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Glockzin B, O'Connor K, Ni C, Butler C, Veinot JGC, Michaelis VK. Unmasking Fluorinated Moieties on the Surface of Hydride-Terminated Silicon Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39254701 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c10827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of hydrofluoric acid (HF) in the preparation of silicon surfaces, the true nature of fluorinated surface species remains unclear. Here, we employ an array of characterization techniques led by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to uncover the nature of fluorinated moieties on the surface of hydride-terminated silicon nanoparticles (H-SiNPs). A structural model that explains the observed trends in 19F and 29Si magnetic shielding is proposed and further supported by quantum chemical computations. Fluorine is incorporated into local oxidation domains on the surface and clustered at the interface of the oxide and surrounding hydride-terminated surface. Silicon sites capped by a single fluorine are also identified by their distinct 19F and 29Si chemical shifts, providing insight into how fluorine termination influences the electronic structure. The extent of fluorine passivation and the effects of fluorine on the optical properties of SiNPs are also discussed. Finally, challenges associated with Teflon contamination are highlighted that future explorations of nanomaterials may have to contend with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brayden Glockzin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Kevin O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Chuyi Ni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Cole Butler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Vladimir K Michaelis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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2
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Schwan J, Wang K, Tang ML, Mangolini L. Gas-phase grafting for the multifunctional surface modification of silicon quantum dots. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:17385-17391. [PMID: 36382630 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04902c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photon upconversion in systems incorporating inorganic quantum dots (QDs) is of great interest for applications in solar energy conversion, bioimaging, and photodynamic therapy. Achieving high up-conversion efficiency requires not only high-quality inorganic nanoparticles, but also precise control of their surface functional groups. Gas-phase surface functionalization provides a new pathway towards controlling the surface of small inorganic nanoparticles. In this contribution, we utilize a one-step low-temperature plasma technique for the synthesis and in-flight partial functionalization of silicon QDs with alkyl chains. The partially functionalized surface is then modified further with 9-vinylanthracene via thermal hydrosilylation resulting in the grafting of 9-ethylanthracene (9EA) groups. We have found that the minimum alkyl ligand density necessary for quantum dot solubility also gives the maximum upconversion quantum yield, reaching 17% for silicon QDs with Si-dodecyl chains and an average of 3 9EA molecules per particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Schwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Kefu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| | - Ming Lee Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Mangolini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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3
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Milliken S, Cui K, Klein BA, Cheong IT, Yu H, Michaelis VK, Veinot JGC. Tailoring B-doped silicon nanocrystal surface chemistry via phosphorus pentachloride - mediated surface alkoxylation. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:18281-18292. [PMID: 34714905 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Doped silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) are promising materials that could find use in a wide variety of applications. Realizing methods to tailor the surface chemistry of these particles offers greater tunability of the material properties as well as broader solvent compatibility. Herein, we report organic-soluble B-doped SiNCs prepared via a thermal processing method followed by phosphorus pentachloride etching induced functionalization with alkoxy ligands of varied chain lengths. This approach provides a scalable route to solution processable B-doped SiNCs and establishes a potential avenue for the functionalization of other doped SiNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Milliken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Kai Cui
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Edmonton, T6G 1H9, AB, Canada
| | - Brittney A Klein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - I Teng Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Haoyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Vladimir K Michaelis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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4
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Milliken S, Thiessen AN, Cheong IT, O'Connor KM, Li Z, Hooper RW, Robidillo CJT, Veinot JGC. "Turning the dials": controlling synthesis, structure, composition, and surface chemistry to tailor silicon nanoparticle properties. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:16379-16404. [PMID: 34492675 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04701a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) can be challenging to prepare with defined size, crystallinity, composition, and surface chemistry. As is the case for any nanomaterial, controlling these parameters is essential if SiNPs are to realize their full potential in areas such as alternative energy generation and storage, sensors, and medical imaging. Numerous teams have explored and established innovative synthesis methods, as well as surface functionalization protocols to control these factors. Furthermore, substantial effort has been expended to understand how the abovementioned parameters influence material properties. In the present review we provide a commentary highlighting the benefits and limitations of available methods for preparing silicon nanoparticles as well as demonstrations of tailoring optical and electronic properties through definition of structure (i.e., crystalline vs. amorphous), composition and surface chemistry. Finally, we highlight potential opportunities for future SiNP studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Milliken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Chemistry, Edmonton, Canada.
| | | | - I Teng Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Chemistry, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Kevin M O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Chemistry, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Ziqi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Chemistry, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Riley W Hooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Chemistry, Edmonton, Canada.
| | | | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Chemistry, Edmonton, Canada.
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5
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Cheong IT, Morrish W, Sheard W, Yu H, Tavares Luppi B, Milburn L, Meldrum A, Veinot JGC. Silicon Quantum Dot-Polymer Fabry-Pérot Resonators with Narrowed and Tunable Emissions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27149-27158. [PMID: 33983697 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent silicon nanoparticles have been widely recognized as an alternative for metal-based quantum dots (QDs) for optoelectronics partly because of the high abundance and biocompatibility of silicon. To date, the broad photoluminescence line width (often >100 nm) of silicon QDs has been a hurdle to achieving competitive spectral purity and incorporating them into light-emitting devices. Herein we report fabrication and testing of straightforward configuration of Fabry-Pérot resonators that incorporates a thin layer of SiQD-polymer hybrid/blend between two reflective silver mirrors; remarkably these devices exhibit up-to-14-fold narrowing of SiQD emission and achieve a spectral bandwidth as narrow as ca. 9 nm. Our polymer-based, SiQD-containing Fabry-Pérot resonators also provide convenient spectral tunability, can be prepared using a variety of polymer hosts and substrates, and enable rigid as well as flexible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Teng Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - William Morrish
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - William Sheard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Haoyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Bruno Tavares Luppi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Leanne Milburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Alkiviathes Meldrum
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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6
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Pringle TA, Hunter KI, Brumberg A, Anderson KJ, Fagan JA, Thomas SA, Petersen RJ, Sefannaser M, Han Y, Brown SL, Kilin DS, Schaller RD, Kortshagen UR, Boudjouk PR, Hobbie EK. Bright Silicon Nanocrystals from a Liquid Precursor: Quasi-Direct Recombination with High Quantum Yield. ACS NANO 2020; 14:3858-3867. [PMID: 32150383 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) with bright bandgap photoluminescence (PL) are of current interest for a range of potential applications, from solar windows to biomedical contrast agents. Here, we use the liquid precursor cyclohexasilane (Si6H12) for the plasma synthesis of colloidal SiNCs with exemplary core emission. Through size separation executed in an oxygen-shielded environment, we achieve PL quantum yields (QYs) approaching 70% while exposing intrinsic constraints on efficient core emission from smaller SiNCs. Time-resolved PL spectra of these fractions in response to femtosecond pulsed excitation reveal a zero-phonon radiative channel that anticorrelates with QY, which we model using advanced computational methods applied to a 2 nm SiNC. Our results offer additional insight into the photophysical interplay of the nanocrystal surface, quasi-direct recombination, and efficient SiNC core PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Pringle
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Katharine I Hunter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alexandra Brumberg
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kenneth J Anderson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Fagan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Salim A Thomas
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Reed J Petersen
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Mahmud Sefannaser
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Yulun Han
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Samuel L Brown
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Dmitri S Kilin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Uwe R Kortshagen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philip Raymond Boudjouk
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Erik K Hobbie
- Materials and Nanotechnology Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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7
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Zhu J, Cui WC, Wang S, Yao ZJ. Visible Light-Driven Radical trans-Hydrosilylation of Electron-Neutral and -Rich Alkenes with Tertiary and Secondary Hydrosilanes. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14600-14609. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wei-Chen Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Shaozhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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8
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Sakiyama M, Sugimoto H, Fujii M. Long-lived luminescence of colloidal silicon quantum dots for time-gated fluorescence imaging in the second near infrared window in biological tissue. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:13902-13907. [PMID: 29999078 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03571g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Boron (B) and phosphorus (P) codoped silicon quantum dots (Si QDs) are dispersible in polar solvents without organic ligands and exhibit photoluminescence (PL) in the first (NIR-I) and second (NIR-II) near infrared (NIR) windows in biological tissues due to the optical transition from the donor to acceptor states. We studied the relationship between the PL wavelength, lifetime and quantum yield (QY) of the colloidal solution and the composition of the starting material for the preparation. We found that the PL lifetime and the QY are primarily determined by the composition, while the PL wavelength is mainly determined by the growth temperature. By optimizing the composition, we achieved QYs of 20.1% and 1.74% in the NIR-I and NIR-II regions, respectively, in methanol. We demonstrate the application for time-gated imaging in the NIR-II range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sakiyama
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Sugimoto
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Minoru Fujii
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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9
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Chatgilialoglu C, Ferreri C, Landais Y, Timokhin VI. Thirty Years of (TMS)3SiH: A Milestone in Radical-Based Synthetic Chemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6516-6572. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Ferreri
- ISOF, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Yannick Landais
- University of Bordeaux, Institute of Molecular Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5255, 351 cours de la libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Vitaliy I. Timokhin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
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10
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Sugimoto H, Yamamura M, Sakiyama M, Fujii M. Visualizing a core-shell structure of heavily doped silicon quantum dots by electron microscopy using an atomically thin support film. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:7357-7362. [PMID: 29637958 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09474d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We successfully visualize a core-shell structure of a heavily B and P codoped Si quantum dot (QD) by transmission electron microscopy using an ultra-thin graphene oxide support film. The enhanced contrast reveals that a codoped Si QD has a highly crystalline Si core and an amorphous shell composed of Si, B and P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sugimoto
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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11
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Islam MA, Mobarok MH, Sinelnikov R, Purkait TK, Veinot JGC. Phosphorus Pentachloride Initiated Functionalization of Silicon Nanocrystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8766-8773. [PMID: 28581767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) has long been used to chlorinate hydrocarbons. It has also been applied in silicon surface chemistry to facilitate alkylation via a two-step halogenation/Grignard route. Here we report a study of the reaction of PCl5 with hydride-terminated silicon nanocrystals (H-SiNCs). An examination of the reaction mechanism has allowed us to establish a functionalization protocol that uses PCl5 as a surface radical initiator to introduce alkyl and alkenyl moieties to the surface of H-SiNCs. The reaction proceeds quickly in a single step, at room temperature and the functionalized silicon nanocrystals retained their morphology and crystallinity. The resulting materials exhibited size-dependent photoluminescence that was approximately 3× as bright as that observed for thermally hydrosilylated SiNCs. Furthermore, the absolute PL quantum yield (AQY) was more than double. The high AQY is expected to enable SiNCs to compete with chalcogenide-based quantum dots in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amirul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Md Hosnay Mobarok
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Regina Sinelnikov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tapas K Purkait
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jonathan G C Veinot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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12
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Preise des Chemical Institute of Canada und der Canadian Society for Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Chemical Institute of Canada and Canadian Society for Chemistry Awards. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5975-5977. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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