1
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Miller RJ, Mousa JJ. Structural basis for respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus neutralization. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 61:101337. [PMID: 37544710 PMCID: PMC10421620 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) continue to be a global burden to infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. In the past ten years, there has been substantial progress in the development of new vaccine candidates and therapies against these viruses. These advancements were guided by the structural elucidation of the major surface glycoproteins for these viruses, the fusion (F) protein and attachment (G) protein. The identification of immunodominant epitopes on the RSV F and hMPV F proteins has expanded current knowledge on antibody-mediated immune responses, which has led to new approaches for vaccine and therapeutic development through the stabilization of pre-fusion constructs of the F protein and pre-fusion-specific monoclonal antibodies with high potency and efficacy. In this review, we describe structural characteristics of known antigenic sites on the RSV and hMPV proteins, their influence on the immune response, and current progress in vaccine and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose J Miller
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Jarrod J Mousa
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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2
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Liu D, Qi X, Wei X, Zhao L, Wang X, Li S, Wang Z, Shi L, Xu J, Hong M, Liu Z, Zhao L, Wang X, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Wang F, Cao YJ. A Novel Her2/VEGFR2/CD3 trispecific antibody with an optimal structural design showed improved T-cell-redirecting antitumor efficacy. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:7788-7803. [PMID: 36451856 PMCID: PMC9706591 DOI: 10.7150/thno.75037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: T-cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) and trispecific antibodies (tsAbs) designed to recognize different epitopes or antigens have emerged as promising cancer therapies. Current approaches are all designed to include another antibody specific to the site of the primary antibody, and the molecular structures are generally established. However, the dimensions of target molecule and epitope location play a key role in the efficiency of the immunological synapse (IS) formation and subsequent T-cell-redirecting activities, therefore the connection flexibility of these antibodies determines the geometries of different formats of these molecules and will have a major impact on the efficacy. Methods: We describe a novel recombination strategy using various linker designs to site-specifically fuse anti-Her2 (2Rs15) or anti-VEGFR2 (3VGR19) nanobodies to different positions of the anti-CD3 antibody fragment (Fab, SP34). Based on the comparison among the various antigen-specific bsAbs, we could determine the desired fusion site of each nanobody to SP34, and further ensure the optimal structure of tsAbs with synergistic dual-antigen enhanced T-cell-redirecting activities. Results: This approach allows precise control of the formation of IS between Her2- and/or VEGFR2-expressing cancer cells and T cells, to obtain the optimal structure of the Her2/VEGFR2/CD3 tsAb without the need to map antibody-binding epitopes. Optimization of Her2/VEGFR2/CD3 tsAb results in enhanced T-cell-redirecting in vitro and in vivo antitumor efficacy compared with the corresponding bsAbs alone or in combination, and the potency to overcome tumor relapse due to antigen escape or resistance to Herceptin and Cyramza therapy. Conclusion: The novel design strategy for developing tsAbs using a site-specific recombination approach represents a promising platform for immuno-oncology and in applications other than cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xuexiu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xuechun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Shuhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Licai Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jiean Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Mei Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Feixian County, Shandong, 273400, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory of High Level Expression in Mammalian Cells, Feixian County, Shandong, 273400, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: ;
| | - Xiankun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Institute of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Institute of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518132, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Beijing Translational Center for Biopharmaceuticals Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Beijing Translational Center for Biopharmaceuticals Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu J. Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: ;
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3
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Tatara AM. Role of Tissue Engineering in COVID-19 and Future Viral Outbreaks. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:468-474. [PMID: 32272857 PMCID: PMC7249458 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of the current novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, as well as other viral outbreaks in the 21st century, there is a dire need for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to combat infectious diseases worldwide. As a convergence science, tissue engineering has traditionally focused on the application of engineering principles to biological systems, collaboration across disciplines, and rapid translation of technologies from the benchtop to the bedside. Given these strengths, tissue engineers are particularly well suited to apply their skill set to the current crisis and viral outbreaks in general. This work introduces the basics of virology and epidemiology for tissue engineers, and highlights important developments in the field of tissue engineering relevant to the current pandemic, including in vitro model systems, vaccine technology, and small-molecule drug delivery. COVID-19 serves as a call to arms for scientists across all disciplines, and tissue engineers are well trained to be leaders and contributors in this time of need. Impact statement Given the steep mortality caused by the recent novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, there is clear need for advances in diagnostics and therapeutics for viral outbreaks. Tissue engineering has the potential for critical impact on clinical outcomes in viral outbreaks. Tissue engineers, if mobilized, could play key roles as leaders in the outbreak, given their ability to apply engineering principles to biological processes, experience in collaborative environments, and penchant for technological translation from benchtop to bedside. In this work, three areas pioneered by tissue engineers that could be applied to the current COVID-19 crisis and future viral outbreaks are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Tatara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Huang J, Diaz D, Mousa JJ. Antibody Epitopes of Pneumovirus Fusion Proteins. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2778. [PMID: 31849961 PMCID: PMC6895023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pneumoviruses respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two widespread human pathogens that can cause severe disease in the young, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. Despite the discovery of RSV over 60 years ago, and hMPV nearly 20 years ago, there are no approved vaccines for either virus. Antibody-mediated immunity is critical for protection from RSV and hMPV, and, until recently, knowledge of the antibody epitopes on the surface glycoproteins of RSV and hMPV was very limited. However, recent breakthroughs in the recombinant expression and stabilization of pneumovirus fusion proteins have facilitated in-depth characterization of antibody responses and structural epitopes, and have provided an enormous diversity of new monoclonal antibody candidates for therapeutic development. These new data have primarily focused on the RSV F protein, and have led to a wealth of new vaccine candidates in preclinical and clinical trials. In contrast, the major structural antibody epitopes remain unclear for the hMPV F protein. Overall, this review will cover recent advances in characterizing the antigenic sites on the RSV and hMPV F proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Darren Diaz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jarrod J. Mousa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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5
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Lv D, Dong H, Su A, Qin Y, Dong J, Ma L, Li J, Jiao H, Zhang M, Pang D, Liu J, Ouyang H. Magnetic Multiarm Scaffold for the One-Step Purification of Epitope-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6172-6179. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Lv
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Haisi Dong
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ang Su
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ying Qin
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jianwei Dong
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lerong Ma
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jianing Li
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Huping Jiao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Junqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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6
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Olmedillas E, Cano O, Martínez I, Luque D, Terrón MC, McLellan JS, Melero JA, Más V. Chimeric Pneumoviridae fusion proteins as immunogens to induce cross-neutralizing antibody responses. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:175-187. [PMID: 29217660 PMCID: PMC5801496 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV), two members of the Pneumoviridae family, account for the majority of severe lower respiratory tract infections worldwide in very young children. They are also a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly and immunocompromised adults. High levels of neutralizing antibodies, mostly directed against the viral fusion (F) glycoprotein, correlate with protection against either hRSV or hMPV However, no cross-neutralization is observed in polyclonal antibody responses raised after virus infection or immunization with purified F proteins. Based on crystal structures of hRSV F and hMPV F, we designed chimeric F proteins in which certain residues of well-characterized antigenic sites were swapped between the two antigens. The antigenic changes were monitored by ELISA with virus-specific monoclonal antibodies. Inoculation of mice with these chimeras induced polyclonal cross-neutralizing antibody responses, and mice were protected against challenge with the virus used for grafting of the heterologous antigenic site. These results provide a proof of principle for chimeric fusion proteins as single immunogens that can induce cross-neutralizing antibody and protective responses against more than one human pneumovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Olmedillas
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Cano
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidoro Martínez
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Luque
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María C Terrón
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - José A Melero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Más
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Du J, Cao Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Fu G, Zhang Y, Lu L, Luo X, Kim CH, Schultz PG, Wang F. Engineering Bifunctional Antibodies with Constant Region Fusion Architectures. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18607-18615. [PMID: 29186655 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report a method to generate bifunctional antibodies by grafting full-length proteins into constant region loops of a full-length antibody or an antigen-binding fragment (Fab). The fusion proteins retain the antigen binding activity of the parent antibody but have an additional activity associated with the protein insert. The engineered antibodies have excellent in vitro activity, physiochemical properties, and stability. Among these, a Her2 × CD3 bispecific antibody (BsAb) was constructed by inserting an anti-Her2 single-chain variable fragment (ScFv) into an anti-CD3 Fab. This bispecific antibody efficiently induces targeted cell lysis in the presence of effector cells at as low as sub-picomolar concentrations in vitro. Moreover, the Her2 × CD3 BsAb shows potent in vivo antitumor activity in mouse Her22+ and Her21+ xenograft models. These results demonstrate that insertion of a full-length protein into non-CDR loops of antibodies provides a feasible approach to generate multifunctional antibodies for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Du
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Guangsen Fu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Lucy Lu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xiaozhou Luo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chan Hyuk Kim
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peter G Schultz
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , 11119 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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8
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Jaberolansar N, Chappell KJ, Watterson D, Bermingham IM, Toth I, Young PR, Skwarczynski M. Induction of high titred, non-neutralising antibodies by self-adjuvanting peptide epitopes derived from the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11130. [PMID: 28894111 PMCID: PMC5593926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children. The significant morbidity and mortality rates associated with RSV infection make an effective RSV vaccine development a priority. Two neutralising antibody binding sites, Ø and II, located on the pre-fusion RSV F glycoprotein are prime candidates for epitope-focused vaccine design. We report on a vaccine strategy that utilises a lipid core peptide (LCP) delivery system with self-adjuvanting properties in conjunction with either the antigenic site Ø or II (B cell epitopes) along with PADRE as a T helper cell epitope. These LCP constructs adopted the desired helical conformation in solution and were recognised by their cognate antibodies D25 and Motavizumab, specific for site Ø and II on RSV F protein, respectively. The LCP constructs were capable of eliciting higher levels of antigen specific antibodies than those induced by antigens administered with complete Freund's adjuvant, demonstrating the potent adjuvanting properties of LCP delivery. However, the antibodies induced failed to recognise native F protein or neutralise virus infectivity. These results provide a note of caution in assuming that peptide vaccines, successfully designed to structurally mimic minimal linear B cell epitopes, will necessarily elicit the desired immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Jaberolansar
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Keith J Chappell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Imogen M Bermingham
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul R Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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9
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Zheng LL, Li CM, Zhen SJ, Li YF, Huang CZ. A dynamic cell entry pathway of respiratory syncytial virus revealed by tracking the quantum dot-labeled single virus. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7880-7887. [PMID: 28561831 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02162c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Studying the cell entry pathway at the single-particle level can provide detailed and quantitative information for the dynamic events involved in virus entry. Indeed, the viral entry dynamics cannot be monitored by static staining methods used in cell biology, and thus virus dynamic tracking could be useful in the development of effective antiviral strategies. Therefore, the aim of this work was to use a quantum dot-based single-particle tracking approach to monitor the cell entry behavior of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in living cells. The time-lapse fluorescence imaging and trajectory analysis of the quantum dot-labeled RSV showed that RSV entry into HEp-2 cells consisted of a typical endocytosis trafficking process. Three critical events during RSV entry were observed according to entry dynamic and fluorescence colocalization analysis. Firstly, RSV was attached to lipid rafts of the cell membrane, and then it was efficiently delivered into the perinuclear region within 2 h post-infection, mostly moving and residing into the lysosome compartment. Moreover, the relatively slow velocity of RSV transport across the cytoplasm and the formation of the actin tail indicated actin-based RSV motility, which was also confirmed by the effects of cytoskeletal inhibitors. Taken together, these findings provided new insights into the RSV entry mechanism and virus-cell interactions in RSV infection that could be beneficial in the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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10
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Mousa JJ, Sauer MF, Sevy AM, Finn JA, Bates JT, Alvarado G, King HG, Loerinc LB, Fong RH, Doranz BJ, Correia BE, Kalyuzhniy O, Wen X, Jardetzky TS, Schief WR, Ohi MD, Meiler J, Crowe JE. Structural basis for nonneutralizing antibody competition at antigenic site II of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6849-E6858. [PMID: 27791117 PMCID: PMC5098655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609449113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Palivizumab was the first antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) approved for therapeutic use in humans, and remains a prophylactic treatment for infants at risk for severe disease because of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Palivizumab is an engineered humanized version of a murine mAb targeting antigenic site II of the RSV fusion (F) protein, a key target in vaccine development. There are limited reported naturally occurring human mAbs to site II; therefore, the structural basis for human antibody recognition of this major antigenic site is poorly understood. Here, we describe a nonneutralizing class of site II-specific mAbs that competed for binding with palivizumab to postfusion RSV F protein. We also describe two classes of site II-specific neutralizing mAbs, one of which escaped competition with nonneutralizing mAbs. An X-ray crystal structure of the neutralizing mAb 14N4 in complex with F protein showed that the binding angle at which human neutralizing mAbs interact with antigenic site II determines whether or not nonneutralizing antibodies compete with their binding. Fine-mapping studies determined that nonneutralizing mAbs that interfere with binding of neutralizing mAbs recognize site II with a pose that facilitates binding to an epitope containing F surface residues on a neighboring protomer. Neutralizing antibodies, like motavizumab and a new mAb designated 3J20 that escape interference by the inhibiting mAbs, avoid such contact by binding at an angle that is shifted away from the nonneutralizing site. Furthermore, binding to rationally and computationally designed site II helix-loop-helix epitope-scaffold vaccines distinguished neutralizing from nonneutralizing site II antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mutagenesis
- Palivizumab/pharmacology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/chemistry
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/drug effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod J Mousa
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Marion F Sauer
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Alexander M Sevy
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jessica A Finn
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - John T Bates
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Gabriela Alvarado
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Hannah G King
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Leah B Loerinc
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | | | | | - Bruno E Correia
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Xiaolin Wen
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - William R Schief
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Melanie D Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232;
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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Wen X, Pickens J, Mousa JJ, Leser GP, Lamb RA, Crowe JE, Jardetzky TS. A Chimeric Pneumovirus Fusion Protein Carrying Neutralizing Epitopes of Both MPV and RSV. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155917. [PMID: 27224013 PMCID: PMC4880302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) are paramyxoviruses that are responsible for substantial human health burden, particularly in children and the elderly. The fusion (F) glycoproteins are major targets of the neutralizing antibody response and studies have mapped dominant antigenic sites in F. Here we grafted a major neutralizing site of RSV F, recognized by the prophylactic monoclonal antibody palivizumab, onto HMPV F, generating a chimeric protein displaying epitopes of both viruses. We demonstrate that the resulting chimeric protein (RPM-1) is recognized by both anti-RSV and anti-HMPV F neutralizing antibodies indicating that it can be used to map the epitope specificity of antibodies raised against both viruses. Mice immunized with the RPM-1 chimeric antigen generate robust neutralizing antibody responses to MPV but weak or no cross-reactive recognition of RSV F, suggesting that grafting of the single palivizumab epitope stimulates a comparatively limited antibody response. The RPM-1 protein provides a new tool for characterizing the immune responses resulting from RSV and HMPV infections and provides insights into the requirements for developing a chimeric subunit vaccine that could induce robust and balanced immunity to both virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wen
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Pickens
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Jarrod J. Mousa
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - George P. Leser
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Lamb
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - James E. Crowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Theodore S. Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
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