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Zhao K, Jiang X, Wu X, Feng H, Wang X, Wan Y, Wang Z, Yan N. Recent development and applications of differential electrochemical mass spectrometry in emerging energy conversion and storage solutions. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6917-6959. [PMID: 38836324 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00840a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical energy conversion and storage are playing an increasingly important role in shaping the sustainable future. Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) offers an operando and cost-effective tool to monitor the evolution of gaseous/volatile intermediates and products during these processes. It can deliver potential-, time-, mass- and space-resolved signals which facilitate the understanding of reaction kinetics. In this review, we show the latest developments and applications of DEMS in various energy-related electrochemical reactions from three distinct perspectives. (I) What is DEMS addresses the working principles and key components of DEMS, highlighting the new and distinct instrumental configurations for different applications. (II) How to use DEMS tackles practical matters including the electrochemical test protocols, quantification of both potential and mass signals, and error analysis. (III) Where to apply DEMS is the focus of this review, dealing with concrete examples and unique values of DEMS studies in both energy conversion applications (CO2 reduction, water electrolysis, carbon corrosion, N-related catalysis, electrosynthesis, fuel cells, photo-electrocatalysis and beyond) and energy storage applications (Li-ion batteries and beyond, metal-air batteries, supercapacitors and flow batteries). The recent development of DEMS-hyphenated techniques and the outlook of the DEMS technique are discussed at the end. As DEMS celebrates its 40th anniversary in 2024, we hope this review can offer electrochemistry researchers a comprehensive understanding of the latest developments of DEMS and will inspire them to tackle emerging scientific questions using DEMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xiaoyi Jiang
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Haozhou Feng
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xiude Wang
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Yuyan Wan
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Ning Yan
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
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Platek-Mielczarek A, Piwek J, Frackowiak E, Fic K. Ambiguous Role of Cations in the Long-Term Performance of Electrochemical Capacitors with Aqueous Electrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:23860-23874. [PMID: 37142329 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive comparison of electrochemical capacitors (ECs) with various aqueous alkali metal sulfate solutions (Li2SO4, Na2SO4, Rb2SO4, and Cs2SO4) is reported. The EC with a less conductive 1 mol L-1 Li2SO4 solution demonstrates the best long-term performance (214 h floating test) compared to the EC with a highly conductive 1 mol L-1 Cs2SO4 solution (200 h). Both the positive and negative EC electrodes are affected by extensive oxidation and hydrogen electrosorption, respectively, during the aging process, as proven by the SBET fade. Interestingly, carbonate formation is observed as a minor cause of aging. Two strategies for optimizing sulfate-based ECs are proposed. In the first approach, Li2SO4 solutions with the pH adjusted to 3, 7, and 11 are investigated. The sulfate solution alkalization inhibits subsequent redox reactions, and as a result, EC performance is successfully enhanced. The second approach exploits so-called bication electrolytic solutions based on a mixture of Li2SO4 and Na2SO4 at an equal concentration. This concept allows the operational time to be significantly prolonged, up to 648 h (+200% compared to 1 mol L-1 Li2SO4). Therefore, two successful pathways for improving sulfate-based ECs are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anetta Platek-Mielczarek
- Laboratory for Multiphase Thermofluidics and Surface Nanoengineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Justyna Piwek
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Frackowiak
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Fic
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Slesinski A, Sroka S, Fic K, Frackowiak E, Menzel J. Operando Monitoring of Local pH Value Changes at the Carbon Electrode Surface in Neutral Sulfate-Based Aqueous Electrochemical Capacitors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37782-37792. [PMID: 35946232 PMCID: PMC9412948 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The operando monitoring of pH during the charging and discharging of an electrochemical capacitor in an aqueous neutral salt solution is presented. Proper knowledge of transient and limiting pH values allows for a better understanding of the phenomena that take place during capacitor operation. It also enables the proper assignment of the reaction potentials responsible for water decomposition. It is shown that the pH inside the capacitor is strongly potential-dependent and different for individual electrodes; therefore, the values of the evolution potentials of hydrogen and oxygen cannot be precisely calculated based only on the initial pH of the electrolyte. The operando measurements indicate that the pH at the positive electrode reaches 4, while at the negative electrode, it is 8.5, which in theory could shift the theoretical operating voltage well beyond 1.23 V. On the other hand, high voltage cannot be easily maintained since the electrolyte of both electrode vicinities is subjected to mixing. Operando gas monitoring measurements show that the evolution of electrolysis byproducts occurs even below the theoretical decomposition voltage. These reactions are important in maintaining a voltage-advantaged pH difference within the cell. At the same time, the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurements indicated that the ions governing the pH (OH-) that initially accumulated in the vicinity of the positive electrode enter the carbon porosity, losing their pH-governing abilities. pH fluctuations in the cell are important and play a vital role in the description of its performance during the cyclability at a given voltage. This is especially noticeable in cell floating at 1.3 V, where the pH difference between electrodes is the highest (6 units). The increase of the electrode separation distance acts similarly to the introduction of a semipermeable membrane toward the increase of the capacitor cycle life. During floating at 1.6 V, where the pH difference is not as high anymore (4 units), the influence of separation in terms of electrode stability, although present, is less notable.
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Zuo W, Zang L, Liu Q, Qiu J, Lan M, Yang C. A quasi-solid-state supercapacitor based on waste surgical masks with high flexibility and designable shape. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Huang Y, Weng M, Gong Q, Du K, Wang D, Zhang S, Wu C, Zhao M, Zhuang D, Zhu H, Nan CW. Degeneration of Key Structural Components Resulting in Ageing of Supercapacitors and the Related Chemical Ageing Mechanism. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:39379-39393. [PMID: 34374282 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The research on supercapacitors (SCs) is one of the hot topics in the field of energy storage, and the intrinsic ageing mechanism of SCs is significant from both the economic and the scientific point of view. In this paper, the negative effects of decay of the key structural components on ageing of SCs were investigated by factorial design and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ANOVA results showed that the degree of the negative influence on ageing of SCs could be ranked in descending order as anode > separator > cathode. The ageing would be accelerated due to the interaction between the electrode and separator, especially at a high charge-discharge current density. Further, the intrinsic chemical ageing mechanism of SCs was revealed by the morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition analyses of the fresh and aged key components (the electrode carbon materials, current collectors, and separators) with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), etc. Moreover, the minimum pore width of electrode carbon materials suitable for electrolyte ion diffusion was obtained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which corroborated the assumption that the pore structure deterioration was one of the direct causes of capacitance loss for aged SCs. Generally, the ageing mechanism of key components of SCs could be a reference to develop advanced electrode materials and separators for SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Mouyi Weng
- School of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Nanjing Long-Xun Quantum Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 211800, P. R. China
| | - Qianming Gong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Kai Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Dazhi Wang
- Beijing HCC Energy Technol Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, P. R. China
| | - Shijun Zhang
- SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Changjiang Wu
- SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100013, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Daming Zhuang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- State Key Lab New Ceram & Fine Proc, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Okhay O, Tkach A, Staiti P, Lufrano F. Long term durability of solid-state supercapacitor based on reduced graphene oxide aerogel and carbon nanotubes composite electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ahadi S, Awan SI, Werz DB. Total Synthesis of Tri-, Hexa- and Heptasaccharidic Substructures of the O-Polysaccharide of Providencia rustigianii O34. Chemistry 2020; 26:6264-6270. [PMID: 32092205 PMCID: PMC7318715 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A general and efficient strategy for synthesis of tri-, hexa- and heptasaccharidic substructures of the lipopolysaccharide of Providencia rustigianii O34 is described. For the heptasaccharide seven different building blocks were employed. Special features of the structures are an α-linked galactosamine and the two embedded α-fucose units, which are either branched at positions-3 and -4 or further linked at their 2-position. Convergent strategies focused on [4+3], [3+4], and [4+2+1] couplings. Whereas the [4+3] and [3+4] coupling strategies failed the [4+2+1] strategy was successful. As monosaccharidic building blocks trichloroacetimidates and phosphates were employed. Global deprotection of the fully protected structures was achieved by Birch reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Ahadi
- Technische Universität BraunschweigInstitute of Organic ChemistryHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Shahid I. Awan
- Georg-August-Universität GöttingenInstitute of Organic and Biomolecular ChemistryTammannstraße 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Daniel B. Werz
- Technische Universität BraunschweigInstitute of Organic ChemistryHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
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