1
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Bone KI, Puleo TR, Bandar JS. Direct C-H Hydroxylation of N-Heteroarenes and Benzenes via Base-Catalyzed Halogen Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9755-9767. [PMID: 38530788 PMCID: PMC11006572 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxylated (hetero)arenes are valued in many industries as both key constituents of end products and diversifiable synthetic building blocks. Accordingly, the development of reactions that complement and address the limitations of existing methods for the introduction of aromatic hydroxyl groups is an important goal. To this end, we apply base-catalyzed halogen transfer (X-transfer) to enable the direct C-H hydroxylation of mildly acidic N-heteroarenes and benzenes. This protocol employs an alkoxide base to catalyze X-transfer from sacrificial 2-halothiophene oxidants to aryl substrates, forming SNAr-active intermediates that undergo nucleophilic hydroxylation. Key to this process is the use of 2-phenylethanol as an inexpensive hydroxide surrogate that, after aromatic substitution and rapid elimination, provides the hydroxylated arene and styrene byproduct. Use of simple 2-halothiophenes allows for C-H hydroxylation of 6-membered N-heteroarenes and 1,3-azole derivatives, while a rationally designed 2-halobenzothiophene oxidant extends the scope to electron-deficient benzene substrates. Mechanistic studies indicate that aromatic X-transfer is reversible, suggesting that the deprotonation, halogenation, and substitution steps operate in synergy, manifesting in unique selectivity trends that are not necessarily dependent on the most acidic aryl position. The utility of this method is further demonstrated through streamlined target molecule syntheses, examples of regioselectivity that contrast alternative C-H hydroxylation methods, and the scalable recycling of the thiophene oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendelyn I. Bone
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Thomas R. Puleo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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2
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Hamze C, Brossier J, Karaghiosoff K, Godineau E, Knochel P. Selective and Stepwise Functionalization of the Pyridazine Scaffold by Using Thio-Substituted Pyridazine Building Blocks. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302156. [PMID: 37534401 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
We described a regioselective tri- and tetra-functionalization of the pyridazine scaffold using two readily available building blocks: 3-alkylthio-6-chloropyridazine and 3,4-bis(methylthio)-6-chloropyridazine by performing selective metalations with TMPMgCl ⋅ LiCl and catalyst-tuned cross-coupling reactions with arylzinc halides. Several of the resulting pyridazines were converted into more elaborated N-heterocycles such as thieno[2,3-c]pyridazines and 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Hamze
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Julie Brossier
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Edouard Godineau
- Research & Development, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377, Munich, Germany
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3
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Kremsmair A, Sunagatullina AS, Bole LJ, Mastropierro P, Graßl S, Wilke HR, Godineau E, Hevia E, Knochel P. Exploiting Coordination Effects for the Regioselective Zincation of Diazines Using TMPZnX⋅LiX (X=Cl, Br). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210491. [PMID: 35943036 PMCID: PMC9826189 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A new method for regioselective zincations of challenging N-heterocyclic substrates such as pyrimidines and pyridazine was reported using bimetallic bases TMPZnX⋅LiX (TMP=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl; X=Cl, Br). Reactions occurred under mild conditions (25-70 °C, using 1.75 equivalents of base without additives), furnishing 2-zincated pyrimidines and 3-zincated pyridazine, which were then trapped with a variety of electrophiles. Contrasting with other s-block metalating systems, which lack selectivity in their reactions even when operating at low temperatures, these mixed Li/Zn bases enabled unprecedented regioselectivities that cannot be replicated by either LiTMP nor Zn(TMP)2 on their own. Spectroscopic and structural interrogations of organometallic intermediates involved in these reactions have shed light on the complex constitution of reaction mixtures and the origins of their special reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kremsmair
- Department Chemie & BiochemieLudwig Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Alisa S. Sunagatullina
- Department Chemie & BiochemieLudwig Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Leonie J. Bole
- Department für Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
| | - Pasquale Mastropierro
- Department für Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
| | - Simon Graßl
- Department Chemie & BiochemieLudwig Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Henrik R. Wilke
- Department Chemie & BiochemieLudwig Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Edouard Godineau
- Forschung & Entwicklung SteinSyngenta Crop Protection AGSchaffhauserstrasse 1014332SteinSwitzerland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie & BiochemieLudwig Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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4
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Kremsmair A, Sunagatullina AS, Bole LJ, Mastropierro P, Graßl S, Wilke HR, Godineau E, Hevia E, Knochel P. Exploiting Coordination Effects for the Regioselective Zincation of Diazines Using TMPZnX·LiX (X = Cl, Br). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonie J. Bole
- Universität Bern: Universitat Bern Department für Chemie und Biochemie SWITZERLAND
| | | | - Simon Graßl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Henrik R. Wilke
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Edouard Godineau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG Forschung & Entwicklung Stein SWITZERLAND
| | - Eva Hevia
- Universität Bern: Universitat Bern Chemie und Biochemie SWITZERLAND
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Department of Chemistry Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München GERMANY
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5
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Kumar Rout S, Kastrati A, Jangra H, Schwärzer K, Sunagatullina AS, Garny M, Lima F, Brocklehurst CE, Karaghiosoff K, Zipse H, Knochel P. Reliable Functionalization of 5,6-Fused Bicyclic N-Heterocycles Pyrazolopyrimidines and Imidazopyridazines via Zinc and Magnesium Organometallics. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200733. [PMID: 35384103 PMCID: PMC9321601 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DFT-calculations allow prediction of the reactivity of uncommon N-heterocyclic scaffolds of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazines and considerably facilitate their functionalization. The derivatization of these N-heterocycles was realized using Grignard reagents for nucleophilic additions to 5-chloropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and TMP2 Zn ⋅ 2 MgCl2 ⋅ 2 LiCl allowed regioselective zincations. In the case of 6-chloroimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine, bases such as TMP2 Zn ⋅ MgCl2 ⋅ 2 LiCl, in the presence or absence of BF3 ⋅ OEt2 , led to regioselective metalations at positions 3 or 8. Subsequent functionalizations were achieved with TMPMgCl ⋅ LiCl, producing various polysubstituted derivatives (up to penta-substitution). X-ray analysis confirmed the regioselectivity for key functional heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Rout
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Agonist Kastrati
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Harish Jangra
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Kuno Schwärzer
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Alisa S. Sunagatullina
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Maximilien Garny
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Fabio Lima
- Global Discovery ChemistryNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research4057BaselSwitzerland
| | - Cara E. Brocklehurst
- Global Discovery ChemistryNovartis Institutes for BioMedical Research4057BaselSwitzerland
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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6
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Zhu Z, Boger DL. N1/N4 1,4-Cycloaddition of 1,2,4,5-Tetrazines with Enamines Promoted by the Lewis Acid ZnCl 2. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6288-6301. [PMID: 35417656 PMCID: PMC9081262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The second example of selective N1/N4 1,4-cycloaddition (vs C3/C6 1,4-cycloaddition) of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines with preformed or in situ generated enamines now promoted by the Lewis acid ZnCl2 and with an expanded scope is described. The reaction constitutes a formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition across two nitrogen atoms (N1/N4 vs C3/C6) of a 1,2,4,5-tetrazine followed by retro [4 + 2] cycloaddition loss of a nitrile and aromatization to provide 1,2,4-triazines. Optimization of reaction parameters, simplification of its implementation through in situ enamine generation from ketones, definition of the enamine reaction scope for 3,6-bis(thiomethyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, exploration of the 1,2,4,5-tetrazine scope, and representative applications of the product 1,2,4-triazines are detailed. The work establishes and further extends a powerful method for efficient one-step regioselective synthesis of 1,2,4-triazines under mild reaction conditions directly now from easily accessible ketones. It extends the substrate scope of a solvent (hexafluoroisopropanol) hydrogen bonding-promoted reaction that we recently reported with aryl-conjugated enamines, permitting the use of simple ketone-derived enamines and expanding the generality of the remarkable reaction. The reaction is regioselective with respect to the site of reaction with unsymmetrical ketones and provides exclusively a single 1,2,4-triazine regioisomer consistent with our previously established stepwise mechanism of formal N1/N4 1,4-cycloaddition, overcoming the challenges observed in conventional approaches to 1,2,4-triazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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7
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Kremsmair A, Hess A, Heinz B, Knochel P. Regioselective Magnesiations and Zincations of Aromatics and Heterocycles Triggered by Lewis Acids. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103269. [PMID: 34704653 PMCID: PMC9300163 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mixed TMP‐bases (TMP=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidyl), such as TMPMgCl ⋅ LiCl, TMP2Mg ⋅ 2LiCl, TMPZnCl ⋅ LiCl and TMP2Zn ⋅ 2LiCl, are outstanding reagents for the metalation of functionalized aromatics and heterocycles. In the presence of Lewis acids, such as BF3 ⋅ OEt2 or MgCl2, the metalation scope of such bases was dramatically increased, and regioselectivity switches were achieved in the presence or absence of these Lewis acids. Furthermore, highly reactive lithium bases, such as TMPLi or Cy2NLi, are also compatible with various Lewis acids, such as MgCl2 ⋅ 2LiCl, ZnCl2 ⋅ 2LiCl or CuCN ⋅ 2LiCl. Performing such metalations in continuous flow using commercial setups permitted practical and convenient reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kremsmair
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Hess
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Benjamin Heinz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharamzie, GERMANY
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, GERMANY
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8
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Schnell SD, González JA, Sklyaruk J, Linden A, Gademann K. Boron Trifluoride-Mediated Cycloaddition of 3-Bromotetrazine and Silyl Enol Ethers: Synthesis of 3-Bromo-pyridazines. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12008-12023. [PMID: 34342995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyridazines are important scaffolds for medicinal chemistry or crop protection agents, yet the selective preparation of 3-bromo-pyridazines with high regiocontrol remains difficult. We achieved the Lewis acid-mediated inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction between 3-monosubstituted s-tetrazine and silyl enol ethers and obtained functionalized pyridazines. In the case of 1-monosubstituted silyl enol ethers, exclusive regioselectivity was observed. Downstream functionalization of the resulting 3-bromo-pyridazines was demonstrated utilizing several cross-coupling protocols to synthesize 3,4-disubstituted pyridazines with excellent control over the substitution pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Schnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jorge A González
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Sklyaruk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Huang S, Wang H, Liu Y, Sun B, Tian H, Liang S. A novel practical preparation of methyl methanethiosulfonate from dimethyl sulfoxide initiated by a catalytic amount of (COCl)2 or anhydrous HCl. J Sulphur Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2021.1932887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongguo Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Tian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sen Liang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Schnell SD, Schilling M, Sklyaruk J, Linden A, Luber S, Gademann K. Nucleophilic Attack on Nitrogen in Tetrazines by Silyl-Enol Ethers. Org Lett 2021; 23:2426-2430. [PMID: 33703907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The nucleophilic addition of silyl-enol ethers to nitrogen in 3-monosubstituted s-tetrazines mediated by BF3 is reported. The preference for this azaphilic addition over the usually observed inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions was evaluated theoretically and corroborated by experiments. The substrate dependency of this unusual reaction was rationalized by determination of the activation barriers and on the basis of the activation strain model by employing density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Schnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Schilling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Sklyaruk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Luber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Lutter FH, Grokenberger L, Perego LA, Broggini D, Lemaire S, Wagschal S, Knochel P. Regioselective functionalization of aryl azoles as powerful tool for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant targets. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4443. [PMID: 32895371 PMCID: PMC7477575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl azole scaffolds are present in a wide range of pharmaceutically relevant molecules. Their ortho-selective metalation at the aryl ring is challenging, due to the competitive metalation of the more acidic heterocycle. Seeking a practical access to a key Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) intermediate currently in development, we investigated the metalation of 1-aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles and other related heterocycles with sterically hindered metal-amide bases. We report here a room temperature and highly regioselective ortho-magnesiation of several aryl azoles using a tailored magnesium amide, TMPMgBu (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) in hydrocarbon solvents followed by an efficient Pd-catalyzed arylation. This scalable and selective reaction allows variation of the initial substitution pattern of the aryl ring, the nature of the azole moiety, as well as the nature of the electrophile. This versatile method can be applied to the synthesis of bioactive azole derivatives and complements existing metal-mediated ortho-functionalizations. Aryl azoles are common scaffolds in pharmaceutically relevant molecules. Here, the authors report the mild and highly regioselective ortho magnesiation of aryl azoles using a tailored magnesium amide base in hydrocarbon solvents followed by an efficient Pd-catalyzed arylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand H Lutter
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Lucie Grokenberger
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Luca Alessandro Perego
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Hochstrasse 201, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Diego Broggini
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Hochstrasse 201, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Lemaire
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Simon Wagschal
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Hochstrasse 201, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany.
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12
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Grams S, Eyselein J, Langer J, Färber C, Harder S. Boosting Low-Valent Aluminum(I) Reactivity with a Potassium Reagent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15982-15986. [PMID: 32449816 PMCID: PMC7540686 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The reagent RK [R=CH(SiMe3 )2 or N(SiMe3 )2 ] was expected to react with the low-valent (DIPP BDI)Al (DIPP BDI=HC[C(Me)N(DIPP)]2 , DIPP=2,6-iPr-phenyl) to give [(DIPP BDI)AlR]- K+ . However, deprotonation of the Me group in the ligand backbone was observed and [H2 C=C(N-DIPP)-C(H)=C(Me)-N-DIPP]Al- K+ (1) crystallized as a bright-yellow product (73 %). Like most anionic AlI complexes, 1 forms a dimer in which formally negatively charged Al centers are bridged by K+ ions, showing strong K+ ⋅⋅⋅DIPP interactions. The rather short Al-K bonds [3.499(1)-3.588(1) Å] indicate tight bonding of the dimer. According to DOSY NMR analysis, 1 is dimeric in C6 H6 and monomeric in THF, but slowly reacts with both solvents. In reaction with C6 H6 , two C-H bond activations are observed and a product with a para-phenylene moiety was exclusively isolated. DFT calculations confirm that the Al center in 1 is more reactive than that in (DIPP BDI)Al. Calculations show that both AlI and K+ work in concert and determines the reactivity of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Grams
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jonathan Eyselein
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jens Langer
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christian Färber
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
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13
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Balkenhohl M, Jangra H, Makarov IS, Yang S, Zipse H, Knochel P. A Predictive Model Towards Site-Selective Metalations of Functionalized Heterocycles, Arenes, Olefins, and Alkanes using TMPZnCl⋅LiCl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14992-14999. [PMID: 32400069 PMCID: PMC7497272 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of a predictive model towards site-selective deprotometalation reactions using TMPZnCl⋅LiCl is reported (TMP=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl). The pKa values of functionalized N-, S-, and O-heterocycles, arenes, alkenes, or alkanes were calculated and compared to the experimental deprotonation sites. Large overlap (>80 %) between the calculated and empirical deprotonation sites was observed, showing that thermodynamic factors strongly govern the metalation regioselectivity. In the case of olefins, calculated frozen state energies of the deprotonated substrates allowed a more accurate prediction. Additionally, various new N-heterocycles were analyzed and the metalation regioselectivities rationalized using the predictive model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Harish Jangra
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Ilya S. Makarov
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Shu‐Mei Yang
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) Normal University88, Sec. 4, Tingchow RoadTaipei11677Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
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14
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Balkenhohl M, Jangra H, Makarov IS, Yang S, Zipse H, Knochel P. A Predictive Model Towards Site‐Selective Metalations of Functionalized Heterocycles, Arenes, Olefins, and Alkanes using TMPZnCl⋅LiCl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Harish Jangra
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Ilya S. Makarov
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Shu‐Mei Yang
- Department of Chemistry National (Taiwan) Normal University 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
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15
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Du LJ, Zhang Y, Zhang HY, Yin G, Wang XY, Zhao J, Han YP. Synthesis of 1,6-Dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile Derivatives via Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Annulation of Propargylic Alcohols with ( E)-3-Amino-3-phenylacrylonitriles. J Org Chem 2020; 85:9863-9875. [PMID: 32666794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel Lewis acid-catalyzed, highly efficient, practical, and atom-economical protocol for the synthesis of functionalized 1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives in the presence of Bi(OTf)3 (10 mol %) in tetrahydrofuran (2.0 mL) at 80 °C for 8 h in air is described, starting from readily accessed propargylic alcohols and (E)-3-amino-3-phenylacrylonitriles. This cycloaddition protocol, which is scalable and proceeds under mild conditions, is amenable to the gram-scale construction of valuable 1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitriles. Furthermore, the good functional group compatibility and broad scope of this strategy were demonstrated by a broad range of propargylic alcohols and (E)-3-amino-3-phenylacrylonitriles, with yields ranging from 34 to 96%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Du
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Yuecheng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Guohui Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Jiquan Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ping Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
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16
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Grams S, Eyselein J, Langer J, Färber C, Harder S. Boosting Low‐Valent Aluminum(I) Reactivity with a Potassium Reagent. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Grams
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jonathan Eyselein
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian Färber
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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17
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Varga S, Angyal P, Martin G, Egyed O, Holczbauer T, Soós T. Total Syntheses of (−)‐Minovincine and (−)‐Aspidofractinine through a Sequence of Cascade Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Szilárd Varga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Research Centre for Natural Sciences 2 Magyar tudósok krt. 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Péter Angyal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Research Centre for Natural Sciences 2 Magyar tudósok krt. 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Gábor Martin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Research Centre for Natural Sciences 2 Magyar tudósok krt. 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Orsolya Egyed
- Instrumentation Center Research Centre for Natural Sciences 2 Magyar tudósok krt. 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Tamás Holczbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Research Centre for Natural Sciences 2 Magyar tudósok krt. 1117 Budapest Hungary
- Instrumentation Center Research Centre for Natural Sciences 2 Magyar tudósok krt. 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Tibor Soós
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Research Centre for Natural Sciences 2 Magyar tudósok krt. 1117 Budapest Hungary
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18
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Varga S, Angyal P, Martin G, Egyed O, Holczbauer T, Soós T. Total Syntheses of (-)-Minovincine and (-)-Aspidofractinine through a Sequence of Cascade Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13547-13551. [PMID: 32351014 PMCID: PMC7497198 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report 8‐step syntheses of (−)‐minovincine and (−)‐aspidofractinine using easily available and inexpensive reagents and catalyst. A key element of the strategy was the utilization of a sequence of cascade reactions to rapidly construct the penta‐ and hexacyclic frameworks. These cascade transformations included organocatalytic Michael‐aldol condensation, a multistep anionic Michael‐SN2 cascade reaction, and Mannich reaction interrupted Fischer indolization. To streamline the synthetic routes, we also investigated the deliberate use of steric effect to secure various chemo‐ and regioselective transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilárd Varga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok krt., 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Angyal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok krt., 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Martin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok krt., 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Egyed
- Instrumentation Center, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok krt., 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Holczbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok krt., 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Instrumentation Center, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok krt., 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Soós
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok krt., 1117, Budapest, Hungary
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19
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Abstract
For the preparation of zinc organometallics bearing highly sensitive functional groups such as ketones, aldehydes or nitro groups, especially mild halogen-zinc exchange reagents have proven to be of great potential. In this Minireview, the latest research in the area of the halogen-zinc exchange reaction is reported, with a special focus lying on novel dialkylzinc reagents complexed with lithium alkoxides. Additionally, the preparation and application of organofluorine zinc reagents and transition-metal-catalyzed halogen-zinc exchange reactions are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Department Chemie und PharmazieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie und PharmazieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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