1
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Guo F, Guo Y, Sun Q, Zhang T, Wang Y, Fang L. Photoinduced HCl-Mediated Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Quinolines with Alcohols and Ethers. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39265070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Via light irradiation, cross-dehydrogenative coupling of quinolines with alcohols and ethers was achieved under mild conditions. A stoichiometric amount of HCl and room temperature were necessary to promote the reaction. A green Minisci-type cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction was performed without an oxidant or a transition-metal catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixiang Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yingchang Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Yakun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Lizhen Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
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2
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Wang X, He J, Wang YN, Zhao Z, Jiang K, Yang W, Zhang T, Jia S, Zhong K, Niu L, Lan Y. Strategies and Mechanisms of First-Row Transition Metal-Regulated Radical C-H Functionalization. Chem Rev 2024; 124:10192-10280. [PMID: 39115179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Radical C-H functionalization represents a useful means of streamlining synthetic routes by avoiding substrate preactivation and allowing access to target molecules in fewer steps. The first-row transition metals (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) are Earth-abundant and can be employed to regulate radical C-H functionalization. The use of such metals is desirable because of the diverse interaction modes between first-row transition metal complexes and radical species including radical addition to the metal center, radical addition to the ligand of metal complexes, radical substitution of the metal complexes, single-electron transfer between radicals and metal complexes, hydrogen atom transfer between radicals and metal complexes, and noncovalent interaction between the radicals and metal complexes. Such interactions could improve the reactivity, diversity, and selectivity of radical transformations to allow for more challenging radical C-H functionalization reactions. This review examines the achievements in this promising area over the past decade, with a focus on the state-of-the-art while also discussing existing limitations and the enormous potential of high-value radical C-H functionalization regulated by these metals. The aim is to provide the reader with a detailed account of the strategies and mechanisms associated with such functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Wang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jing He
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Theory and Mechanism, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyan Zhao
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Kui Jiang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Innovation, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 451162, P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Jia
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Kangbao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Linbin Niu
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- College of Chemistry, and Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Chemical Theory and Mechanism, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, Pingyuan Laboratory, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
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3
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Qin J, Lei H, Gao C, Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Xia W. Light-induced ligand-to-metal charge transfer of Fe(III)-OR species in organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39011956 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00876f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Light-induced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) has been utilized as a powerful strategy in various organic reactions. First-row transition metals, especially iron complexes, show good applications in this process. Fe(III)-Cl and Fe(III)-OR species are two key intermediates involved in the LMCT of iron complexes. This review highlights studies on LMCT of Fe(III)-OR species, including carboxylate-iron and alkoxy-iron species, in organic transformations. Reaction conditions, substrate scope and related mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qin
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Hong Lei
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Chuanhua Gao
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Yuewen Zheng
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Yating Zhao
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China.
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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4
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Treacy SM, Rovis T. Photoinduced Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer in Base-Metal Catalysis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2024; 56:1967-1978. [PMID: 38962497 PMCID: PMC11218547 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1751518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The absorption of light by photosensitizers has been shown to offer novel reactive pathways through electronic excited state intermediates, complementing ground state mechanisms. Such strategies have been applied in both photocatalysis and photoredox catalysis, driven by generating reactive intermediates from their long-lived excited states. One developing area is photoinduced ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) catalysis, in which coordination of a ligand to a metal center and subsequent excitation with light results in the formation of a reactive radical and a reduced metal center. This mini review concerns the foundations and recent developments in ligand-to-metal charge transfer in transition metal catalysis focusing on the organic transformations made possible through this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Treacy
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry, 3000 Broadway, Havemeyer Hall, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - T Rovis
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry, 3000 Broadway, Havemeyer Hall, New York, NY 10027, USA
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5
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Koo Y, Hong S. Nickel/photoredox-catalyzed three-component silylacylation of acrylates via chlorine photoelimination. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7707-7713. [PMID: 38784747 PMCID: PMC11110154 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The extensive utility of organosilicon compounds across a wide range of disciplines has sparked significant interest in their efficient synthesis. Although catalytic 1,2-silyldifunctionalization of alkenes provides a promising method for the assembly of intricate organosilicon frameworks with atom and step economy, its advancement is hindered by the requirement of an external hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agent in photoredox catalysis. Herein, we disclose an efficient three-component silylacylation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, leveraging a synergistic nickel/photoredox catalysis with various hydrosilanes and aroyl chlorides. This method enables the direct conversion of acrylates into valuable building blocks that contain both carbonyl and silicon functionalities through a single, redox-neutral process. Key to this reaction is the precise activation of the Si-H bond, achieved through chlorine radical-induced HAT, enabled by the photoelimination of a Ni-Cl bond. Acyl chlorides serve a dual role, functioning as both acylating agents and chloride donors. Our methodology is distinguished by its mild conditions and extensive substrate adaptability, significantly enhancing the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Korea
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6
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Wang W, Zhao L, Zhang Y. Generation of New Synthons for Synthesis Through Activation of Nitromethane. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400454. [PMID: 38702899 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Nitromethane is used as a common solvent, stabilizer, and fuel additive. Nitromethane has also been used as a sustainable building block and convenient reagent in chemical synthesis. In this Minireview, we summarize the recent advances in activation of nitromethane, using nitromethane as the source of cyano group, nitrogen, methylamine, formyl group, C1, nitroso, and oxime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, 489 Helan Mountain West Road, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Lixing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yuexia Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
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7
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Gao J, He XC, Liu YL, Yao PP, Guan JP, Chen K, Xiang HY, Yang H. Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalysis-Enabled Aryl Formylation with 2,2-Dimethoxy- N, N-dimethylethan-1-amine as CO Source. Org Lett 2024; 26:1478-1482. [PMID: 38334422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a dual photoredox/nickel catalyzed formylation of aryl bromide with commercially available 2,2-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylethan-1-amine as an effective CO source has been successfully achieved, delivering a series of aromatic aldehydes in moderate to good yields. Compared with the traditional reductive carbonylation process, this newly designed synthetic protocol provides a straightforward toolbox to access aromatic aldehydes, obviating the use of carbon monoxide and stoichiometric reductants. Finally, the utility of this direct formylation reaction was demonstrated in the pharmaceutical analogue synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Chen He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Pin-Pin Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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8
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Wei X, Zhang Y, Zhang JJ, Fang W, Chen Z. Solvent-Controllable C-F Bond Activation for Masked Formylation of α-Trifluoromethyl Alkenes via Organo-Photoredox Catalysis. J Org Chem 2024; 89:624-632. [PMID: 38115588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
A solvent-controllable organo-photoredox-catalyzed C-F bond activation for masked formylation of α-trifluoromethyl alkenes with low-priced 1,3-dioxolane as masked formyl radical equivalent has been described. Consequently, a diversity of masked formylated gem-difluoroalkenes and monofluoroalkenes are constructed in moderate to high yields. This approach merits readily available starting materials, mild reaction conditions, and broad substrate scope. The feasibility of this approach has been highlighted by the one-pot masked formylation/hydrolysis sequence to form γ,γ-difluoroallylic aldehydes and late-stage modification of pharmaceutical and natural product derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Weiwei Fang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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9
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Mandal T, Das S, Maji R, De Sarkar S. Visible-Light-Induced Hydrogen Atom Transfer En Route to Exocylic Alkenylation of Cyclic Ethers Enabled by Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex. Org Lett 2023; 25:7727-7732. [PMID: 37844302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
An electron donor-acceptor (EDA)-triggered hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process is developed for the efficient generation of an α-alkoxy radical from cyclic ethers to synthesize exocyclic alkenylated ethers with exclusive E-selectivity. A judiciously chosen donor-acceptor pair (DABCO and maleimide) serves as the desired HAT reagent under visible light irradiation without using any photocatalyst or peroxide. A wide variety of substrates were explored to demonstrate the diverse applicability and practical viability of this cross-dehydrogenative transformation. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed a radical reaction pathway under the oxidative environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanumoy Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanju Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Rohan Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman De Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
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10
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Cai L, Lai Q, Zhang L, Xue G, Zhang Y, He N, Huang M, Hu S, Cai S. Visible-Light-Enabled Lanthanum-Mediated Intramolecular Epoxy-Ring Opening/Dehydrogenative Lactonization. Org Lett 2023; 25:7126-7131. [PMID: 37754837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic C(sp3)-H functionalization has afforded great opportunities to prepare organic substances, facilitating the derivatization of complex drugs and natural molecules. This letter describes an efficient and practical protocol for lanthanum-catalyzed continuous epoxy-ring opening and oxidative dehydrogenative lactonization under visible-light irradiation. Notably, the lanthanum catalyst also acts as a photocatalyst while acting as a Lewis acid in this reaction; therefore, no additional photocatalyst is required. We can conveniently prepare a series of diverse isochromanones with oxygen-containing spirocyclic structural units under a balloon-oxygen atmosphere at room temperature. Mechanistic studies and control experiments reveal that the in situ-generated lanthanum bromide should be crucial in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Cai
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Qihong Lai
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics of Guangdong Province, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guotao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Yirui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Na He
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Mingqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Shirong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Shunyou Cai
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics of Guangdong Province, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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11
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Kherudkar A, Bhattacharjee A, Nawkhare A, Mukherjee S, Pramanick S, Laha JK. Recent Advances On Direct Formylation Reactions. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300063. [PMID: 37229757 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes serve as the key functional group in organic synthesis and are valuable intermediates. The various advanced methods of direct formylation reactions have been reviewed in this article. Overcoming the drawbacks of the traditional methods of formylation, newer methods involving homo and heterogenous catalysts, one pot reactions, solvent free techniques are elaborated, which can be performed under mild conditions and using inexpensive resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kherudkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Mohali, India
| | - Angana Bhattacharjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Mohali, India
| | - Akash Nawkhare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Mohali, India
| | - Soumi Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Mohali, India
| | - Sukhendu Pramanick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Mohali, India
| | - Joydev K Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, 160062, Mohali, India
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12
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Lee GS, Hong SH. Direct C(sp 3)-H Acylation by Mechanistically Controlled Ni/Ir Photoredox Catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2170-2184. [PMID: 37506313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusSynthetic chemists have consistently aimed to develop efficient methods for synthesizing ketones, which are essential building blocks in organic chemistry and play significant roles in bioactive molecules. Recent efforts have focused on using photoredox catalysis, which enables previously inaccessible activation modes, to synthesize ketones through the cross-coupling of an acyl electrophile and simple C(sp3)-H bonds. Over the past few years, we have worked on developing effective and versatile approaches for directly acylating activated hydrocarbons to forge ketones.Initially, thioesters were explored as the acyl source to achieve the direct acylation of ethers, but an unexpected thioesterification reaction was observed instead. To gain insights into this reactivity, we conducted the optimization of reaction conditions, substrate scope evaluation, and mechanistic studies. Drawing from our understanding of Ni/Ir photocatalysis obtained in this study, we subsequently developed a method for the direct acylation of simple hydrocarbons. The use of less-reactive amides as the acyl electrophiles was found to be critical for suppressing undesired pathways. This seemingly counterintuitive reactivity was carefully studied, revealing a substrate-assisted reaction mechanism in which the suppressed oxidative addition leads to early-stage nickel oxidation and C-H activation.To address the drawbacks of this method, which primarily arose from decarbonylative and transmetallative side pathways, we employed N-acyllutidiniums as the acyl electrophile. This prevented undesired decomposition pathways, enabling the use of α-chiral acyl substrates with the retention of their stereochemistry, particularly those derived from α-amino acids. The developed versatile methodology allowed us to access a diverse range of α-amino ketones and their homologues.Despite the elegant utility of Ni/photoredox catalysis in developing new synthetic methodologies, the precise behavior of nickel catalysts under redox conditions is incompletely understood. To gain insight into this behavior and develop new chemical reactions, we used a combination of experimental and computational methods. Our investigations revealed that devised adjustments to the reaction conditions in nickel/photoredox catalysis can result in significant differences in the reaction outcomes, providing chemists with opportunities to tailor reactions through carefully designed mechanistic strategies. We believe that continued efforts to study and apply nickel redox modulation will lead to the discovery of additional organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Seok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyeok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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13
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Maity B, Dutta S, Cavallo L. The mechanism of visible light-induced C-C cross-coupling by C sp3-H bond activation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5373-5387. [PMID: 37464786 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00960a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Csp3-C cross-coupling by activating Csp3-H bonds is a dream reaction for the chemical community, and visible light-induced transition metal-catalysis under mild reaction conditions is considered a powerful tool to achieve it. Advancement of this research area is still in its infancy because of the chemical and technical complexity of this catalysis. Mechanistic studies illuminating the operative reaction pathways can rationalize the increasing amount of experimental catalysis data and provide the knowledge allowing faster and rational advances in the field. This goal requires complementary experimental and theoretical mechanistic studies, as each of them is unfit to clarify the operative mechanisms alone. In this tutorial review we summarize representative experimental and computational mechanistic studies, highlighting weaknesses, strengths, and synergies between the two approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bholanath Maity
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sayan Dutta
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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14
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Lepori M, Schmid S, Barham JP. Photoredox catalysis harvesting multiple photon or electrochemical energies. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1055-1145. [PMID: 37533877 PMCID: PMC10390843 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis (PRC) is a cutting-edge frontier for single electron-transfer (SET) reactions, enabling the generation of reactive intermediates for both oxidative and reductive processes via photon activation of a catalyst. Although this represents a significant step towards chemoselective and, more generally, sustainable chemistry, its efficacy is limited by the energy of visible light photons. Nowadays, excellent alternative conditions are available to overcome these limitations, harvesting two different but correlated concepts: the use of multi-photon processes such as consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (conPET) and the combination of photo- and electrochemistry in synthetic photoelectrochemistry (PEC). Herein, we review the most recent contributions to these fields in both oxidative and reductive activations of organic functional groups. New opportunities for organic chemists are captured, such as selective reactions employing super-oxidants and super-reductants to engage unactivated chemical feedstocks, and scalability up to gram scales in continuous flow. This review provides comparisons between the two techniques (multi-photon photoredox catalysis and PEC) to help the reader to fully understand their similarities, differences and potential applications and to therefore choose which method is the most appropriate for a given reaction, scale and purpose of a project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Lepori
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Schmid
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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15
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Han S, Samony KL, Nabi RN, Bache CA, Kim DK. Hydrotrifluoroacetylation of Alkenes via Designer Masked Acyl Reagents. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11530-11536. [PMID: 37192402 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Because of its impressive ability to promote pharmaceutical activity, the introduction of trifluoromethylacyl (CF3CO) functionality into organic compounds has become an important and growing research area. Although various protocols have been developed to access trifluoroketones, the use of trifluoroacetyl radicals remains virtually undeveloped. Herein, we disclose a novel method for trifluoroacetylation through an umpolung reagent, thereby transforming an electrophilic radical into a nucleophilic radical. The applicability of this transformation is highlighted by large-scale, late-stage reactions of complex bioactive molecules sclareolide and loratadine. Furthermore, the direct transformation of trifluoromethyl ketones into various fluorinated analogues illustrates the potential synthetic application of our developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangil Han
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Kyra L Samony
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Rifat N Nabi
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Campbell A Bache
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Daniel K Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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16
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Huo L, Li X, Zhao Y, Li L, Chu L. Site- and Stereoselective Synthesis of Alkenyl Chlorides by Dual Functionalization of Internal Alkynes via Photoredox/Nickel Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9876-9885. [PMID: 37072001 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a redox-neutral and atom-economical protocol to synthesize valuable alkenyl chlorides from unactivated internal alkynes and abundant organochlorides via photoredox and nickel catalysis. This protocol enables the site- and stereoselective addition of organochlorides to alkynes via chlorine photoelimination-initiated sequential hydrochlorination/remote C-H functionalization. The protocol is compatible with a wide range of medicinally relevant heteroaryl, aryl, acid, and alkyl chlorides for efficiently producing γ-functionalized alkenyl chlorides, exhibiting excellent regioselectivities and stereoselectivities. Late-stage modifications and synthetic manipulations of the products and preliminary mechanistic studies are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Huo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yaheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lingling Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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17
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Xu S, Ping Y, Li W, Guo H, Su Y, Li Z, Wang M, Kong W. Enantioselective C(sp 3)-H Functionalization of Oxacycles via Photo-HAT/Nickel Dual Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5231-5241. [PMID: 36812098 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The selective functionalization of ubiquitous but inert C-H bonds is highly appealing in synthetic chemistry, but the direct transformation of hydrocarbons lacking directing groups into high-value chiral molecules remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we develop an enantioselective C(sp3)-H functionalization of undirected oxacycles via photo-HAT/nickel dual catalysis. This protocol provides a practical platform for the rapid construction of high-value and enantiomerically enriched oxacycles directly from simple and abundant hydrocarbon feedstocks. The synthetic utility of this strategy is further demonstrated in the late-stage functionalization of natural products and the synthesis of many pharmaceutically relevant molecules. Experimental and density functional theory calculation studies provide detailed insights into the mechanism and the origin of enantioselectivity for the asymmetric C(sp3)-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies and Hongyi Honor College, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ping
- The Institute for Advanced Studies and Hongyi Honor College, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies and Hongyi Honor College, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Haoyun Guo
- The Institute for Advanced Studies and Hongyi Honor College, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yinyan Su
- The Institute for Advanced Studies and Hongyi Honor College, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ziyang Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies and Hongyi Honor College, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wangqing Kong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies and Hongyi Honor College, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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18
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Pan ZT, Shen LM, Dagnaw FW, Zhong JJ, Jian JX, Tong QX. Minisci reaction of heteroarenes and unactivated C(sp 3)-H alkanes via a photogenerated chlorine radical. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1637-1640. [PMID: 36683529 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06486c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, an efficient Minisci reaction of heteroarenes and unactivated C(sp3)-H alkanes was achieved using an inexpensive FeCl3 as a photocatalyst. The photogenerated chlorine radical contributed to the HAT of C-H and subsequently initiated this reaction. Surprisingly, salt water and even seawater can act as a chlorine radical source, which provided an enlightening idea for future organic synthesis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Tong Pan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
| | - Li-Miao Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
| | - Fentahun Wondu Dagnaw
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
| | - Jian-Ji Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
| | - Jing-Xin Jian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
| | - Qing-Xiao Tong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China.
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19
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Zhao TT, Qin HN, Xu PF. Light-Promoted Nickel-Catalyzed C-O/C-N Coupling of Aryl Halides with Carboxylic Acids and Sulfonamides. Org Lett 2023; 25:636-641. [PMID: 36668813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A general strategy for the construction of dual-functional carbon-heteroatom bonds has been developed via a light-promoted nickel catalytic system. Employing a simple NiBr2 as the catalyst without any exogeneous ligands and photosensitizers, a variety of esters and sulfonamide N-arylation derivatives, including celecoxib- and glimepiride-derived sulfonamides, were readily accessed with high functional group tolerance and high efficiency. Moreover, the UV-vis absorption spectrum and free radical trapping experiments aimed at revealing the mechanism of the reaction are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Ni Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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20
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Qian ZM, Guan Z, He YH. Visible Light-Induced Cross-Dehydrocoupling of 3-Cyanocoumarins with Unactivated Aliphatic Aldehydes Enables Access to 4-Acylated Coumarins. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6465-6475. [PMID: 36693384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report visible light-induced cross-dehydrocoupling of 3-cyanocoumarins with unactivated aliphatic aldehydes for the direct synthesis of 4-acylated coumarins. Inexpensive and readily available (n-Bu)4NBr was used as a precursor of the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalyst and [Ir(ppy)2(dtbbpy)PF6] as a photocatalyst. A variety of aldehydes including linear, branched, cyclic, and α,β-unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes were suitable for this reaction yielding the desired acylated coumarin derivatives in 41-98% yields. This method provides a mild, atom-economical, and environmentally friendly synthetic route for the direct acylation of 3-cyanocoumarins. This is the first example so far of C-4 aliphatic acylation of coumarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Ming Qian
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan-Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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21
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Abstract
The emergence of modern photocatalysis, characterized by mildness and selectivity, has significantly spurred innovative late-stage C-H functionalization approaches that make use of low energy photons as a controllable energy source. Compared to traditional late-stage functionalization strategies, photocatalysis paves the way toward complementary and/or previously unattainable regio- and chemoselectivities. Merging the compelling benefits of photocatalysis with the late-stage functionalization workflow offers a potentially unmatched arsenal to tackle drug development campaigns and beyond. This Review highlights the photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization strategies of small-molecule drugs, agrochemicals, and natural products, classified according to the targeted C-H bond and the newly formed one. Emphasis is devoted to identifying, describing, and comparing the main mechanistic scenarios. The Review draws a critical comparison between established ionic chemistry and photocatalyzed radical-based manifolds. The Review aims to establish the current state-of-the-art and illustrate the key unsolved challenges to be addressed in the future. The authors aim to introduce the general readership to the main approaches toward photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization, and specialist practitioners to the critical evaluation of the current methodologies, potential for improvement, and future uncharted directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210Shanghai, China
| | - Teresa Faber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
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22
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Ionic Liquid Mediated Triple Catalysis for Alkylation and Methylation of Acyl Chlorides with Mechanistic Insight. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Maity B, Scott TR, Stroscio GD, Gagliardi L, Cavallo L. The Role of Excited States of LNi II/III(Aryl)(Halide) Complexes in Ni–Halide Bond Homolysis in the Arylation of C sp3–H Bonds. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bholanath Maity
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thais R. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637-5418, United States
| | - Gautam D. Stroscio
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637-5418, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois60637-5418, United States
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Xue P, Li L, Fu N. Pairing Iron and Nickel Catalysis for Electrochemical Esterification of Aryl Halides with Carbazates. Org Lett 2022; 24:7595-7599. [PMID: 36201293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report an electrocatalytic approach for esterification of aryl halides by pairing iron and nickel electrocatalysis. The reaction involves anodically iron-catalyzed oxidation of carbazates to produce alkoxycarbonyl radicals. The carbon-centered radicals then enter nickel catalysis that is powered by cathodic reduction to deliver the radical coupling products. Mechanistic data are consistent with arylnickel(II) species as the key intermediates enabling the desired carbon-carbon bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Liubo Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Niankai Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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25
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Maiti S, Roy S, Ghosh P, Kasera A, Maiti D. Photo‐Excited Nickel‐Catalyzed Silyl‐Radical‐Mediated Direct Activation of Carbamoyl Chlorides To Access (Hetero)aryl Carbamides**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207472. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Maiti
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Sayan Roy
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Pintu Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Aashi Kasera
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
- IDP in Climate Studies Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai 400076 India
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26
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Saju A, Griffiths JR, MacMillan SN, Lacy DC. Synthesis of a Bench-Stable Manganese(III) Chloride Compound: Coordination Chemistry and Alkene Dichlorination. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16761-16766. [PMID: 36067378 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complex [MnCl3(OPPh3)2] (1) is a bench-stable and easily prepared source of MnCl3. It is prepared by treating acetonitrile solvated MnCl3 (2) with Ph3PO and collecting the resulting blue precipitate. 1 is useful in coordination reactions by virtue of the labile Ph3PO ligands, and this is demonstrated through the synthesis of {Tpm*}MnCl3 (3). In addition, methodologies in synthesis that rely on difficult or cumbersome to prepare solutions of reactive MnCl3 can be accomplished using 1 instead. This is demonstrated through alkene dichlorinations in a wide range of solvents, open to air, and with good substrate scope. Light-accelerated halogenation and radical sensitive experiments support a radical mechanism involving stepwise Cl-atom transfer(s) from 1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David C Lacy
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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27
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Bhat MUS, Ganie MA, Rizvi MA, Raheem S, Shah BA. Photoredox Catalyzed Thioformylation of Terminal Alkynes Using Nitromethane as a Formyl Source. Org Lett 2022; 24:6658-6663. [PMID: 36047745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A photoredox thioformylation of terminal alkynes using nitromethane as a formyl anion equivalent, thereby leading to the synthesis of (E)-1,2-difunctionalized acrylaldehyde, has been described. The current strategy introduces an adaptable aldehyde function across an alkyne and offers a new route to synthesizing α-alkyl/aryl aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneer-Ul-Shafi Bhat
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.,Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Majid Ahmad Ganie
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.,Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | | | - Shabnam Raheem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Bhahwal Ali Shah
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.,Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
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28
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Gerken VC, Carreira EM. Carbon Nitride Photoredox Catalysis Enables the Generation of the Dioxolanyl Radical for Conjugate Addition Reactions. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria C. Gerken
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, D-CHAB, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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29
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Juliá F. Ligand‐to‐Metal Charge Transfer (LMCT) Photochemistry at 3d‐Metal Complexes: An Emerging Tool for Sustainable Organic Synthesis. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Juliá
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia: Institut Catala d'Investigacio Quimica Chemistry Av Paisos Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona SPAIN
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30
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Wang B, Ascenzi Pettenuzzo C, Singh J, Mccabe GE, Clark L, Young R, Pu J, Deng Y. Photoinduced Site-Selective Functionalization of Aliphatic C–H Bonds by Pyridine N-oxide Based HAT Catalysts. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ban Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Cristina Ascenzi Pettenuzzo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Jujhar Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Gavin E. Mccabe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Logan Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Ryan Young
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Jingzhi Pu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Yongming Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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31
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Maiti S, Roy S, Ghosh P, Kasera A, Maiti D. Photo‐Excited Nickel‐Catalyzed Silyl‐Radical‐Mediated Direct Activation of Carbamoyl Chlorides To Access (Hetero)aryl Car‐bamides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Maiti
- IIT Bombay: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Department of Chemistry INDIA
| | - Sayan Roy
- IIT Bombay: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Department of Chemistry INDIA
| | - Pintu Ghosh
- IIT Bombay: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Department of Chemistry INDIA
| | - Aashi Kasera
- IIT Bombay: Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Department of Chemistry INDIA
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay Department of Chemistry Powai 400076 Mumbai INDIA
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32
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Li H, Chen L, Wang T, Xiong F. Synthesis of Coumarin 3‐aldehyde Derivatives via Photocatalytic Cascade Radical Cyclization‐Hydrolysis. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Long Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis and Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
| | - Fei Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis and Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
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33
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Oxidative lactonization of C(sp3)-H bond in methyl aromatic alcohols enabled by proton-coupled electron transfer. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1283-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Romano C, Talavera L, Gómez-Bengoa E, Martin R. Conformational Flexibility as a Tool for Enabling Site-Selective Functionalization of Unactivated sp3 C-O Bonds in Cyclic Acetals. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11558-11563. [PMID: 35749319 PMCID: PMC9264358 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A dual catalytic
manifold that enables site-selective functionalization
of unactivated sp3 C–O
bonds in cyclic acetals with aryl and alkyl halides is reported. The
reaction is triggered by an appropriate σ*–p orbital
overlap prior to sp3 C–O
cleavage, thus highlighting the importance of conformational flexibility
in both reactivity and site selectivity. The protocol is characterized
by its excellent chemoselectivity profile, thus offering new vistas
for activating strong σ sp3 C–O linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Romano
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Laura Talavera
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo, 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Bengoa
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad País Vasco, UPV/EHU, Apdo. 1072, 20080, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Li Z, Li C, Ding Y, Huo H. Photoinduced nickel-catalyzed enantioselective coupling reactions. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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36
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Golden DL, Suh SE, Stahl SS. Radical C(sp3)-H functionalization and cross-coupling reactions. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:405-427. [PMID: 35965690 PMCID: PMC9364982 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
C─H functionalization reactions are playing an increasing role in the preparation and modification of complex organic molecules, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and polymer precursors. Radical C─H functionalization reactions, initiated by hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) and proceeding via open-shell radical intermediates, have been expanding rapidly in recent years. These methods introduce strategic opportunities to functionalize C(sp3)─H bonds. Examples include synthetically useful advances in radical-chain reactivity and biomimetic radical-rebound reactions. A growing number of reactions, however, proceed via "radical relay" whereby HAT generates a diffusible radical that is functionalized by a separate reagent or catalyst. The latter methods provide the basis for versatile C─H cross-coupling methods with diverse partners. In the present review, highlights of recent radical-chain and radical-rebound methods provide context for a survey of emerging radical-relay methods, which greatly expand the scope and utility of intermolecular C(sp3)─H functionalization and cross coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung L. Golden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Dung L. Golden, Sung-Eun Suh
| | - Sung-Eun Suh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Dung L. Golden, Sung-Eun Suh
- Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
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37
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Gao H, Guo L, Shi C, Zhu Y, Yang C, Xia W. Transition Metal‐Free Radical α‐Oxy C−H Cyclobutylation via Photoinduced Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Chengcheng Shi
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Yining Zhu
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Shenzhen 518055 People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 People's Republic of China
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38
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Huang CY, Li J, Li CJ. Photocatalytic C(sp 3) radical generation via C-H, C-C, and C-X bond cleavage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5465-5504. [PMID: 35694342 PMCID: PMC9116372 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility. This review collects some of the most recent advancements in photocatalytic R˙ generation and highlights representative examples in this field. Based on the key bond cleavages that generate R˙, these contributions are divided into C–H, C–C, and C–X bond cleavages. A general mechanistic scenario and key R˙-forming steps are presented and discussed in each section. C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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39
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Bonciolini S, Noël T, Capaldo L. Synthetic Applications of Photocatalyzed Halogen‐radical mediated Hydrogen Atom Transfer for C−H Bond Functionalization. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bonciolini
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Timothy Noël
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Luca Capaldo
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam NETHERLANDS
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40
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Shu X, Zhong D, Lin Y, Qin X, Huo H. Modular Access to Chiral α-(Hetero)aryl Amines via Ni/Photoredox-Catalyzed Enantioselective Cross-Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8797-8806. [PMID: 35503417 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chiral α-aryl N-heterocycles are commonly found in natural products, pharmaceutical agents, and chiral catalysts but remain challenging to access via asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we report a general and modular approach for the direct enantioselective α-arylation of saturated azacycles and acyclic N-alkyl benzamides via nickel/photoredox dual catalysis. This process exploits the hydrogen atom transfer ability of photoeliminated chlorine radicals to convert azacycles to the corresponding α-amino alkyl radicals that then are coupled with ubiquitous and inexpensive (hetero)aryl chlorides. These coupling reactions require no oxidants or organometallic reagents, feature feedstock starting materials, a broad substrate scope, and high enantioselectivities, and are applicable to late-stage diversification of medicinally relevant complex molecules. Mechanistic studies suggest that the nickel catalyst uncommonly plays multiple roles, accomplishing chlorine radical generation, α-amino radical capture, cross-coupling, and asymmetric induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - De Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yanmei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Haohua Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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41
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Yuan M, Gutierrez O. Mechanisms, Challenges, and Opportunities of Dual Ni/Photoredox-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Cross-Couplings. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022; 12:e1573. [PMID: 35664524 PMCID: PMC9162266 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The merging of photoredox and nickel catalysis has revolutionized the field of C-C cross-coupling. However, in comparison to the development of synthetic methods, detailed mechanistic investigations of these catalytic systems are lagging. To improve the mechanistic understanding, computational tools have emerged as powerful tools to elucidate the factors controlling reactivity and selectivity in these complex catalytic transformations. Based on the reported computational studies, it appears that the mechanistic picture of catalytic systems is not generally applicable, but is rather dependent on the specific choice of substrate, ligands, photocatalysts, etc. Given the complexity of these systems, the need for more accurate computational methods, readily available and user-friendly dynamics simulation tools, and data-driven approaches is clear in order to understand at the molecular level the mechanisms of these transformations. In particular, we anticipate that such improvement of theoretical methods will become crucial to advance the understanding of excited-state properties and dynamics of key species, as well as to enable faster and unbiased exploration of reaction pathways. Further, with greater collaboration between computational, experimental, and spectroscopic communities, the mechanistic investigation of photoredox/Ni dual-catalytic reactions is expected to thrive quickly, facilitating the design of novel catalytic systems and promoting our understanding of the reaction selectivity.
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42
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Bhawale RT, Sarothiya D, Kshirsagar UA. Synergistic Approach for Decarboxylative Ortho C‐H Aroylation of 2‐Aryl‐pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidin‐4‐ones and Thiazolopyrimidinones by Merging Palladium Catalysis with Photo‐catalysis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Umesh A. Kshirsagar
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore Discipline of Chemistry Khandwa Road, Simrol. 453552 Indore INDIA
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43
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Yang B, Lu S, Wang Y, Zhu S. Diverse synthesis of C2-linked functionalized molecules via molecular glue strategy with acetylene. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1858. [PMID: 35388000 PMCID: PMC8986794 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As the simplest alkyne and an abundant chemical feedstock, acetylene is an ideal two-carbon building block. However, in contrast to substituted alkynes, catalytic methods to incorporate acetylene into fine chemicals are quite limited. Herein, we developed a photoredox-catalyzed synthetic protocol for diverse C2-linked molecules via a molecular glue strategy using gaseous acetylene under mild conditions. Initiated by addition of an acyl radical to acetylene, two cascade transformations follow. One involves a double addition for the formation of 1,4-diketones and the other where the intermediate vinyl ketone is intercepted by a radical formed from a heterocycle. In addition to making two new C-C bonds, two C-H bonds are also created in two mechanistically distinct ways: one via a C-H abstraction and the other via protonation. This system offers a reliable and safe way to incorporate gaseous acetylene into fine chemicals and expands the utility of acetylene in organic synthesis. Although acetylene is an ideal two-carbon building block, very few catalytic methods can be applied to incorporate acetylene into fine chemicals. Here, the authors show photoredox-catalyzed syntheses of C2- linked molecules with gaseous acetylene under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shaodong Lu
- Singfar Laboratories, Guangzhou, 510670, China
| | | | - Shifa Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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44
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Abstract
The fields of C-H functionalization and photoredox catalysis have garnered enormous interest and utility in the past several decades. Many different scientific disciplines have relied on C-H functionalization and photoredox strategies including natural product synthesis, drug discovery, radiolabeling, bioconjugation, materials, and fine chemical synthesis. In this Review, we highlight the use of photoredox catalysis in C-H functionalization reactions. We separate the review into inorganic/organometallic photoredox catalysts and organic-based photoredox catalytic systems. Further subdivision by reaction class─either sp2 or sp3 C-H functionalization─lends perspective and tactical strategies for use of these methods in synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Holmberg-Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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45
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Gonzalez MI, Gygi D, Qin Y, Zhu Q, Johnson EJ, Chen YS, Nocera DG. Taming the Chlorine Radical: Enforcing Steric Control over Chlorine-Radical-Mediated C-H Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1464-1472. [PMID: 35020391 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine radicals readily activate C-H bonds, but the high reactivity of these intermediates precludes their use in regioselective C-H functionalization reactions. We demonstrate that the secondary coordination sphere of a metal complex can confine photoeliminated chlorine radicals and afford steric control over their reactivity. Specifically, a series of iron(III) chloride pyridinediimine complexes exhibit activity for photochemical C(sp3)-H chlorination and bromination with selectivity for primary and secondary C-H bonds, overriding thermodynamic preference for weaker tertiary C-H bonds. Transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that Cl· remains confined through formation of a Cl·|arene complex with aromatic groups on the pyridinediimine ligand. Furthermore, photocrystallography confirms that this selectivity arises from the generation of Cl· within the steric environment defined by the iron secondary coordination sphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel I Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - David Gygi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yangzhong Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Qilei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS, The University of Chicago, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Daniel G Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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46
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. S. Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
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47
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Niu K, Shi X, Ding L, Liu Y, Song H, Wang Q. HCl-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alkylarenes to Carbonyls. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102326. [PMID: 34817114 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The construction of C-O bonds through C-H bond functionalization remains fundamentally challenging. Here, a practical chlorine radical-mediated aerobic oxidation of alkylarenes to carbonyls was developed. This protocol employed commercially available HCl as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reagent and air as a sustainable oxidant. In addition, this process exhibited excellent functional group tolerance and a broad substrate scope without the requirement for external metal and oxidants. The mechanistic hypothesis was supported by radical trapping, 18 O labeling, and control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Ling Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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48
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Liu C, Liu H, Zheng X, Chen S, Lai Q, Zheng C, Huang M, Cai K, Cai Z, Cai S. Visible-Light-Enabled Allylic C–H Oxidation: Metal-free Photocatalytic Generation of Enones. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Shanyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Qihong Lai
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Changlong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Mingqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Kaicong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhixiong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Shunyou Cai
- Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology of Fujian Province, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics of Guangdong Province, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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49
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Li R, Yang CX, Niu BH, Li LJ, Ma J, Li ZL, Jiang H, Cheng WM. Visible light-induced Ni-catalyzed C–heteroatom cross-coupling of aryl halides via LMCT with DBU to access a Ni(I)/Ni(III) cycle. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00607c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cross-coupling of aryl halides with nucleophiles is a synthetically attractive strategy to construct C–heteroatom bonds. Here we report a highly efficient photoinduced Ni-catalyzed method for the C–heteroatom cross-coupling of aryl...
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50
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Rand AW, Chen M, Montgomery J. Investigations into mechanism and origin of regioselectivity in the metallaphotoredox-catalyzed α-arylation of N-alkylbenzamides. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10566-10573. [PMID: 36277638 PMCID: PMC9473500 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01962k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A mechanistic study on the α-arylation of N-alkylbenzamides catalyzed by a dual nickel/photoredox system using aryl bromides is reported herein. This study elucidates the origins of site-selectivity of the transformation, which is controlled by the generation of a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agent by a photocatalyst and bromide ions in solution. Tetrabutylammonium bromide was identified as a crucial additive and source of a potent HAT agent, which led to increases in yields and a lowering of the stoichiometries of the aryl bromide coupling partner. NMR titration experiments and Stern–Volmer quenching studies provide evidence for complexation to and oxidation of bromide by the photocatalyst, while elementary steps involving deprotonation of the N-alkylbenzamide or 1,5-HAT were ruled out through mechanistic probes and kinetic isotope effect analysis. This study serves as a valuable tool to better understand the α-arylation of N-alkylbenzamides, and has broader implications in halide-mediated C–H functionalization reactions. A mechanistic study of the α-arylation of N-alkylbenzamides catalyzed by a dual nickel/photoredox system using aryl bromides elucidates the origins of site-selectivity of the transformation and identifies the hydrogen atom transfer agent.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Rand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Mo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - John Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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