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Brotsman VA, Tamm NB, Ioffe IN, Eliseev AA, Goryunkov AA, Lyssenko KA, Troyanov SI. Dimeric and 1D polymeric low-chlorinated C 60 fullerenes, (C 60Cl 5) 2 and (C 60Cl 4) ∞. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:6244-6247. [PMID: 37114969 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00887h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Low-chlorinated fullerenes, dimeric (C60Cl5)2 and one-dimensional, polymeric (C60Cl4)∞, were obtained by high-temperature (270 °C) chlorination of C60 with a SbCl5/SbCl3 mixture, as revealed by X-ray crystallography. The compounds were characterized by IR and Raman spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. This is the first observation of a fullerene polymer with single C-C bonding and neutral building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Brotsman
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Nadezhda B Tamm
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ilya N Ioffe
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andrei A Eliseev
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexey A Goryunkov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Konstantin A Lyssenko
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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2
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Wang S, Chang Q, Zhang G, Li F, Wang X, Yang S, Troyanov SI. Structural Studies of Giant Empty and Endohedral Fullerenes. Front Chem 2020; 8:607712. [PMID: 33344423 PMCID: PMC7744686 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.607712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure elucidations of giant fullerenes composed of 100 or more carbon atoms are severely hampered by their extremely low yield, poor solubility and huge numbers of possible cage isomers. High-temperature exohedral chlorination followed by X-ray single crystal diffraction studies of the chloro derivatives offers a practical solution for structure elucidations of giant fullerenes. Various isomers of giant fullerenes have been determined by this method, specially, non-classical giant fullerenes containing heptagons generated by the skeletal transformations of carbon cages. Alternatively, giant fullerenes can be also stabilized by encapsulating metal atoms or clusters through intramolecular electron transfer from the encapsulated species to the outer fullerene cage. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview on synthesis, separation and structural elucidation of giant fullerenes. The isomer structures, chlorination patterns of a series of giant fullerenes C2n (2n = 100-108) and heptagon-containing non-classical fullerenes derived from giant fullerenes are summarized. On the other hand, giant endohedral fullerenes bearing different endohedral species are also discussed. At the end, we propose an outlook on the future development of giant fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guizhi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fukun Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingmin Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis & Environmental New Materials, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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3
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Tamm NB, Guan R, Yang S, Troyanov SI. Trifluoromethyl Derivatives of Elusive Fullerene C 98. Chemistry 2020; 26:616-619. [PMID: 31714624 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Data concerning the isomeric composition of C98 and the chemistry of C98 derivatives are scarce due to very low abundance of C98 in the fullerene soot. Trifluoromethylation of C98 -containing mixtures followed by HPLC separation of CF3 derivatives and single crystal X-ray diffraction study resulted in structural characterization of four compounds C98 (248)(CF3 )18/20 , C98 (116)(CF3 )18 , and C98 (120)(CF3 )20 . To date, these compounds represent the largest fullerenes isolated as CF3 derivatives with experimentally determined molecular structures. The addition patterns of C98 (CF3 )18/20 are discussed in detail revealing the stabilizing factors, such as isolated double C=C bonds and benzenoid rings on C98 fullerene cages. A detailed comparison with the addition patterns of the known C98 Cln allowed us to contribute to the better understanding the chemistry of elusive C98 fullerene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B Tamm
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Pérez-Figueroa SE, Calaminici P, Köster AM. Hybrid ADFT Study of the C 104 and C 106 IPR Isomers. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:4565-4574. [PMID: 31021089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a hybrid auxiliary density functional theory (ADFT) study of the neutral and hexaanionic C104 and C106 fullerenes with the aim to determine their ground state structures. To this end, all C104 and C106 fullerene structures that obey the isolated pentagon rule (IPR) were optimized with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof generalized gradient approximation followed by a single-point energy calculation with the PBE0 hybrid functional. Our studies show that this composite approach yields relative energies of giant fullerenes that are accurate to around 1 kcal/mol. As a result, the ground states of C104, C1046-, and C1066- can be assigned to the isomers 234:Cs, 821:D2, and 891:Cs, respectively. On the other hand, the energetically lowest lying IPR isomers of C106, 331:Cs, 1194:C2, 534:C1 are separated by less than 1 kcal/mol which makes an unequivocal ground state assignment by hybrid DFT methods impossible. To guide future experiments, we also report the simulated IR and Raman spectra of the most stable neutral and hexaanionic C104 and C106 fullerenes.
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Guan R, Jin F, Yang S, Tamm NB, Troyanov SI. Stable C92(26) and C92(38) as Well as Unstable C92(50) and C92(23) Isolated-Pentagon-Rule Isomers As Revealed by Chlorination of C92 Fullerene. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:5393-5396. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Nadezhda B. Tamm
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
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6
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Jin F, Yang S, Troyanov SI. New Isolated-Pentagon-Rule Isomers of Fullerene C 98 Captured as Chloro Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:4780-4783. [PMID: 28414221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fullerene C98 possesses 259 isomers obeying the isolated pentagon rule (IPR), from which two, nos. 116 and 248, have been confirmed earlier as chloro derivatives. High-temperature chlorination of C98-containing mixtures afforded crystals of several chloro derivatives, and their structure elucidation by X-ray crystallography revealed the presence of new isomers, nos. 107, 109, and 120, in the fullerene soot. Evidence for an isomer of no. 111 is also presented. In addition, a new chloride of the known isomer 248 has been isolated and structurally studied. The chlorination patterns of the chlorides are discussed in terms of the formation of isolated C═C bonds and aromatic substructures on the fullerene cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Chilingarov NS, Troyanov SI. Unstable Isomer of C90Fullerene Isolated as Chloro Derivatives, C90(1)Cl10/12. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:1896-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Chemistry Department; Moscow State University; Leninskie Gory 119991 Moscow Russia
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8
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Wang S, Yang S, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. New Giant Fullerenes Identified as Chloro Derivatives: Isolated-Pentagon-Rule C108(1771)Cl12 and C106(1155)Cl24 as well as Nonclassical C104Cl24. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:5741-3. [PMID: 27276659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High temperature chlorination of HPLC fractions of higher fullerenes followed by single crystal X-ray diffraction with the use of synchrotron radiation resulted in the structure determination of IPR C106(1155)Cl24 and IPR C108(1771)Cl12. C106(1155)Cl24 is cocrystallized with C104Cl24, a chloride of the nonclassical isomer of C104. The moderately stable isomer C106(1155) and the most stable C108(1771) represent so far the largest pristine fullerenes with known cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin , Brook-Taylor.-Str.2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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9
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Wang S, Yang S, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. The First Experimentally Confirmed Isolated Pentagon Rule (IPR) Isomers of Higher Fullerene C98 Captured as Chlorides, C98(248)Cl22 and C98(116)Cl20. Chemistry 2016; 22:5138-41. [PMID: 26919123 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
High-temperature chlorination of pristine C98 fullerene isomers separated by HPLC from the fullerene soot afforded crystals of C98Cl22 and C98Cl20. An X-ray structure elucidation revealed, respectively, the presence of carbon cages of the most stable C2-C98(248) and rather unstable C1-C98(116), which represent the first isolated pentagon rule (IPR) isomers of fullerene C98 confirmed experimentally. The chlorination patterns of the chlorides are discussed in terms of the formation of isolated C=C bonds and aromatic substructures on the fullerene cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion & Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia.
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10
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Tamm NB, Troyanov SI. New Isolated-Pentagon-Rule Isomer of C92 Isolated as Trifluoromethyl and Chlorido Derivatives: C92(38)(CF3)14/16 and C92(38)Cl20/22. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:10527-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B. Tamm
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Tamm NB, Troyanov SI. Capturing C90Isomers as CF3Derivatives: C90(30)(CF3)14, C90(35)(CF3)16/18, and C90(45)(CF3)16/18. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:1622-5. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B. Tamm
- Chemistry Department; Moscow State University; Leninskie gory 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Chemistry Department; Moscow State University; Leninskie gory 119991 Moscow Russia
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12
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Fritz MA, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Capturing an unstable C100 fullerene as chloride, C100(1)Cl12, with a nanotubular carbon cage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:14577-80. [PMID: 25308237 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06825d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chlorination of a HPLC C100 fraction afforded C100(1)Cl12 with an unprecedented nanotubular carbon cage of a highly unstable D5d-C100 fullerene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Fritz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University of Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Yang S, Wei T, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. First isomers of pristine C104 fullerene structurally confirmed as chlorides, C104(258)Cl16 and C104(812)Cl24. Chem Asian J 2013; 9:79-82. [PMID: 24123912 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Isolation and characterization of very large fullerenes is hampered by a drastic decrease of their content in fullerene soot with increasing fullerene size and a simultaneous increase of the number of possible IPR (Isolated Pentagon Rule) isomers. In the present work, fractions containing mixtures of C102 and C104 were isolated in very small quantities (several dozens of micrograms) by multi-step recycling HPLC from an arc-discharge fullerene soot. Two such fractions were used for chlorination with a VCl4/SbCl5 mixture in glass ampoules at 350-360 °C. The resulting chlorides were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. By this means, two IPR isomers of C104 , numbers 258 and 812 (of 823 topologically possible isomers), have been confirmed for the first time as chlorides, C1 -C104(258)Cl16 and D2-C104 (812)Cl24, respectively, while an admixture of C2 -C104(811)Cl24 was assumed to be present in the latter chloride. DFT calculations showed that pristine C104(812) belongs to rather stable C104 cages, whereas C104(258) is much less stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026 (China).
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14
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Amsharov KY, Ziegler K, Mueller A, Jansen M. Capturing the Antiaromatic #6094C68 Carbon Cage in the Radio-Frequency Furnace. Chemistry 2012; 18:9289-93. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Wang D, Wang X, Gao X, Hou D. Theoretical study on the interaction of oxygen atom with C90 (D5h). COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Lanskikh MA, Tamm NB, Sidorov LN, Troyanov SI. Capturing C84 Isomers as Chlorides and Pentafluoroethyl Derivatives: C84Cl22 and C84(C2F5)12. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:2719-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ic202210s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Lanskikh
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory,
119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda B. Tamm
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory,
119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lev N. Sidorov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory,
119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I. Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory,
119991 Moscow, Russia
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17
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Yang S, Wei T, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. The most stable IPR isomer of C88 fullerene, C(s)-C88 (17), revealed by X-ray structures of C88Cl16 and C88Cl22. Chem Asian J 2011; 7:290-3. [PMID: 22184039 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China.
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18
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Troyanov SI, Yang S, Chen C, Kemnitz E. Six IPR Isomers of C90Fullerene Captured as Chlorides: Carbon Cage Connectivities and Chlorination Patterns. Chemistry 2011; 17:10662-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I. Troyanov
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory (Russia), Fax: (+7) 495‐939‐1240
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei (P.R. China)
| | - Chuanbao Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei (P.R. China)
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institute of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Brook‐Taylor‐Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin (Germany)
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19
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Ziegler K, Mueller A, Amsharov KY, Jansen M. Capturing the most-stable C56 fullerene cage by in situ chlorination. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:2412-8. [PMID: 21761569 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The most-stable (#916)C(56) carbon cage has been captured by in situ chlorination during the radio frequency furnace process. The resulting exohedral (#916)C(56)Cl(12) was separated and unambiguously characterized by single crystal X-ray structure determination. The discovery of (#916)C(56) provides evidence for a thermodynamically controlled mechanism of fullerene formation, and on the other hand shows that the in situ chlorination does not remarkably influence the fullerene formation itself but just results in the capture of preformed cages. A detailed analysis of the chlorination pattern of (#916)C(56)Cl(12) reveals the main factors controlling the reactivity of non-IPR fullerenes. A high degree of aromatization was observed in the remaining π-system by considering geometric criteria and nucleus-independent chemical-shift analysis (NICS). Along with the well-known stabilization of pentagon-pentagon junctions during chlorination, the formation of aromatic islands plays an important role in the stabilization of the fullerene cage and also in the determination of the chlorination pattern. Based on these empirical rules, the preferable addition patterns for non-IPR fullerene cages can be easily predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Ziegler
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Yang H, Jin H, Zhen H, Wang Z, Liu Z, Beavers CM, Mercado BQ, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. Isolation and Crystallographic Identification of Four Isomers of Sm@C90. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:6299-306. [DOI: 10.1021/ja111465n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hongxiao Jin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hongyu Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ziyang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation and Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Christine M. Beavers
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Marilyn M. Olmstead
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alan L. Balch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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21
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Kozhemyakina NV, Amsharov KY, Nuss J, Jansen M. Synthesis and structure analysis of (K[DB18 C6])4(C60)5·12THF containing C60 in three different bonding states. Chemistry 2011; 17:1798-805. [PMID: 21274930 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A new fulleride, (K[DB18C6])(4)(C(60))(5)·12THF, was prepared in solution using the "break-and-seal" approach by reacting potassium, fullerene, and dibenzo[18]crown-6 in tetrahydrofuran. Single crystals were grown from solution by the modified "temperature difference method". X-ray analysis was performed revealing a reversible phase transition occurring on cooling. Three different crystal structures of the title compound at different temperatures of data acquisition are addressed in detail: the "high-temperature phase" at 225 K (C2, Z=2, a=49.055(1), b=15.075(3), c=18.312(4) Å, β=97.89(3)°), the "transitional phase" at 175 K (C2 m, Z=2, a=48.436(5), b=15.128(1), c=18.280(2) Å, β=97.90(1)°), and the "low-temperature phase" at 125 K (Cc, Z=4, a=56.239(1), b=15.112(3), c=36.425(7) Å, β=121.99(1)°). On cooling, partial radical recombination of C(60)(·-) into the (C(60))(2)(2-) dimeric dianion occurs; this is first time that the fully ordered dimer has been observed. Further cooling leads to formation of a superstructure with doubled cell volume in a different space group. Below 125 K, C(60) exists in the structure in three different bonding states: in the form of C(60)(·-) radical ions, (C(60))(2)(2-) dianions, and neutral C(60), this being without precedent in the fullerene chemistry, as well. Experimental observations of one conformation exclusively of the fullerene dimer in the crystal structure are further explained on the basis of DFT calculations considering charge distribution patterns. Temperature-dependent measurements of magnetic susceptibility at different magnetic fields confirm the phase transition occurring at about 220 K as observed crystallographically, and enable for unambiguous charge assignment to the different C(60) species in the title fulleride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina V Kozhemyakina
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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22
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Yang H, Mercado BQ, Jin H, Wang Z, Jiang A, Liu Z, Beavers CM, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. Fullerenes without symmetry: crystallographic characterization of C1(30)–C90and C1(32)–C90. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:2068-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Mueller A, Ziegler K, Amsharov KY, Jansen M. In Situ Synthesis of Chlorinated Fullerenes by the High-Frequency Furnace Method. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Ioffe IN, Chen C, Yang S, Sidorov LN, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Chlorination of C86 to C84Cl32 with nonclassical heptagon-containing fullerene cage formed by cage shrinkage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:4784-7. [PMID: 20503217 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya N Ioffe
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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25
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Ioffe I, Chen C, Yang S, Sidorov L, Kemnitz E, Troyanov S. Chlorination of C86 to C84Cl32 with Nonclassical Heptagon-Containing Fullerene Cage Formed by Cage Shrinkage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Kuvychko IV, Streletskii AV, Shustova NB, Seppelt K, Drewello T, Popov AA, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. Soluble Chlorofullerenes C60Cl2,4,6,8,10. Synthesis, Purification, Compositional Analysis, Stability, and Experimental/Theoretical Structure Elucidation, Including the X-ray Structure of C1-C60Cl10. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:6443-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1005256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Kuvychko
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, Department of Chemistry,Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia, and Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Free University Berlin, D14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexey V. Streletskii
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, Department of Chemistry,Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia, and Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Free University Berlin, D14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia B. Shustova
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, Department of Chemistry,Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia, and Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Free University Berlin, D14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Konrad Seppelt
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, Department of Chemistry,Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia, and Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Free University Berlin, D14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, Department of Chemistry,Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia, and Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Free University Berlin, D14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, Department of Chemistry,Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia, and Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Free University Berlin, D14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, Department of Chemistry,Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia, and Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Free University Berlin, D14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga V. Boltalina
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, Department of Chemistry,Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom, Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia, and Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Free University Berlin, D14195 Berlin, Germany
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27
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Yang H, Beavers CM, Wang Z, Jiang A, Liu Z, Jin H, Mercado BQ, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. Isolation of a small carbon nanotube: the surprising appearance of D(5h)(1)-C(90). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:886-90. [PMID: 20025012 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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28
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Chlorides of isomeric C78 fullerenes: C78(1)Cl30, C78(2)Cl30, and C78(2)Cl18. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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30
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Yang H, Beavers C, Wang Z, Jiang A, Liu Z, Jin H, Mercado B, Olmstead M, Balch A. Isolation of a Small Carbon Nanotube: The Surprising Appearance ofD5h(1)-C90. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Tamm NB, Sidorov LN, Kemnitz E, Troyanov SI. Isolation and structural X-ray investigation of perfluoroalkyl derivatives of six cage isomers of C84. Chemistry 2009; 15:10486-92. [PMID: 19739224 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkylation of a higher fullerene mixture with CF(3)I or C(2)F(5)I, followed by HPLC separation of CF(3) and C(2)F(5) derivatives, resulted in the isolation of several C(84)(R(F))(n) (n=12, 16) compounds. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography with the use of synchrotron radiation allowed structure elucidation of eight C(84)(R(F))(n) compounds containing six different C(84) cages (the number of the C(84) isomer is given in parentheses): C(84) (23)(C(2)F(5))(12) (I), C(84) (22)(CF(3))(16) (II), C(84) (22)(C(2)F(5))(12) (III), C(84) (11)(C(2)F(5))(12) (IV), C(84) (16)(C(2)F(5))(12) (V), C(84) (4)(CF(3))(12) (VI with toluene and VII with hexane as solvate molecules), and C(84) (18)(C(2)F(5))(12) (VIII). Whereas some connectivity patterns of C(84) isomers (22, 23, 11) had previously been unambiguously confirmed by different methods, derivatives of C(84) isomers numbers 4, 16, and 18 have been investigated crystallographically for the first time, thus providing direct proof of the connectivity patterns of rare C(84) isomers. General aspects of the addition of R(F) groups to C(84) cages are discussed in terms of the preferred positions in the pentagons under the formation of chains, pairs, and isolated R(F) groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B Tamm
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Leninskie gory, Russia
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Shustova NB, Chen YS, Mackey MA, Coumbe CE, Phillips JP, Stevenson S, Popov AA, Boltalina OV, Strauss SH. Sc3N@(C80-Ih(7))(CF3)14 and Sc3N@(C80-Ih(7))(CF3)16. Endohedral Metallofullerene Derivatives with Exohedral Addends on Four and Eight Triple-Hexagon Junctions. Does the Sc3N Cluster Control the Addition Pattern or Vice Versa? J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:17630-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9069216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia B. Shustova
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, ChemMatCARS Beamline, University of Chicago Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, and Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden D01069, Germany
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, ChemMatCARS Beamline, University of Chicago Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, and Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden D01069, Germany
| | - Mary A. Mackey
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, ChemMatCARS Beamline, University of Chicago Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, and Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden D01069, Germany
| | - Curtis E. Coumbe
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, ChemMatCARS Beamline, University of Chicago Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, and Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden D01069, Germany
| | - J. Paige Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, ChemMatCARS Beamline, University of Chicago Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, and Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden D01069, Germany
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, ChemMatCARS Beamline, University of Chicago Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, and Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden D01069, Germany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, ChemMatCARS Beamline, University of Chicago Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, and Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden D01069, Germany
| | - Olga V. Boltalina
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, ChemMatCARS Beamline, University of Chicago Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, and Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden D01069, Germany
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, ChemMatCARS Beamline, University of Chicago Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, and Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden D01069, Germany
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Troyanov S, Tamm N, Chen C, Yang S, Kemnitz E. Synthesis and Structure of a Highly Chlorinated C78: C78(2)Cl30. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200900206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Ioffe I, Goryunkov A, Tamm N, Sidorov L, Kemnitz E, Troyanov S. Fusing Pentagons in a Fullerene Cage by Chlorination: IPRD2-C76Rearranges into non-IPR C76Cl24. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:5904-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Ioffe I, Goryunkov A, Tamm N, Sidorov L, Kemnitz E, Troyanov S. Fusing Pentagons in a Fullerene Cage by Chlorination: IPR D2-C76 Rearranges into non-IPR C76Cl24. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Troyanov SI, Tamm NB. Cage connectivities of C88 (33) and C92 (82) fullerenes captured as trifluoromethyl derivatives, C88(CF3)18 and C92(CF3)16. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:6035-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b912839e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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