim to highlight recent instances of electrode choice where rationale is offered, which should aid future reaction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Heard
- University of BristolSchool of ChemistryCantocks CloseBristol, AvonBS8 1TSUK
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16
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Jud W, Kappe CO, Cantillo D. Development and Assembly of a Flow Cell for Single‐Pass Continuous Electroorganic Synthesis Using Laser‐Cut Components. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cmtd.202000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jud
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
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17
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Fangmeyer J, Behrens A, Gleede B, Waldvogel SR, Karst U. Mass‐Spectrometric Imaging of Electrode Surfaces—a View on Electrochemical Side Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Fangmeyer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry University of Münster Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Arne Behrens
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry University of Münster Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Barbara Gleede
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry University of Münster Corrensstrasse 30 48149 Münster Germany
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Heard
- University of Bristol School of Chemistry Cantocks Close Bristol, Avon BS8 1TS UK
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Herl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and BiosensorsUniversity of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Frank‐Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and BiosensorsUniversity of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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20
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Li M, Hong J, Xiao W, Yang Y, Qiu D, Mo F. Electrocatalytic Oxidative Transformation of Organic Acids for Carbon-Heteroatom and Sulfur-Heteroatom Bond Formation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:1661-1687. [PMID: 31804002 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The electrolysis of organic acids has garnered increasing attention in recent years. In addition to the famous electrochemical decarboxylation known as Kolbe electrolysis, a number of other electrochemical processes have been recently established that allow for the construction of carbon-heteroatom and sulfur-heteroatom bonds from organic acids. Herein, recent advances in electrochemical C-X and S-X (X=N, O, S, Se) bond-forming reactions from five classes of organic acids and their conjugate bases, namely, carboxylic, thiocarboxylic, phosphonic, sulfinic, and sulfonic acids, are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Junting Hong
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Di Qiu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance, for Functional Molecules, MOE Key Laboratory of, Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Materials Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, P.R. China
| | - Fanyang Mo
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Donghai Silicon Industry S&T Innovation Center, Donghai County, Jiangsu, 222300, P.R. China
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21
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Santi M, Seitz J, Cicala R, Hardwick T, Ahmed N, Wirth T. Memory of Chirality in Flow Electrochemistry: Fast Optimisation with DoE and Online 2D‐HPLC. Chemistry 2019; 25:16230-16235. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Micol Santi
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Jakob Seitz
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Rossana Cicala
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Tomas Hardwick
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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22
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Large B, Gigant N, Joseph D, Prim D. Rhodium-Catalyzed C-H Activation of Naphthamides for the Syntheiss of Substituted 3 H
-Benzo[ e
]isoindolin-3-ones. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Large
- ILV, UVSQ, CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; 78035 Versailles France
| | - Nicolas Gigant
- BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; 92296 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Delphine Joseph
- BioCIS, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; 92296 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Damien Prim
- ILV, UVSQ, CNRS; Université Paris-Saclay; 78035 Versailles France
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23
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Elsherbini M, Winterson B, Alharbi H, Folgueiras‐Amador AA, Génot C, Wirth T. Continuous‐Flow Electrochemical Generator of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents: Synthetic Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9811-9815. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsherbini
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Bethan Winterson
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Haifa Alharbi
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | | | - Célina Génot
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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24
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Elsherbini M, Winterson B, Alharbi H, Folgueiras‐Amador AA, Génot C, Wirth T. Elektrochemischer Durchlaufgenerator für hypervalente Iodreagenzien: Synthetische Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsherbini
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Bethan Winterson
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Haifa Alharbi
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | | | - Célina Génot
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
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25
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Harnisch F, Schröder U. Tapping Renewables: A New Dawn for Organic Electrosynthesis in Aqueous Reaction Media. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Falk Harnisch
- Department of Environmental MicrobiologyHelmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Permoserstrasse 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Uwe Schröder
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable ChemistryTechnische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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26
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Huang C, Qian XY, Xu HC. Continuous-Flow Electrosynthesis of Benzofused S-Heterocycles by Dehydrogenative C-S Cross-Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6650-6653. [PMID: 30908799 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is the synthesis of benzofused six-membered S-heterocycles by intramolecular dehydrogenative C-S coupling using a modular flow electrolysis cell. The continuous-flow electrosynthesis not only ensures efficient product formation, but also obviates the need for transition-metal catalysts, oxidizing reagents, and supporting electrolytes. Reaction scale-up is conveniently achieved through extended electrolysis without changing the reaction conditions and equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Yang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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27
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Huang C, Qian X, Xu H. Continuous‐Flow Electrosynthesis of Benzofused S‐Heterocycles by Dehydrogenative C−S Cross‐Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xiang‐Yang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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28
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Islam M, Kariuki BM, Shafiq Z, Wirth T, Ahmed N. Efficient Electrosynthesis of Thiazolidin-2-imines via Oxysulfurization of Thiourea-Tethered Terminal Alkenes Using the Flow Microreactor. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Islam
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; CF10 3AT Cardiff United Kingdom
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; CF10 3AT Cardiff United Kingdom
| | - Zahid Shafiq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences; Bahauddin Zakariya University; 60800 Multan Pakistan
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; CF10 3AT Cardiff United Kingdom
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; CF10 3AT Cardiff United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry; University of Bristol; BS8 1TS Bristol United Kingdom
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29
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Ahmed N, Khatoon S. Facile Electrochemical Intramolecular Amination of Urea-Tethered Terminal Alkenes for the Synthesis of Cyclic Ureas. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:576-582. [PMID: 30083492 PMCID: PMC6070678 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Facile intramolecular amination of unactivated alkenes has been achieved by using electricity as a catalyst that helps to generate an intermediate and accelerates formation of cyclic ureas in high yields. Using this method, no metal catalysts were used. During electrolysis, a nitrogen radical was formed at the urea substrate that cyclised with the alkene and generated a terminal carbon radical which further formed a bond with the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl radical (TEMPO). This method of electrolysis not only gives cyclic ureas but also functionalises terminal unactivated alkenes. This method can be considered to be environmentally friendly given that it avoids the issues of toxicity or complicated metal ligands and could therefore be potentially employed in green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Ahmed
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Saira Khatoon
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityCardiffCF10 3ATUK
- Department of ChemistryQuaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabad45320Pakistan
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30
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Mo Y, Jensen KF. Continuous N-Hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI)-Mediated Electrochemical Aerobic Oxidation of Benzylic C-H Bonds. Chemistry 2018; 24:10260-10265. [PMID: 29797694 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Electroorganic chemistry has emerged as an environmentally benign tool for synthetic chemists to achieve efficient transformations that are challenging with traditional reagent-based methods. Continuous flow chemistry brings pharmaceutical industry numerous advantages, but implementing electroorganic synthesis in flow is challenging, especially for electroorganic reactions with coupled electrode reactions and slow chemical reactions. We present a continuous electrolysis system engineered for N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) mediated electrochemical aerobic oxidation of benzylic C-H bonds. First, a cation-exchange membrane prevents the crossover of the NHPI anion from anolyte to catholyte avoiding reductive decomposition of NHPI at the cathode, and enables the usage of a cost-effective reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) cathode instead of a platinum electrode. Second, running the electrochemical flow cell with recycle streams accommodates the inherently slow kinetics of the chemical reaction without phthalimide-N-oxyl (PINO) radical self-decomposition at the anode, and allows the usage of gaseous oxygen as co-oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Mo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Klavs F Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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31
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Elsherbini M, Wirth T. Hypervalent Iodine Reagents by Anodic Oxidation: A Powerful Green Synthesis. Chemistry 2018; 24:13399-13407. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsherbini
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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32
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Möhle S, Zirbes M, Rodrigo E, Gieshoff T, Wiebe A, Waldvogel SR. Modern Electrochemical Aspects for the Synthesis of Value-Added Organic Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6018-6041. [PMID: 29359378 PMCID: PMC6001547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of electricity instead of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizers or reducing agents in synthesis is very appealing for economic and ecological reasons, and represents a major driving force for research efforts in this area. To use electron transfer at the electrode for a successful transformation in organic synthesis, the intermediate radical (cation/anion) has to be stabilized. Its combination with other approaches in organic chemistry or concepts of contemporary synthesis allows the establishment of powerful synthetic methods. The aim in the 21st Century will be to use as little fossil carbon as possible and, for this reason, the use of renewable sources is becoming increasingly important. The direct conversion of renewables, which have previously mainly been incinerated, is of increasing interest. This Review surveys many of the recent seminal important developments which will determine the future of this dynamic emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
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33
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Möhle S, Zirbes M, Rodrigo E, Gieshoff T, Wiebe A, Waldvogel SR. Moderne Aspekte der Elektrochemie zur Synthese hochwertiger organischer Produkte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Anton Wiebe
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Max Planck Graduate Center Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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34
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Folgueiras-Amador AA, Qian XY, Xu HC, Wirth T. Catalyst- and Supporting-Electrolyte-Free Electrosynthesis of Benzothiazoles and Thiazolopyridines in Continuous Flow. Chemistry 2017; 24:487-491. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiang-Yang Qian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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