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Rádis-Baptista G, Konno K. Spider and Wasp Acylpolyamines: Venom Components and Versatile Pharmacological Leads, Probes, and Insecticidal Agents. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:234. [PMID: 38922129 PMCID: PMC11209471 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are polycationic biogenic amines ubiquitously present in all life forms and are involved in molecular signaling and interaction, determining cell fate (e.g., cell proliferation, dif-ferentiation, and apoptosis). The intricate balance in the PAs' levels in the tissues will determine whether beneficial or detrimental effects will affect homeostasis. It's crucial to note that endoge-nous polyamines, like spermine and spermidine, play a pivotal role in our understanding of neu-rological disorders as they interact with membrane receptors and ion channels, modulating neuro-transmission. In spiders and wasps, monoamines (histamine, dopamine, serotonin, tryptamine) and polyamines (spermine, spermidine, acyl polyamines) comprise, with peptides and other sub-stances, the low molecular weight fraction of the venom. Acylpolyamines are venom components exclusively from spiders and a species of solitary wasp, which cause inhibition chiefly of iono-tropic glutamate receptors (AMPA, NMDA, and KA iGluRs) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The first venom acylpolyamines ever discovered (argiopines, Joro and Nephila toxins, and philanthotoxins) have provided templates for the design and synthesis of numerous analogs. Thus far, analogs with high potency exert their effect at nanomolar concentrations, with high se-lectivity toward their ionotropic and ligand receptors. These potent and selective acylpolyamine analogs can serve biomedical purposes and pest control management. The structural modification of acylpolyamine with photolabile and fluorescent groups converted these venom toxins into use-ful molecular probes to discriminate iGluRs and nAchRs in cell populations. In various cases, the linear polyamines, like spermine and spermidine, constituting venom acyl polyamine backbones, have served as cargoes to deliver active molecules via a polyamine uptake system on diseased cells for targeted therapy. In this review, we examined examples of biogenic amines that play an essential role in neural homeostasis and cell signaling, contributing to human health and disease outcomes, which can be present in the venom of arachnids and hymenopterans. With an empha-sis on the spider and wasp venom acylpolyamines, we focused on the origin, structure, derivatiza-tion, and biomedical and biotechnological application of these pharmacologically attractive, chemically modular venom components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gandhi Rádis-Baptista
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60165-081, Brazil
| | - Katsuhiro Konno
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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New Analogs of Polyamine Toxins from Spiders and Wasps: Liquid Phase Fragment Synthesis and Evaluation of Antiproliferative Activity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020447. [PMID: 35056762 PMCID: PMC8777946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyamine toxins (PATs) are conjugates of polyamines (PAs) with lipophilic carboxylic acids, which have been recently shown to present antiproliferative activity. Ten analogs of the spider PATs Agel 416, HO-416b, and JSTX-3 and the wasp PAT PhTX-433 were synthesized with changes in the lipophilic head group and/or the PA chain, and their antiproliferative activity was evaluated on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, using Agel 416 and HO-416b as reference compounds. All five analogs of PhTX-433 were of very low activity on both cell lines, whereas the two analogs of JSTX-3 were highly active only on the MCF-7 cell line with IC50 values of 2.63-2.81 μΜ. Of the remaining three Agel 416 or HO-416b analogs, only the one with the spermidine chain was highly active on both cells with IC50 values of 3.15-12.6 μM. The two most potent compounds in this series, Agel 416 and HO-416b, with IC50 values of 0.09-3.98 μΜ for both cell lines, were found to have a very weak cytotoxic effect on the MCF-12A normal breast cells. The present study points out that the structure of both the head group and the PA chain determine the strength of the antiproliferative activity of PATs and their selectivity towards different cells.
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Wodtke R, Pietzsch J, Löser R. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Selectively Mono-Fluorobenz(o)ylated Polyamines as a Basis for the Development of 18F-Labeled Radiotracers. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26227012. [PMID: 34834103 PMCID: PMC8625420 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26227012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are highly attractive vectors for tumor targeting, particularly with regards to the development of radiolabeled probes for imaging by positron emission (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). However, the synthesis of selectively functionalized derivatives remains challenging due to the presence of multiple amino groups of similar reactivity. In this work, we established a synthetic methodology for the selective mono-fluorobenz(o)ylation of various biogenic diamines and polyamines as lead compounds for the perspective development of substrate-based radiotracers for targeting polyamine-specific membrane transporters and enzymes such as transglutaminases. For this purpose, the polyamine scaffold was constructed by solid-phase synthesis of the corresponding oxopolyamines and subsequent reduction with BH3/THF. Primary and secondary amino groups were selectively protected using Dde and Boc as protecting groups, respectively, in orientation to previously reported procedures, which enabled the selective introduction of the reporter groups. For example, N1-FBz-spermidine, N4-FBz-spermidine, N8-FBz-spermidine, and N1-FBz-spermine and N4-FBz-spermine (FBz = 4-fluorobenzoyl) were obtained in good yields by this approach. The advantages and disadvantages of this synthetic approach are discussed in detail and its suitability for radiolabeling was demonstrated for the solid-phase synthesis of N1-[18F]FBz-cadaverine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wodtke
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany;
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (R.L.); Tel.: +49-351-260-3923 (R.W.); +49-351-260-3658 (R.L.)
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany;
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische University Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany;
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische University Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.W.); (R.L.); Tel.: +49-351-260-3923 (R.W.); +49-351-260-3658 (R.L.)
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Forster YM, Reusser S, Forster F, Bienz S, Bigler L. VenoMS-A Website for the Low Molecular Mass Compounds in Spider Venoms. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10080327. [PMID: 32796671 PMCID: PMC7464580 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10080327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spider venoms are highly complex mixtures. Numerous spider venom metabolites are uniquely found in spider venoms and are of interest concerning their potential use in pharmacology, agriculture, and cosmetics. A nontargeted ultra-high performance high-resolution electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-ESI-MS/MS) approach offers a resource-saving way for the analysis of crude spider venom. However, the identification of known as well as the structure elucidation of unknown low molecular mass spider venom compounds based on their MS/MS spectra is challenging because (1) acylpolyamine toxins are exclusively found in spider and wasp venom, (2) reference MS/MS spectra are missing in established mass spectrometry databases, and (3) trivial names for the various toxin metabolites are used in an inconsistent way in literature. Therefore, we introduce the freely accessible MS website for low molecular mass spider venom metabolites, venoMS, containing structural information, MS/MS spectra, and links to related literature. Currently the database contains the structures of 409 acylpolyamine toxins, 36 free linear polyamines, and 81 additional spider venom metabolites. Implemented into this website is a fragment ion calculator (FRIOC) that allows us to predict fragment ions of linear polyamine derivatives. With three metabolites from the venom of the spider Agelenopsis aperta, it was demonstrated how the new website can support the structural elucidation of acylpolyamines using their MS/MS spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M. Forster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (Y.M.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Silvan Reusser
- CAOS AG, Teufener Strasse 19, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (S.R.); (F.F.)
| | - Florian Forster
- CAOS AG, Teufener Strasse 19, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (S.R.); (F.F.)
| | - Stefan Bienz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (Y.M.F.); (S.B.)
| | - Laurent Bigler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (Y.M.F.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-44-635-42-86
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5
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Drop A, Wojtasek H, Frąckowiak-Wojtasek B. Synthesis of disparlure and monachalure enantiomers from 2,3-butanediacetals. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:616-620. [PMID: 32280390 PMCID: PMC7136567 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3-Butanediacetal derivatives were used for the stereoselective synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted cis-epoxides. The procedure was applied for the preparation of both enantiomers of disparlure and monachalure, the components of the sex pheromones of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) and the nun moth (Lymantria monacha) using methyl (2S,3R,5R,6R)-3-ethylsulfanylcarbonyl-5,6-dimethoxy-5,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2-carboxylate as the starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Drop
- Institute of Chemistry, Opole University, ul. Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland.,ZWP EMITOR S.C., ul. Olimpijska 6, 45-681 Opole, Poland
| | - Hubert Wojtasek
- Institute of Chemistry, Opole University, ul. Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Filchakova
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
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7
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Nørager NG, Poulsen MH, Strømgaard K. Controlling Ca2+ Permeable α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Receptors with Photochromic Ion Channel Blockers. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8048-8053. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels G. Nørager
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette H. Poulsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Chen J, Liu XM, Zhang Y. Venom based neural modulators. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:615-619. [PMID: 29399064 PMCID: PMC5772594 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expected to occur in vivo, most structure-activity relationship studies have been carried out for just a few neuronal subtypes. The present review enlightens current aspects of venom modulators of nAChRs. Important electronic databases such as PubMed or Google scholar were explored for the collection of latest studies in the field. Clinical and basic research has shown that cholinergic receptors play a role in several disorders of the nervous system such as chronic pain, Alzheimers disease and addiction to nicotine, alcohol and drugs. Unfortunately, the lack of selective modulators for each subtype of nAChR makes their pharmacological characterization difficult, which has slowed the development of therapeutic nAChR modulators with high selectivity and absence of off-target side-effects. Animal venoms have proven to be an excellent natural source of bioactive molecules with activity against ion channels. The present review concludes that the presence of small-molecule nAChR modulators in spider venoms support the use of venoms as a potential source of novel modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Liu
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
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9
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Umezawa N, Horai Y, Imamura Y, Kawakubo M, Nakahira M, Kato N, Muramatsu A, Yoshikawa Y, Yoshikawa K, Higuchi T. Structurally Diverse Polyamines: Solid-Phase Synthesis and Interaction with DNA. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1811-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Pauli D, Bienz S. Regioselective solid-phase synthesis of N-mono-hydroxylated and N-mono-methylated acylpolyamine spider toxins using an 2-(ortho-nitrophenyl)ethanal-modified resin. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4473-85. [PMID: 25773373 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00108k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A recently introduced new SPS resin, possessing a 2-(ortho-nitrophenyl)ethanal linker, was used for the regioselective on-resin synthesis of N-mono-hydroxylated and N-mono-methylated polyamine spider toxins of Agelenopsis aperta and Larinioides folium. The polyamine backbones of the target compounds were efficiently constructed from the center by reductive amination of the aldehyde linker, followed by stepwise alkylation and acylation on solid support. Depending on the cleavage conditions, employing either oxidation/Cope elimination or methylation/Hofmann elimination, regioselectively the respective N-hydroxyl or N-methyl products were obtained. Employing this methodology, a number of acylpolyamine spider toxins were synthesized and identified as venom components by UHPLC and ESI-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Pauli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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11
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Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Spider Polyamine Toxins as Inhibitors of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2661-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Nørager NG, Poulsen MH, Jensen AG, Jeppesen NS, Kristensen AS, Strømgaard K. Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of N-Methylated and N-Hydroxylated Spider Polyamine Toxins as Inhibitors of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4940-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5004705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels G. Nørager
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette H. Poulsen
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna G. Jensen
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna S. Jeppesen
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders S. Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Drug Design
and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Binding of ArgTX-636 in the NMDA receptor ion channel. J Mol Biol 2014; 427:176-89. [PMID: 24862283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) constitute an important class of ligand-gated cation channels that are involved in the majority of excitatory neurotransmission in the human brain. Compounds that bind in the NMDAR ion channel and act as blockers are use- and voltage-dependent inhibitors of NMDAR activity and have therapeutic potential for treatment of a variety of brain diseases or as pharmacological tools for studies of the neurobiological role of NMDARs. We have performed a kinetic analysis of the blocking mechanism of the prototypical polyamine toxin NMDAR ion channel blocker argiotoxin-636 (ArgTX-636) at recombinant GluN1/2A receptors to provide detailed information on the mechanism of block. The predicted binding site of ArgTX-636 is in the pore region of the NMDAR ion channel formed by residues in the transmembrane M3 and the M2 pore-loop segments of the GluN1 and GluN2A subunits. To assess the predicted binding mode in further detail, we performed an alanine- and glycine-scanning mutational analysis of this pore-loop segment to systematically probe the role of pore-lining M2 residues in GluN1 and GluN2A in the channel block by ArgTX-636. Comparison of M2 positions in GluN1 and GluN2A where mutation influences ArgTX-636 potency suggests differential contribution of the M2-loops of GluN1 and GluN2A to binding of ArgTX-636. The results of the mutational analysis are highly relevant for the future structure-based development of argiotoxin-derived NMDAR channel blockers.
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Inhibition of AMPA receptors by polyamine toxins is regulated by agonist efficacy and stargazin. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1906-13. [PMID: 24557991 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs) are glutamate-gated cation channels mediating the majority of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS). Polyamine toxins derived from spiders and wasps are use- and voltage-dependent channel blockers of Ca(2+)-permeable AMPARs. Recent studies have suggested that AMPAR block by polyamine toxins is modulated by auxiliary subunits from the class of transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs), which may have implications for their use as tool compounds in native systems. We have explored the effect of the TARP γ-2 (also known as stargazin) on the inhibitory potency of three structurally different polyamine toxins at Ca(2+)-permeable homomeric GluA1 AMPARs expressed in oocytes. We find that polyamine toxin IC50 is differentially affected by presence of stargazin depending on the efficacy of the agonists used to activate GluA1. Co-assembly of GluA1 receptors with stargazin increases the potency of the polyamine toxins when activated by the weak partial agonist kainate, but has no effect in presence of full-agonist L-glutamate (Glu) and partial agonist (RS)-willardiine.
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15
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Nørager NG, Jensen CB, Rathje M, Andersen J, Madsen KL, Kristensen AS, Strømgaard K. Development of potent fluorescent polyamine toxins and application in labeling of ionotropic glutamate receptors in hippocampal neurons. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:2033-41. [PMID: 23838571 DOI: 10.1021/cb400272m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The natural product argiotoxin-636 (ArgTX-636) found in the venom of the Argiope lobata spider is a potent open-channel blocker of ionotropic glutamate (iGlu) receptors, and recently, two analogues, ArgTX-75 and ArgTX-48, were identified with increased potency and selectivity for iGlu receptor subtypes. Here, we have exploited these analogues as templates in the development of fluorescent iGlu receptor ligands to be employed as unique tools for dynamic studies. Eighteen fluorescent analogues were designed and synthesized, and subsequently pharmacologically evaluated at three iGlu receptor subtypes, which resulted in the discovery of highly potent fluorescent iGlu receptor antagonists with IC50 values as low as 11 nM. The most promising ligands were further characterized showing retention of their mechanism of action, as open-channel blockers of iGlu receptors, as well as preservation of the photophysical properties of the incorporated fluorophores. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the developed probes for imaging of iGlu receptors in hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels G. Nørager
- Department of Drug Design and
Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen,
Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christel B. Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and
Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen,
Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Rathje
- Department of Neuroscience and
Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen,
Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and
Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen,
Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenneth L. Madsen
- Department of Neuroscience and
Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen,
Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders S. Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and
Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen,
Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Drug Design and
Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen,
Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Poulsen MH, Lucas S, Bach TB, Barslund AF, Wenzler C, Jensen CB, Kristensen AS, Strømgaard K. Structure-activity relationship studies of argiotoxins: selective and potent inhibitors of ionotropic glutamate receptors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1171-81. [PMID: 23320429 DOI: 10.1021/jm301602d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Argiotoxin-636 (ArgTX-636), a natural product from the spider Argiope lobata, is a potent but nonselective open-channel blocker of ionotropic glutamate (iGlu) receptors. Here, three series of analogues were designed to exploit selectivity among iGlu receptors, taking advantage of a recently developed solid-phase synthetic methodology for the synthesis of ArgTX-636 and analogues. Initially, the importance of secondary amino groups in the polyamine chain was studied by the synthesis of systematically modified ArgTX-636 analogues, which were evaluated for pharmacological activity at NMDA and AMPA receptors. This led to the identification of two compounds with preference for NMDA and AMPA receptors, respectively. These were further elaborated by systematically changing the aromatic headgroup and linker amino acid leading to compounds with increased potency and selectivity for NMDA and AMPA receptors, respectively. Thus, the first structure-activity relationship study of ArgTX-636 has been carried out and has provided lead compounds for probing the ion channel region of iGlu receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette H Poulsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Schulz S. Spider pheromones - a structural perspective. J Chem Ecol 2012; 39:1-14. [PMID: 23269451 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Spiders use pheromones for sexual communication, as do other animals such as insects. Nevertheless, knowledge about their chemical structure, function, and biosynthesis is only now being unraveled. Many studies have shown the existence of spider pheromones, but the responsible compounds have been elucidated in only a few cases. This review focuses on a structural approach because we need to know the involved chemistry if we are to understand fully the function of a pheromonal communication system. Pheromones from members of the spider families Pholcidae, Araneidae, Linyphiidae, Agenelidae, and Ctenidae are currently being identified and will be discussed in this review. Some of these compounds belong to compound classes not known from other arthropod pheromones, such as citric acid derivatives or acylated amino acids, whereas others originate from more common fatty acid metabolism. Their putative biosynthesis, their function, and the identification methods used will be discussed. Furthermore, other semiochemicals and the chemistry of apolar surface lipids that potentially might be used by spiders for communication are described briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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18
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Lucas S, Poulsen MH, Nørager NG, Barslund AF, Bach TB, Kristensen AS, Strømgaard K. General synthesis of β-alanine-containing spider polyamine toxins and discovery of nephila polyamine toxins 1 and 8 as highly potent inhibitors of ionotropic glutamate receptors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10297-301. [PMID: 23092360 DOI: 10.1021/jm301255m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Certain spiders contain large pools of polyamine toxins, which are putative pharmacological tools awaiting further discovery. Here we present a general synthesis strategy for this class of toxins and prepare five structurally varied polyamine toxins. Electrophysiological testing at three ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes reveals that two of these, Nephila polyamine toxins 1 (NPTX-1) and 8 (NPTX-8), comprise intriguing pharmacological activities by having subnanomolar IC(50) values at kainate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lucas
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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