1
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Huang Q, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Xue Z, Hua Z, Luo X, Li Y, Lu C, Lu A, Liu Y. The endoplasmic reticulum participated in drug metabolic toxicity. Cell Biol Toxicol 2022; 38:945-961. [PMID: 35040016 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Covalent binding of reactive metabolites formed by drug metabolic activation with biological macromolecules is considered to be an important mechanism of drug metabolic toxicity. Recent studies indicate that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) could play an important role in drug toxicity by participating in the metabolic activation of drugs and could be a primarily attacked target by reactive metabolites. In this article, we summarize the generation and mechanism of reactive metabolites in ER stress and their associated cell death and inflammatory cascade, as well as the systematic modulation of unfolded protein response (UPR)-mediated adaptive pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcai Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Youwen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhengjia Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zeyu Xue
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhenglai Hua
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xinyi Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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2
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Roy P, Dennis DG, Eschbach MD, Anand SD, Xu F, Maturano J, Hellman J, Sarlah D, Das A. Metabolites of Cannabigerol Generated by Human Cytochrome P450s Are Bioactive. Biochemistry 2022; 61:2398-2408. [PMID: 36223199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The phytocannabinoid cannabigerol (CBG) is the central biosynthetic precursor to many cannabinoids, including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Though the use of CBG has recently witnessed a widespread surge because of its beneficial health effects and lack of psychoactivity, its metabolism by human cytochrome P450s is largely unknown. Herein, we describe comprehensive in vitro and in vivo cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolic studies of CBG, ranging from liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based primary metabolic site determination, synthetic validation, and kinetic behavior using targeted mass spectrometry. These investigations revealed that cyclo-CBG, a recently isolated phytocannabinoid, is the major metabolite that is rapidly formed by selected human cytochrome P450s (CYP2J2, CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C8, and CYP2C9). Additionally, in vivo studies with mice administered with CBG supported these studies, where cyclo-CBG is the major metabolite as well. Spectroscopic binding studies along with docking and modeling of the CBG molecule near the heme in the active site of P450s confirmed these observations, pointing at the preferred site selectivity of CBG metabolism at the prenyl chain over other positions. Importantly, we found out that CBG and its oxidized CBG metabolites reduced inflammation in BV2 microglial cells stimulated with LPS. Overall, combining enzymological studies, mass spectrometry, and chemical synthesis, we showcase that CBG is rapidly metabolized by human P450s to form oxidized metabolites that are bioactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Roy
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Neuroscience program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - David G Dennis
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mark D Eschbach
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Neuroscience program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Shravanthi D Anand
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Neuroscience program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Fengyun Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Jonathan Maturano
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Judith Hellman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - David Sarlah
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Bioengineering, Neuroscience program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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3
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Nowrouzi B, Lungang L, Rios-Solis L. Exploring optimal Taxol® CYP725A4 activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:197. [PMID: 36123694 PMCID: PMC9484169 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01922-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CYP725A4 catalyses the conversion of the first Taxol® precursor, taxadiene, to taxadiene-5α-ol (T5α-ol) and a range of other mono- and di-hydroxylated side products (oxygenated taxanes). Initially known to undergo a radical rebound mechanism, the recent studies have revealed that an intermediate epoxide mediates the formation of the main characterised products of the enzyme, being T5α-ol, 5(12)-oxa-3(11)-cyclotaxane (OCT) and its isomer, 5(11)-oxa-3(11)-cyclotaxane (iso-OCT) as well as taxadienediols. Besides the high side product: main product ratio and the low main product titre, CYP725A4 is also known for its slow enzymatic activity, massively hindering further progress in heterologous production of Taxol® precursors. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically explore the key parameters for improving the regioselectivity and activity of eukaryotic CYP725A4 enzyme in a whole-cell eukaryotic biocatalyst, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Results Investigating the impact of CYP725A4 and reductase gene dosages along with construction of self-sufficient proteins with strong prokaryotic reductases showed that a potential uncoupling event accelerates the formation of oxygenated taxane products of this enzyme, particularly the side products OCT and iso-OCT. Due to the harmful effect of uncoupling products and the reactive metabolites on the enzyme, the impact of flavins and irons, existing as prosthetic groups in CYP725A4 and reductase, were examined in both their precursor and ready forms, and to investigate the changes in product distribution. We observed that the flavin adenine dinucleotide improved the diterpenoids titres and biomass accumulation. Hemin was found to decrease the titre of iso-OCT and T5α-ol, without impacting the side product OCT, suggesting the latter being the major product of CYP725A4. The interaction between this iron and the iron precursor, δ-Aminolevulinic acid, seemed to improve the production of these diterpenoids, further denoting that iso-OCT and T5α-ol were the later products. While no direct correlation between cellular-level oxidative stress and oxygenated taxanes was observed, investigating the impact of salt and antioxidant on CYP725A4 further showed the significant drop in OCT titre, highlighting the possibility of enzymatic-level uncoupling event and reactivity as the major mechanism behind the enzyme activity. To characterise the product spectrum and production capacity of CYP725A4 in the absence of cell growth, resting cell assays with optimal neutral pH revealed an array of novel diterpenoids along with higher quantities of characterised diterpenoids and independence of the oxygenated product spectra from the acidity effect. Besides reporting on the full product ranges of CYP725A4 in yeast for the first time, the highest total taxanes of around 361.4 ± 52.4 mg/L including 38.1 ± 8.4 mg/L of T5α-ol was produced herein at a small, 10-mL scale by resting cell assay, where the formation of some novel diterpenoids relied on the prior existence of other diterpenes/diterpenoids as shown by statistical analyses. Conclusions This study shows how rational strain engineering combined with an efficient design of experiment approach systematically uncovered the promoting effect of uncoupling for optimising the formation of the early oxygenated taxane precursors of Taxol®. The provided strategies can effectively accelerate the design of more efficient Taxol®-producing yeast strains. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01922-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Nowrouzi
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, UK
| | - Liang Lungang
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, UK
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK. .,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, UK. .,School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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4
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Hernández-Culebras F, Melle-Franco M, Mateo-Alonso A. Doubling the Length of the Longest Pyrene-Pyrazinoquinoxaline Molecular Nanoribbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205018. [PMID: 35467070 PMCID: PMC9321727 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular nanoribbons are a class of atomically‐precise nanomaterials for a broad range of applications. An iterative approach that allows doubling the length of the longest pyrene‐pyrazinoquinoxaline molecular nanoribbons is described. The largest nanoribbon obtained through this approach—with a 60 linearly‐fused ring backbone (14.9 nm) and a 324‐atoms core (C276N48)—shows an extremely high molar absorptivity (values up to 1 198 074 M−1 cm−1) that also endows it with a high molar fluorescence brightness (8700 M−1 cm−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Hernández-Culebras
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
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5
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Wu X, Chen Y, Wang X, Wei W, Liang Y. Origin of Site Selectivity in Toluene Hydroxylation by Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13768-13773. [PMID: 34533309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies are utilized to reveal factors that determine the site selectivity in toluene hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs). The DFT-computed inherent barriers suggest that the priority of product formation is in the order of benzyl alcohol > ortho- ≈ para- > meta-cresol. However, the specific size and shape of the cavities at the active sites of different CYPs dramatically affect the binding orientation of toluene, and thus, the site selectivity can be reordered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023,China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023,China
| | - Xin Wang
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Wanqing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023,China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023,China
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6
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A poplar short-chain dehydrogenase reductase plays a potential key role in biphenyl detoxification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2103378118. [PMID: 34446553 PMCID: PMC8536390 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103378118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated biphenyls, represent a major environmental threat. Besides affecting human health, they negatively affect food security, pest and disease spread, carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and the resilience of ecosystems. Plant-based remediation offers important advantages over conventional remediation. However, limited knowledge of POP metabolism in planta can delay the application of molecular tools to genetically improve cleanup efficiency. By integrating functional and structural studies, we define here a plant-specific pathway which is activated by and possibly contributes to detoxifying biphenyl-derived toxicants. This pathway exhibits common features with bacterial biphenyl/PCB degradation but also significant differences. Our results open avenues to improve the success of phytoremediation technologies. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants with severe effects on human health and the biosphere. Plant-based remediation offers many benefits over conventional PCB remediation, but its development has been hampered by our poor understanding of biphenyl metabolism in eukaryotes, among other factors. We report here a major PCB-responsive protein in poplar, a plant model system capable of PCB uptake and translocation. We provide structural and functional evidence that this uncharacterized protein, termed SDR57C, belongs to the heterogeneous short-chain dehydrogenase reductase (SDR) superfamily. Despite sequence divergence, structural modeling hinted at structural and functional similarities between SDR57C and BphB, a central component of the Bph pathway for biphenyl/PCB degradation in aerobic bacteria. By combining gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) profiling with a functional complementation scheme, we found that poplar SDR57C can replace BphB activity in the upper Bph pathway of Pseudomonas furukawaii KF707 and therefore catalyze the oxidation of 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl (2,3-DHDB) to 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl (2,3-DHB). Consistent with this biochemical activity, we propose a mechanism of action based on prior quantum studies, general properties of SDR enzymes, and the modeled docking of 2,3-DHDB to the SDR57C-NAD+ complex. The putative detoxifying capacity of SDR57C was substantiated through reverse genetics in Arabidopsis thaliana. Phenotypic characterization of the SDR lines underscored an inducible plant pathway with the potential to catabolize toxic biphenyl derivatives. Partial similarities with aerobic bacterial degradation notwithstanding, real-time messenger RNA quantification indicates the occurrence of plant-specific enzymes and features. Our results may help explain differences in degradative abilities among plant genotypes and also provide elements to improve them.
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7
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Khojasteh SC, Argikar UA, Driscoll JP, Heck CJS, King L, Jackson KD, Jian W, Kalgutkar AS, Miller GP, Kramlinger V, Rietjens IMCM, Teitelbaum AM, Wang K, Wei C. Novel advances in biotransformation and bioactivation research - 2020 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:384-433. [PMID: 33910427 PMCID: PMC8826528 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1916028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This annual review is the sixth of its kind since 2016 (see references). Our objective is to explore and share articles which we deem influential and significant in the field of biotransformation and bioactivation. These fields are constantly evolving with new molecular structures and discoveries of corresponding pathways for metabolism that impact relevant drug development with respect to efficacy and safety. Based on the selected articles, we created three sections: (1) drug design, (2) metabolites and drug metabolizing enzymes, and (3) bioactivation and safety (Table 1). Unlike in years past, more biotransformation experts have joined and contributed to this effort while striving to maintain a balance of authors from academic and industry settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James P Driscoll
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Department of DMPK, UCB Biopharma, Slough, UK
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wenying Jian
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Valerie Kramlinger
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Aaron M Teitelbaum
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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8
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Jaladanki CK, Gahlawat A, Rathod G, Sandhu H, Jahan K, Bharatam PV. Mechanistic studies on the drug metabolism and toxicity originating from cytochromes P450. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:366-394. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1765792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya K. Jaladanki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Anuj Gahlawat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Gajanan Rathod
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Hardeep Sandhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Kousar Jahan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Prasad V. Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab, India
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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10
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Alberro N, Torrent-Sucarrat M, Arrieta A, Rubiales G, Cossío FP. Density Functional Theory Study on the Demethylation Reaction between Methylamine, Dimethylamine, Trimethylamine, and Tamoxifen Catalyzed by a Fe(IV)-Oxo Porphyrin Complex. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1658-1671. [PMID: 29320849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we studied computationally the N-demethylation reaction of methylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine as archetypal examples of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines catalyzed by high-field low-spin Fe-containing enzymes such as cytochromes P450. Using DFT calculations, we found that the expected C-H hydroxylation process was achieved for trimethylamine. When dimethylamine and methylamine were studied, two different reaction mechanisms (C-H hydroxylation and a double hydrogen atom transfer) were computed to be energetically accessible and both are equally preferred. Both processes led to the formation of formaldehyde and the N-demethylated substrate. Finally, as an illustrative example, the relative contribution of the three primary oxidation routes of tamoxifen was rationalized through energetic barriers obtained from density functional calculations and docking experiments involving CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 isoforms. We found that the N-demethylation process was the intrinsically favored one, whereas other oxidation reactions required most likely preorganization imposed by the residues close to the active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Alberro
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) , Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 3, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
| | - Miquel Torrent-Sucarrat
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) , Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 3, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain.,Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 4, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , María Díaz de Haro 3, 6°, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana Arrieta
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) , Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 3, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
| | - Gloria Rubiales
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) , Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 3, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
| | - Fernando P Cossío
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) , Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 3, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain.,Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 4, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
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11
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Oxidative rearrangement of (+)-sesamin by CYP92B14 co-generates twin dietary lignans in sesame. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2155. [PMID: 29255253 PMCID: PMC5735135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
(+)-Sesamin, (+)-sesamolin, and (+)-sesaminol glucosides are phenylpropanoid-derived specialized metabolites called lignans, and are rich in sesame (Sesamum indicum) seed. Despite their renowned anti-oxidative and health-promoting properties, the biosynthesis of (+)-sesamolin and (+)-sesaminol remained largely elusive. Here we show that (+)-sesamolin deficiency in sesame is genetically associated with the deletion of four C-terminal amino acids (Del4C) in a P450 enzyme CYP92B14 that constitutes a novel clade separate from sesamin synthase CYP81Q1. Recombinant CYP92B14 converts (+)-sesamin to (+)-sesamolin and, unexpectedly, (+)-sesaminol through an oxygenation scheme designated as oxidative rearrangement of α-oxy-substituted aryl groups (ORA). Intriguingly, CYP92B14 also generates (+)-sesaminol through direct oxygenation of the aromatic ring. The activity of CYP92B14 is enhanced when co-expressed with CYP81Q1, implying functional coordination of CYP81Q1 with CYP92B14. The discovery of CYP92B14 not only uncovers the last steps in sesame lignan biosynthesis but highlights the remarkable catalytic plasticity of P450s that contributes to metabolic diversity in nature.
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12
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Minimizing the risk of chemically reactive metabolite formation of new drug candidates: implications for preclinical drug design. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:751-756. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Dixit VA, Deshpande S. Advances in Computational Prediction of Regioselective and Isoform-Specific Drug Metabolism Catalyzed by CYP450s. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav A. Dixit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmacy and Technology Management (SPTM), Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's (SVKM's) Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), Mukesh Patel Technology Park, Babulde, Bank of Tapi River; Mumbai-Agra Road Shirpur, Dist. Dhule−425405 India
| | - Shirish Deshpande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; School of Pharmacy and Technology Management (SPTM), Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's (SVKM's) Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), Mukesh Patel Technology Park, Babulde, Bank of Tapi River; Mumbai-Agra Road Shirpur, Dist. Dhule−425405 India
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Silva PJ. Will 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborine-based drugs resist metabolism by cytochrome P450 compound I? PeerJ 2016; 4:e2299. [PMID: 27547588 PMCID: PMC4974919 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborine is a structural and electronic analogue of benzene which is able to occupy benzene-binding pockets in T4 lysozyme and has been proposed as suitable arene-mimicking group for biological and pharmaceutical applications. Its applicability in a biological context requires it to be able to resist modification by xenobiotic-degrading enzymes like the P450 cytochromes. Quantum chemical computations described in this work show that 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborine is much more prone to modification by these enzymes than benzene, unless steric crowding of the ring prevents it from reaching the active site, or otherwise only allows reaction at the less reactive C4-position. This novel heterocyclic compound is therefore expected to be of limited usefulness as an aryl bioisostere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Silva
- FP-ENAS, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa , Porto , Portugal
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