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Gámez-Valenzuela S, Li J, Ma S, Jeong SY, Woo HY, Feng K, Guo X. High-Performance n-Type Organic Thermoelectrics with Exceptional Conductivity by Polymer-Dopant Matching. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408537. [PMID: 38973771 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Achieving high electrical conductivity (σ) and power factor (PF) simultaneously remains a significant challenge for n-type organic themoelectrics (OTEs). Herein, we demonstrate the state-of-the-art OTEs performance through blending a fused bithiophene imide dimer-based polymer f-BTI2g-SVSCN and its selenophene-substituted analogue f-BSeI2g-SVSCN with a julolidine-functionalized benzimidazoline n-dopant JLBI, vis-à-vis when blended with commercially available n-dopants TAM and N-DMBI. The advantages of introducing a more lipophilic julolidine group into the dopant structure of JLBI are evidenced by the enhanced OTEs performance that JLBI-doped films show when compared to those doped with N-DMBI or TAM. In fact, thanks to the enhanced intermolecular interactions and the lower-lying LUMO level enabled by the increase of selenophene content in polymer backbone, JLBI-doped films of f-BSeI2g-SVSCN exhibit a unprecedent σ of 206 S cm-1 and a PF of 114 μW m-1 K-2. Interestingly, σ can be further enhanced up to 326 S cm-1 by using TAM dopant as a consequence of its favorable diffusion behavior into densely packed crystalline domains. These values are the highest to date for solution-processed molecularly n-doped polymers, demonstrating the effectiveness of the polymer-dopant matching approach carried out in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gámez-Valenzuela
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Suxiang Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Anamro 145, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Anamro 145, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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2
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Tang H, Liang Y, Yang CY, Luo X, Yu J, Zhang K, Fabiano S, Huang F. Polyethylene glycol-decorated n-type conducting polymers with improved ion accessibility for high-performance organic electrochemical transistors. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 39188189 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00979g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
High-performance n-type organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) are essential for advancing complementary circuits based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Despite significant progress, current n-type OMIECs often exhibit lower transconductance and slower response times compared to their p-type counterparts, limiting the development of OECT-based complementary circuits. Optimizing the conjugated backbone and side chain structures of OMIECs is critical for enhancing both ion and electron transport efficiencies while maintaining a delicate balance between the two. In this study, hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) side chains were incorporated into the highly conductive n-type polymer poly(3,7-dihydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']difuran-2,6-dione) (PBFDO) backbone to achieve this goal. The incorporation of PEG chains improved ion accessibility, and by adjusting the PEG content, the electronic and ionic transport properties were fine-tuned, ultimately enhancing the performance of OECTs and related p-n complementary circuits. The n-type OECTs based on PBFDO-PEG50wt% demonstrated exceptional transfer characteristics, including a transient response time (τON) as low as 72 μs, a high geometry-normalized transconductance exceeding 400 S cm-1, and an impressive μC* value surpassing 720 F cm-1 V-1 s-1. Notably, the use of PBFDO-PEG50wt% in a complementary inverter resulted in a voltage gain of 20 V/V, more than five times higher than that achieved with unmodified PBFDO (<4 V/V). These findings highlight the importance of balancing electron and ion transport characteristics in OMIECs to achieve high performance in OECTs and their associated circuits, and they validate PEG decoration as an effective approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Tang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yuanying Liang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Guangdong Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510335, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Xi Luo
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jiangkai Yu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Energy & Information Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Wu X, He Q, Zhou Z, Tam TLD, Tang C, Lin M, Moser M, Griggs S, Marks A, Chen S, Xu J, McCulloch I, Leong WL. Stable n-Type Perylene Derivative Ladder Polymer with Antiambipolarity for Electrically Reconfigurable Organic Logic Gates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308823. [PMID: 38531078 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are one of the promising building blocks to realize next-generation bioelectronics. To date, however, the performance and signal processing capabilities of these devices remain limited by their stability and speed. Herein, the authors demonstrate stable and fast n-type organic electrochemical transistors based on a side-chain-free ladder polymer, poly(benzimidazoanthradiisoquinolinedione). The device demonstrated fast normalized transient speed of 0.56 ± 0.17 ms um-2 and excellent long-term stability in aqueous electrolytes, with no significant drop in its doping current after 50 000 successive doping/dedoping cycles and 2-month storage at ambient conditions. These unique characteristics make this polymer especially suitable for bioelectronics, such as being used as a pull-down channel in a complementary inverter for long-term stable detection of electrophysiological signals. Moreover, the developed device shows a reversible anti-ambipolar behavior, enabling reconfigurable electronics to be realized using a single material. These results go beyond the conventional OECT and demonstrate the potential of OECTs to exhibit dynamically configurable functionalities for next-generation reconfigurable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihu Wu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Qiang He
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemical, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
| | - Zhongliang Zhou
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Teck Lip Dexter Tam
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemical, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
| | - Cindy Tang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ming Lin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Sophie Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemical, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, 08544, USA
| | - Wei Lin Leong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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4
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Zhang T, Chen Z, Zhang W, Wang L, Yu G. Recent Progress of Fluorinated Conjugated Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403961. [PMID: 38830614 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, conjugated polymers have received widespread attention due to their characteristic advantages of light weight, favorable solution processability, and structural modifiability. Among various conjugated polymers, fluorinated ones have developed rapidly to achieve high-performance n-type or ambipolar polymeric semiconductors. The uniqueness of fluorinated conjugated polymers contains the high coplanarity of their structures, lower frontier molecular orbital energy levels, and strong nonbonding interactions. In this review, first the fluorinated building blocks, including fluorinated benzene and thiophene rings, fluorinated B←N bridged units, and fluoroalkyl side chains are summarized. Subsequently, different synthetic methods of fluorinated conjugated polymers are described, with a special focus on their respective advantages and disadvantages. Then, with these numerous fluorinated structures and appropriate synthetic methods bear in mind, the properties and applications of the fluorinated conjugated polymers, such as cyclopentadithiophene-, amide-, and imide-based polymers, and B←N embedded polymers, are systematically discussed. The introduction of fluorine atoms can further enhance the electron-deficiency of the backbone, influencing the charge carrier transport performance. The promising fluorinated conjugated polymers are applied widely in organic field-effect transistors, organic solar cells, organic thermoelectric devices, and other organic opto-electric devices. Finally, the outlook on the challenges and future development of fluorinated conjugated polymers is systematically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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5
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Pan T, Jiang X, van Doremaele ERW, Li J, van der Pol TPA, Yan C, Ye G, Liu J, Hong W, Chiechi RC, van de Burgt Y, Zhang Y. Over 60 h of Stable Water-Operation for N-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Fast Response and Ambipolarity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400872. [PMID: 38810112 PMCID: PMC11304290 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are of great interest in low-power bioelectronics and neuromorphic computing, as they utilize organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) to transduce ionic signals into electrical signals. However, the poor environmental stability of OMIEC materials significantly restricts the practical application of OECTs. Therefore, the non-fused planar naphthalenediimide (NDI)-dialkoxybithiazole (2Tz) copolymers are fine-tuned through varying ethylene glycol (EG) side chain lengths from tri(ethylene glycol) to hexa(ethylene glycol) (namely P-XO, X = 3-6) to achieve OECTs with high-stability and low threshold voltage. As a result, the NDI-2Tz copolymers exhibit ambipolarity, rapid response (<10 ms), and ultra-high n-type stability. Notably, the P-6O copolymers display a threshold voltage as low as 0.27 V. They can operate in n-type mode in an aqueous solution for over 60 h, maintaining an on-off ratio of over 105. This work sheds light on the design of exceptional n-type/ambipolar materials for OECTs. It demonstrates the potential of incorporating these ambipolar polymers into water-operational integrated circuits for long-term biosensing systems and energy-efficient brain-inspired computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Pan
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies) & IKKEM & State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Xinnian Jiang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies) & IKKEM & State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Eveline R. W. van Doremaele
- MicrosystemsDepartment of Mechanical Engineering & Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
| | - Junyu Li
- Sinopec Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical TechnologyShanghai201028P. R. China
| | - Tom P. A. van der Pol
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
| | - Chenshuai Yan
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies) & IKKEM & State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Gang Ye
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional MaterialsHubei Key Laboratory of Polymer MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringHubei UniversityYouyi Road 368Wuhan430062P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunJilin130022P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Hong
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies) & IKKEM & State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
| | - Ryan C. Chiechi
- Department of Chemistry & Organic and Carbon Electronics ClusterNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐8204USA
| | - Yoeri van de Burgt
- MicrosystemsDepartment of Mechanical Engineering & Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
| | - Yanxi Zhang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies) & IKKEM & State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005P. R. China
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6
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Zhang L, Kuang Y, Ye G, Liu J. Tailoring the Density of State of n-Type Conjugated Polymers through Solvent Engineering for Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:39693-39700. [PMID: 39038079 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with ethylene glycol-type side chains are commonly used as channel materials in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). To improve the performance of these materials, new chemical structures are often created through synthetic routines. Herein, we demonstrate that the OECT performance of these polymers can also be improved by changing their density-of-state (DOS) profile through solvent engineering. Depending on the solvent polarity, it solvates the backbone and side chains of the conjugated polymer differently, leading to differences in molecule orientation, π-stacking paracrystallinity, and film defects, such as grain boundaries and pinholes. This then results in a change in the DOS profile of the polymer. A more intense and narrow-width DOS distribution is usually observed in organic films with an "edge on" orientation and fewer film defects, while films with a "face on" orientation and apparent defects show a broadened DOS profile. The OECT devices that use the polymer film with a more intense and narrow-width DOS profile exhibit a better-normalized transconductance and figure-of-merit μC* than those with a broadened DOS profile (0.74 to 4.29 S cm-1 and 3.5 to 14.3 F cm-1 V-1 s-1). This study provides useful insights into how the DOS profile affects the mixed ionic-electronic conduction performance and presents a new avenue for improving n-type OECT materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yazhuo Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Gang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry & Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P.R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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7
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Hou X, Gao X, Yang P, Niu Q, Liu Q, Yang X. Signal Modulation Induced by a Hole Transfer Layer Participant Photoactive Gate: A Highly Sensitive Organic Photoelectrochemical Transistor Sensing Platform. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11083-11091. [PMID: 38924704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
It is urgent to pursue appropriate gate photoactive materials for gate-to-channel signal modulation to achieve superior transconductance performances of organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) sensors. Notably, a hole transfer layer (HTL) participant CdZnS/sulfur-doped Ti3C2 MXene (S-MXene) gate was designed and developed in this work, which exhibited a remarkable signal modulation performance by up to 3 orders of magnitude. Because of the incorporation of S-MXene with an enhanced electrical conductivity as the effective HTL, the signal modulation capabilities of the CdZnS/S-MXene photoactive gate were superior to those of CdZnS and CdZnS/MXene. This incorporation inhibited the recombination of the interfacial charge and facilitated the transfer of photogenerated holes, thus enhancing the photoelectric conversion performance. This enhancement facilitated fast electron transfer with a larger effective photovoltage to augment the dedoping ability of channel ions. Based on these findings, an aptasensing platform that exhibited good performance was constructed using the proposed OPECT device, with ofloxacin as a model target and an aptamer for specific recognition. The developed OPECT aptasensor had various advantages, including a high sensitivity, good linear range (1.0 × 10-13 to 1.0 × 10-6 M), and low limit of detection (3.3 × 10-15 M). This study provided a proof-of-concept for the generalized development of HTL participant gates for OPECT sensors and other related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Hou
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Peilin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Qijian Niu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yang
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai 200030, China
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8
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Kong Y, Wang S, Li Y, Pan G, Bulut Y, Zhang S, Chai G, Wu Z, Qin H, Fan W, Liu Q, Wei Z, Woo HY, Müller-Buschbaum P, Roth SV, Zhang Q, Ma W. Donor-Acceptor Copolymer with a Linear Backbone Induced Ordered and Robust Doping Morphology for Efficient and Stable Organic Electrochemical Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:33885-33896. [PMID: 38888910 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Donor (D)-acceptor (A) copolymer-based organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) exhibit intrinsic environmental stability for they have tailored energy levels. However, their figure-of-merit (μC*) is still falling behind the D-D polymers because of morphology deterioration during the electrochemical doping process. Herein, we developed two D-A copolymers with precisely regulated backbone curvature, namely PTBT-P and PTTBT-P. Compared to the curved PTBT-P and previously reported copolymers, PTTBT-P better keeps its backbone linear, leading to a long-range ordered doping morphology, which is revealed by the in operando X-ray technique. This optimized doping morphology enables a significantly improved operando charge mobility (μ) of 2.44 cm2 V-1 s-1 and a μC* value of 342 F cm-1 V-1 s-1, one of the highest values in D-A copolymer based on OECTs. Besides, we fabricated PTTBT-P-based electrochemical random-access memories and achieved ideal and robust conductance modulation. This study highlights the critical role of backbone curvature control in the optimization of doping morphology for efficient and robust organic electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Kong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Guangjiu Pan
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yusuf Bulut
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Guobi Chai
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongmei Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Wu Fan
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Qingwen Liu
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zonhan Wei
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qidong Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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9
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Liu H, Song J, Zhao Z, Zhao S, Tian Z, Yan F. Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Biomarker Detections. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305347. [PMID: 38263718 PMCID: PMC11251571 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The improvement of living standards and the advancement of medical technology have led to an increased focus on health among individuals. Detections of biomarkers are feasible approaches to obtaining information about health status, disease progression, and response to treatment of an individual. In recent years, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have demonstrated high electrical performances and effectiveness in detecting various types of biomarkers. This review provides an overview of the working principles of OECTs and their performance in detecting multiple types of biomarkers, with a focus on the recent advances and representative applications of OECTs in wearable and implantable biomarker detections, and provides a perspective for the future development of OECT-based biomarker sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Song
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Sanqing Zhao
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Tian
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied PhysicsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable SystemsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHung HomKowloonHong Kong999077P. R. China
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10
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Song J, Liu H, Zhao Z, Lin P, Yan F. Flexible Organic Transistors for Biosensing: Devices and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2300034. [PMID: 36853083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable biosensors can offer seamless and conformable biological-electronic interfaces for continuously acquiring high-fidelity signals, permitting numerous emerging applications. Organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) are ideal transducers for flexible and stretchable biosensing due to their soft nature, inherent amplification function, biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, low cost, and device diversity. In consideration of the rapid advances in flexible-OTFT-based biosensors and their broad applications, herein, a timely and comprehensive review is provided. It starts with a detailed introduction to the features of various OTFTs including organic field-effect transistors and organic electrochemical transistors, and the functionalization strategies for biosensing, with a highlight on the seminal work and up-to-date achievements. Then, the applications of flexible-OTFT-based biosensors in wearable, implantable, and portable electronics, as well as neuromorphic biointerfaces are detailed. Subsequently, special attention is paid to emerging stretchable organic transistors including planar and fibrous devices. The routes to impart stretchability, including structural engineering and material engineering, are discussed, and the implementations of stretchable organic transistors in e-skin and smart textiles are included. Finally, the remaining challenges and the future opportunities in this field are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Song
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Peng Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials and Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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11
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Lai Y, Cheng J, Xie M, Chen J, Zhu G, Huang W, Feng LW. Precisely Patterned Channels in a Vertical Organic Electrochemical Transistor with a Diazirine Photo-Crosslinker. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401773. [PMID: 38429971 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) rely on both efficient ionic doping/de-doping process and carrier transport in the mixed ionic-electronic channel under the modulation of gate bias. Moreover, channels that hold photopatterning capability are highly desired to minimize parasitic capacitance and simplify the fabrication process/cost. However, yielding photo-patternable channels with both precise/robust patterning capability and controllable ionic-electronic coupling is still challenging. Herein, double-end trifluoromethyl diazirines (DtFDA) with different chain lengths are introduced in the OECT channel to act as both photo-crosslinker and medium to regulate ionic-electronic transport. Specifically, high-resolution patterns with a minimum line width/gap of 2 μm are realized in p(g2T-T) or Homo-gDPP based channels by introducing DtFDA. Maximum transconductances of 68.6 mS and 81.6 mS, current on/off ratio of 106 and 107 (under a drain voltage of only ±0.1 V), are achieved in p- and n-type vertical OECTs (vOECTs), respectively, along with current densities exceeding 1 kA cm-2 and good cycling stability of more than 100,000 cycles (2000 seconds). This work provides a new and facile strategy for the fabrication of vOECT channels with high resolution and high performance via the introduction of a simple and efficient crosslinker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Lai
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Miao Xie
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Guichuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Liang-Wen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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12
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Surgailis J, Flagg LQ, Richter LJ, Druet V, Griggs S, Wu X, Moro S, Ohayon D, Kousseff CJ, Marks A, Maria IP, Chen H, Moser M, Costantini G, McCulloch I, Inal S. The Role of Side Chains and Hydration on Mixed Charge Transport in n-Type Polymer Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313121. [PMID: 38554042 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Introducing ethylene glycol (EG) side chains to a conjugated polymer backbone is a well-established synthetic strategy for designing organic mixed ion-electron conductors (OMIECs). However, the impact that film swelling has on mixed conduction properties has yet to be scoped, particularly for electron-transporting (n-type) OMIECs. Here, the authors investigate the effect of the length of branched EG chains on mixed charge transport of n-type OMIECs based on a naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic-diimide-bithiophene backbone. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are used to establish the similarities between the common-backbone films in dry conditions. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EQCM-D) and in situ GIWAXS measurements reveal stark changes in film swelling properties and microstructure during electrochemical doping, depending on the side chain length. It is found that even in the loss of the crystallite content upon contact with the aqueous electrolyte, the films can effectively transport charges and that it is rather the high water content that harms the electronic interconnectivity within the OMIEC films. These results highlight the importance of controlling water uptake in the films to impede charge transport in n-type electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jokūbas Surgailis
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Lab, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lucas Q Flagg
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Materials Science and Engineering Division, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Lee J Richter
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Materials Science and Engineering Division, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Lab, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophie Griggs
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Xiaocui Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Stefania Moro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Lab, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christina J Kousseff
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Adam Marks
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Iuliana P Maria
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Hu Chen
- KAUST, KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maximilian Moser
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Giovanni Costantini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- University of Oxford, Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
- KAUST, KAUST Solar Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, Organic Bioelectronics Lab, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Zeglio E, Wang Y, Jain S, Lin Y, Avila Ramirez AE, Feng K, Guo X, Ose H, Mozolevskis G, Mawad D, Yue W, Hamedi MM, Herland A. Mixing Insulating Commodity Polymers with Semiconducting n-type Polymers Enables High-Performance Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2302624. [PMID: 38431796 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Diluting organic semiconductors with a host insulating polymer is used to increase the electronic mobility in organic electronic devices, such as thin film transistors, while considerably reducing material costs. In contrast to organic electronics, bioelectronic devices such as the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) rely on both electronic and ionic mobility for efficient operation, making it challenging to integrate hydrophobic polymers as the predominant blend component. This work shows that diluting the n-type conjugated polymer p(N-T) with high molecular weight polystyrene (10 KDa) leads to OECTs with over three times better mobility-volumetric capacitance product (µC*) with respect to the pristine p(N-T) (from 4.3 to 13.4 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 ) while drastically decreasing the amount of conjugated polymer (six times less). This improvement in µC* is due to a dramatic increase in electronic mobility by two orders of magnitude, from 0.059 to 1.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 for p(N-T):Polystyrene 10 KDa 1:6. Moreover, devices made with this polymer blend show better stability, retaining 77% of the initial drain current after 60 minutes operation in contrast to 12% for pristine p(N-T). These results open a new generation of low-cost organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors where the bulk of the film is made by a commodity polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Zeglio
- AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, 171 77, Sweden
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 114 18, Sweden
- Digital Futures, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Yazhou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Saumey Jain
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, Department of Intelligent Systems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| | - Yunfan Lin
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
| | - Alan Eduardo Avila Ramirez
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
| | - Kui Feng
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Helena Ose
- Micro and nanodevices laboratory, Institute of Solid-State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Str., Riga, LV-1063, Latvia
| | - Gatis Mozolevskis
- Micro and nanodevices laboratory, Institute of Solid-State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Str., Riga, LV-1063, Latvia
| | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Wan Yue
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 114 18, Sweden
| | - Mahiar Max Hamedi
- Digital Futures, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| | - Anna Herland
- AIMES-Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, 171 77, Sweden
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
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14
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Huang Z, Li P, Lei Y, Deng XY, Chen YN, Tian S, Pan X, Lei X, Song C, Zheng Y, Wang JY, Zhang Z, Lei T. Azonia-Naphthalene: A Cationic Hydrophilic Building Block for Stable N-Type Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313260. [PMID: 37938169 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers that can efficiently transport both ionic and electronic charges have broad applications in next-generation optoelectronic, bioelectronic, and energy storage devices. To date, almost all the conjugated polymers have hydrophobic backbones, which impedes efficient ion diffusion/transport in aqueous media. Here, we design and synthesize a novel hydrophilic polymer building block, 4a-azonia-naphthalene (AN), drawing inspiration from biological systems. Because of the strong electron-withdrawing ability of AN, the AN-based polymers show typical n-type charge transport behaviors. We find that cationic aromatics exhibit strong cation-π interactions, leading to smaller π-π stacking distance, interesting ion diffusion behavior, and good morphology stability. Additionally, AN enhances the hydrophilicity and ionic-electronic coupling of the polymer, which can help to improve ion diffusion/injection speed, and operational stability of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). The integration of cationic building blocks will undoubtedly enrich the material library for high-performance n-type conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Peiyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuqiu Lei
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin-Yu Deng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu-Nan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuangyan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiran Pan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xun Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Cheng Song
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuting Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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15
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Jo IY, Jeong D, Moon Y, Lee D, Lee S, Choi JG, Nam D, Kim JH, Cho J, Cho S, Kim DY, Ahn H, Kim BJ, Yoon MH. High-Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors Achieved by Optimizing Structural and Energetic Ordering of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307402. [PMID: 37989225 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
For optimizing steady-state performance in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), both molecular design and structural alignment approaches must work in tandem to minimize energetic and microstructural disorders in polymeric mixed ionic-electronic conductor films. Herein, a series of poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole)s bearing various lengths of aliphatic-glycol hybrid side chains (PDPP-mEG; m = 2-5) is developed to achieve high-performance p-type OECTs. PDPP-4EG polymer with the optimized length of side chains exhibits excellent crystallinity owing to enhanced lamellar and backbone interactions. Furthermore, the improved structural ordering in PDPP-4EG films significantly decreases trap state density and energetic disorder. Consequently, PDPP-4EG-based OECT devices produce a mobility-volumetric capacitance product ([µC*]) of 702 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 and a hole mobility of 6.49 ± 0.60 cm2 V-1 s-1 . Finally, for achieving the optimal structural ordering along the OECT channel direction, a floating film transfer method is employed to reinforce the unidirectional orientation of polymer chains, leading to a substantially increased figure-of-merit [µC*] to over 800 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 . The research demonstrates the importance of side chain engineering of polymeric mixed ionic-electronic conductors in conjunction with their anisotropic microstructural optimization to maximize OECT characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Young Jo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yina Moon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongchan Lee
- Department of Physics and EHSRC, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gyu Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyeon Nam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhan Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinuk Cho
- Department of Physics and EHSRC, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - HyungJu Ahn
- Industrial Technology Convergence Center, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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16
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Yang W, Feng K, Ma S, Liu B, Wang Y, Ding R, Jeong SY, Woo HY, Chan PKL, Guo X. High-Performance n-Type Polymeric Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors: The Impacts of Halogen Functionalization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305416. [PMID: 37572077 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing high-performance n-type polymer mixed ionic-electronic conductors (PMIECs) is a grand challenge, which largely determines their applications in vaious organic electronic devices, such as organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and organic thermoelectrics (OTEs). Herein, two halogen-functionalized PMIECs f-BTI2g-TVTF and f-BTI2g-TVTCl built from fused bithiophene imide dimer (f-BTI2) as the acceptor unit and halogenated thienylene-vinylene-thienylene (TVT) as the donor co-unit are reported. Compared to the control polymer f-BTI2g-TVT, the fluorinated f-BTI2g-TVTF shows lower-positioned lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), improved charge transport property, and greater ion uptake capacity. Consequently, f-BTI2g-TVTF delivers a state-of-the-art µC* of 90.2 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 with a remarkable electron mobility of 0.41 cm2 V-1 s-1 in OECTs and an excellent power factor of 64.2 µW m-1 K-2 in OTEs. An OECT-based inverter amplifier is further demonstrated with voltage gain up to 148 V V-1 , which is among the highest values for OECT inverters. Such results shed light on the impacts of halogen atoms on developing high-performing n-type PMIECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Suxiang Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Riqing Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Anamro 145, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Anamro 145, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Paddy Kwok Leung Chan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Shatin, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
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17
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Wu W, Feng K, Wang Y, Wang J, Huang E, Li Y, Jeong SY, Woo HY, Yang K, Guo X. Selenophene Substitution Enabled High-Performance n-Type Polymeric Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors for Organic Electrochemical Transistors and Glucose Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310503. [PMID: 37961011 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
High-performance n-type polymeric mixed ionic-electronic conductors (PMIECs) are essential for realizing organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs)-based low-power complementary circuits and biosensors, but their development still remains a great challenge. Herein, by devising two novel n-type polymers (f-BTI2g-SVSCN and f-BSeI2g-SVSCN) containing varying selenophene contents together with their thiophene-based counterpart as the control, it is demonstrated that gradually increasing selenophene loading in polymer backbones can simultaneously yield lowered lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels, boosted charge-transport properties, and improved ion-uptake capabilities. Therefore, a remarkable volumetric capacitance (C*) of 387.2 F cm-3 and a state-of-the-art OECT electron mobility (µe,OECT ) of 0.48 cm2 V-1 s-1 are synchronously achieved for f-BSeI2g-SVSCN having the highest selenophene content, yielding an unprecedented geometry-normalized transconductance (gm,norm ) of 71.4 S cm-1 and record figure of merit (µC*) value of 191.2 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 for n-type OECTs. Thanks to such excellent performance of f-BSeI2g-SVSCN-based OECTs, a glucose sensor with a remarkably low detection limit of 10 nMm and decent selectivity is further implemented, demonstrating the power of selenophene substitution strategy in enabling high-performance n-type PMIECs for biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Enmin Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yongchun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Anamro 145, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Anamro 145, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410080, China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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18
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Zhao W, Fu GE, Yang H, Zhang T. Two-Dimensional Conjugated Polymers: a New Choice For Organic Thin-Film Transistors. Chem Asian J 2023:e202301076. [PMID: 38151907 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) as a vital component among transistors have shown great potential in smart sensing, flexible displays, and bionics due to their flexibility, biocompatibility and customizable chemical structures. Even though linear conjugated polymer semiconductors are common for constructing channel materials of OTFTs, advanced materials with high charge carrier mobility, tunable band structure, robust stability, and clear structure-property relationship are indispensable for propelling the evolution of OTFTs. Two-dimensional conjugated polymers (2DCPs), featured with conjugated lattice, tailorable skeletons, and functional porous structures, match aforementioned criteria closely. In this review, we firstly introduce the synthesis of 2DCP thin films, focusing on their characteristics compatible with the channels of OTFTs. Subsequently, the physics and operating mechanisms of OTFTs and the applications of 2DCPs in OTFTs are summarized in detail. Finally, the outlook and perspective in the field of OTFTs using 2DCPs are provided as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Zhao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, 315201, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-En Fu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, 315201, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyong Yang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, 315201, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, 315201, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
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19
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Feng K, Wang J, Jeong SY, Yang W, Li J, Woo HY, Guo X. High-Performance n-Type Organic Thermoelectrics Enabled by Synergistically Achieving High Electron Mobility and Doping Efficiency. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302629. [PMID: 37553779 PMCID: PMC10582446 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
n-Doped polymers with high electrical conductivity (σ) are still very scarce in organic thermoelectrics (OTEs), which limits the development of efficient organic thermoelectric generators. A series of fused bithiophene imide dimer-based polymers, PO8, PO12, and PO16, incorporating distinct oligo(ethylene glycol) side-chain to optimize σ is reported here. Three polymers show a monotonic electron mobility decrease as side-chain size increasing due to the gradually lowered film crystallinity and change of backbone orientation. Interestingly, polymer PO12 with a moderate side-chain size delivers a champion σ up to 92.0 S cm-1 and a power factor (PF) as high as 94.3 µW m-1 K-2 in the series when applied in OTE devices. The PF value is among the highest ones for the solution-processing n-doped polymers. In-depth morphology studies unravel that the moderate crystallinity and the formation of 3D conduction channel derived from bimodal orientation synergistically contribute to high doping efficiency and large charge carrier mobility, thus resulting in high performance for the PO12-based OTEs. The results demonstrate the great power of simple tuning of side chain in developing n-type polymers with substantial σ for improving organic thermoelectric performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversityAnamro 145Seoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Wanli Yang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversityAnamro 145Seoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055China
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20
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Kim J, Ren X, Zhang Y, Fazzi D, Manikandan S, Andreasen JW, Sun X, Ursel S, Un H, Peralta S, Xiao M, Town J, Marathianos A, Roesner S, Bui T, Ludwigs S, Sirringhaus H, Wang S. Efficient N-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistors and Field-Effect Transistors Based on PNDI-Copolymers Bearing Fluorinated Selenophene-Vinylene-Selenophenes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303837. [PMID: 37551064 PMCID: PMC10582458 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
n-Type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are less developed than their p-type counterparts. Herein, polynaphthalenediimide (PNDI)-based copolymers bearing novel fluorinated selenophene-vinylene-selenophene (FSVS) units as efficient materials for both n-type OECTs and n-type OFETs are reported. The PNDI polymers with oligo(ethylene glycol) (EG7) side chains P(NDIEG7-FSVS), affords a high µC* of > 0.2 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 , outperforming the benchmark n-type Pg4NDI-T2 and Pg4NDI-gT2 by two orders of magnitude. The deep-lying LUMO of -4.63 eV endows P(NDIEG7-FSVS) with an ultra-low threshold voltage of 0.16 V. Moreover, the conjugated polymer with octyldodecyl (OD) side chains P(NDIOD-FSVS) exhibits a surprisingly low energetic disorder with an Urbach energy of 36 meV and an ultra-low activation energy of 39 meV, resulting in high electron mobility of up to 0.32 cm2 V-1 s-1 in n-type OFETs. These results demonstrate the great potential for simultaneously achieving a lower LUMO and a tighter intermolecular packing for the next-generation efficient n-type organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Kim
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des InterfacesCY Cergy Paris Université5 Mail Gay LussacNeuville‐sur‐Oise95000France
- Present address:
Department of Textile System Eng.Kyungpook National UniversityDaegu41566Republic of Korea
| | - Xinglong Ren
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Youcheng Zhang
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”Università di BolognaVia F. Selmi 2Bologna40126Italy
| | - Suraj Manikandan
- Department of Energy Conversion and StorageTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Jens Wenzel Andreasen
- Department of Energy Conversion and StorageTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Xiuming Sun
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology(IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Sarah Ursel
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Hio‐Ieng Un
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Sébastien Peralta
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des InterfacesCY Cergy Paris Université5 Mail Gay LussacNeuville‐sur‐Oise95000France
| | - Mingfei Xiao
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - James Town
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickGibbet Hill RoadCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | | | - Stefan Roesner
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickGibbet Hill RoadCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Thanh‐Tuan Bui
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des InterfacesCY Cergy Paris Université5 Mail Gay LussacNeuville‐sur‐Oise95000France
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC‐Functional PolymersInstitute of Polymer Chemistry and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology(IQST)University of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics GroupCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Suhao Wang
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des InterfacesCY Cergy Paris Université5 Mail Gay LussacNeuville‐sur‐Oise95000France
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21
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Cong S, Chen J, Ding B, Lan L, Wang Y, Chen C, Li Z, Heeney M, Yue W. Tunable control of the performance of aqueous-based electrochemical devices by post-polymerization functionalization. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3090-3100. [PMID: 37218468 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00418j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized polymeric mixed ionic-electronic conductors (PMIECs) are highly desired for the development of electrochemical applications, yet are hindered by the limited conventional synthesis techniques. Here, we propose a "graft-onto-polymer" synthesis strategy by post-polymerization functionalization (GOP-PPF) to prepare a family of PMIECs sharing the same backbone while functionalized with varying ethylene glycol (EG) compositions (two, four, and six EG repeating units). Unlike the typical procedure, GOP-PPF uses a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction for the facile and versatile attachment of functional units to a pre-synthesized conjugated-polymer precursor. Importantly, these redox-active PMIECs are investigated as a platform for energy storage devices and organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) in aqueous media. The ion diffusivity, charge mobility and charge-storage capacity can be significantly improved by optimizing the EG composition. Specifically, g2T2-gBT6 containing the highest EG density gives the highest charge-storage capacity exceeding 180 F g-1 among the polymer series, resulting from the improved ion diffusivity. Moreover, g2T2-gBT4 with four EG repeating units exhibits a superior performance compared to its two analogues in OECTs, associated with a high μC* up to 359 F V-1 cm-1 s-1, owing to the optimal balance between ionic-electronic coupling and charge mobility. Through the GOP-PPF, PMIECs can be tailored to access desirable performance metrics at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Cong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junxin Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bowen Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane Shepherd's Bush, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Liuyuan Lan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chaoyue Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengke Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus), 80 Wood Lane Shepherd's Bush, London W12 0BZ, UK.
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wan Yue
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Halaksa R, Kim JH, Thorley KJ, Gilhooly‐Finn PA, Ahn H, Savva A, Yoon M, Nielsen CB. The Influence of Regiochemistry on the Performance of Organic Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conductors. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 135:e202304390. [PMID: 38528843 PMCID: PMC10962556 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202304390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Thiophenes functionalised in the 3-position are ubiquitous building blocks for the design and synthesis of organic semiconductors. Their non-centrosymmetric nature has long been used as a powerful synthetic design tool exemplified by the vastly different properties of regiorandom and regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) owing to the repulsive head-to-head interactions between neighbouring side chains in the regiorandom polymer. The renewed interest in highly electron-rich 3-alkoxythiophene based polymers for bioelectronic applications opens up new considerations around the regiochemistry of these systems as both the head-to-tail and head-to-head couplings adopt near-planar conformations due to attractive intramolecular S-O interactions. To understand how this increased flexibility in the molecular design can be used advantageously, we explore in detail the geometrical and electronic effects that influence the optical, electrochemical, structural, and electrical properties of a series of six polythiophene derivatives with varying regiochemistry and comonomer composition. We show how the interplay between conformational disorder, backbone coplanarity and polaron distribution affects the mixed ionic-electronic conduction. Ultimately, we use these findings to identify a new conformationally restricted polythiophene derivative for p-type accumulation-mode organic electrochemical transistor applications with performance on par with state-of-the-art mixed conductors evidenced by a μC* product of 267 F V-1 cm-1 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Halaksa
- Department of ChemistryQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Karl J. Thorley
- Center for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40511USA
| | | | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECHPohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Myung‐Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Christian B. Nielsen
- Department of ChemistryQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
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23
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Halaksa R, Kim JH, Thorley KJ, Gilhooly‐Finn PA, Ahn H, Savva A, Yoon M, Nielsen CB. The Influence of Regiochemistry on the Performance of Organic Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conductors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304390. [PMID: 37204070 PMCID: PMC10962546 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Thiophenes functionalised in the 3-position are ubiquitous building blocks for the design and synthesis of organic semiconductors. Their non-centrosymmetric nature has long been used as a powerful synthetic design tool exemplified by the vastly different properties of regiorandom and regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) owing to the repulsive head-to-head interactions between neighbouring side chains in the regiorandom polymer. The renewed interest in highly electron-rich 3-alkoxythiophene based polymers for bioelectronic applications opens up new considerations around the regiochemistry of these systems as both the head-to-tail and head-to-head couplings adopt near-planar conformations due to attractive intramolecular S-O interactions. To understand how this increased flexibility in the molecular design can be used advantageously, we explore in detail the geometrical and electronic effects that influence the optical, electrochemical, structural, and electrical properties of a series of six polythiophene derivatives with varying regiochemistry and comonomer composition. We show how the interplay between conformational disorder, backbone coplanarity and polaron distribution affects the mixed ionic-electronic conduction. Ultimately, we use these findings to identify a new conformationally restricted polythiophene derivative for p-type accumulation-mode organic electrochemical transistor applications with performance on par with state-of-the-art mixed conductors evidenced by a μC* product of 267 F V-1 cm-1 s-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Halaksa
- Department of ChemistryQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Ji Hwan Kim
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Karl J. Thorley
- Center for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40511USA
| | | | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECHPohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Myung‐Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Christian B. Nielsen
- Department of ChemistryQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
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24
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Lai J, Ding L, Liu Y, Fan C, You F, Wei J, Qian J, Wang K. A miniaturized organic photoelectrochemical transistor aptasensor based on nanorod arrays toward high-sensitive T-2 toxin detection in milk samples. Food Chem 2023; 423:136285. [PMID: 37156141 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Detection of T-2 toxin is of great significance to environment and human health, as T-2 toxin is one of the main toxins that contaminate crops, stored grain and other food. Herein, a zero-gate-bias organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) sensor was proposed based on nanoelectrode arrays as gate photoactive materials which can result in the accumulation of photovoltage and preferable capacitance leading to better sensitivity of the OPECT. For comparison, the channel current of OPECT was 100 times higher than photocurrent of conventional photoelectrochemical (PEC) attributing to remarkable signal amplification of OPECT. It was also found that the detection limit of OPECT aptasensor was as low as 28.8 pg/L, lower than 0.34 ng/L of the conventional PEC method, further indicating the advantage of the OPECT devices in T-2 toxin determination. This research has been successfully applied in real sample detection which provided a general platform of OPECT for food safety analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Lai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Lijun Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Cunhao Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Fuheng You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Jie Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Jing Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
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25
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Duan J, Zhu G, Chen J, Zhang C, Zhu X, Liao H, Li Z, Hu H, McCulloch I, Nielsen CB, Yue W. Highly Efficient Mixed Conduction in a Fused Oligomer n-Type Organic Semiconductor Enabled by 3D Transport Pathways. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300252. [PMID: 36918256 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring organic semiconductors to facilitate mixed conduction of ionic and electronic charges when interfaced with an aqueous media has spurred many recent advances in organic bioelectronics. The field is still restricted, however, by very few n-type (electron-transporting) organic semiconductors with adequate performance metrics. Here, a new electron-deficient, fused polycyclic aromatic system, TNR, is reported with excellent n-type mixed conduction properties including a µC* figure-of-merit value exceeding 30 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 for the best performing derivative. Comprising three naphthalene bis-isatin moieties, this new molecular design builds on successful small-molecule mixed conductors; by extending the molecular scaffold into the oligomer domain, good film-forming properties, strong π-π interactions, and consequently excellent charge-transport properties are obtained. Through judicious optimization of the side chains, the linear oligoether and branched alkyl chain derivative bgTNR is obtained which shows superior mixed conduction in an organic electrochemical transistor configuration including an electron mobility around 0.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 . By optimizing the side chains, the dominant molecular packing can be changed from a preferential edge-on orientation (with high charge-transport anisotropy) to an oblique orientation that can support 3D transport pathways which in turn ensure highly efficient mixed conduction properties across the bulk semiconductor film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Genming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Junxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Hoffman Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Hailiang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Zhengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Hanlin Hu
- Hoffman Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Boulevard, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Wan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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26
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Chen J, Zhang W, Wang L, Yu G. Recent Research Progress of Organic Small-Molecule Semiconductors with High Electron Mobilities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210772. [PMID: 36519670 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic electronics has made great progress in the past decades, which is inseparable from the innovative development of organic electronic devices and the diversity of organic semiconductor materials. It is worth mentioning that both of these great advances are inextricably linked to the development of organic high-performance semiconductor materials, especially the representative n-type organic small-molecule semiconductor materials with high electron mobilities. The n-type organic small molecules have the advantages of simple synthesis process, strong intermolecular stacking, tunable molecular structure, and easy to functionalize structures. Furthermore, the n-type semiconductor is a remarkable and important component for constructing complementary logic circuits and p-n heterojunction structures. Therefore, n-type organic semiconductors play an extremely important role in the field of organic electronic materials and are the basis for the industrialization of organic electronic functional devices. This review focuses on the modification strategies of organic small molecules with high electron mobility at molecular level, and discusses in detail the applications of n-type small-molecule semiconductor materials with high mobility in organic field-effect transistors, organic light-emitting transistors, organic photodetectors, and gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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27
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Wang D, Li J, Yang K, Wang Y, Jeong SY, Chen Z, Liao Q, Li B, Woo HY, Deng X, Guo X. Terminal Cyano-Functionalized Fused Bithiophene Imide Dimer-Based n-Type Small Molecular Semiconductors: Synthesis, Structure-Property Correlations, and Thermoelectric Performances. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:9714-9725. [PMID: 36753061 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
n-Doped small molecular organic thermoelectric materials (OTMs) hold advantages of high Seebeck coefficient and better performance reproducibility over their polymeric analogues; however, high-performance n-type small molecular OTMs are severely lacking. We report here a class of small molecular OTMs based on terminal cyanation of a bithiophene imide-based ladder-type heteroarene BTI2. It was found that the cyanation could effectively lower the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level from -2.90 eV (BTI2) to -4.14 eV (BTI2-4CN) and thus lead to significantly improved n-doping efficiency. Additionally, terminal cyano-functionalization can maintain the close packing and efficient intermolecular charge transfer between these cyanated molecules, thus yielding high electron mobilities of up to 0.40 cm2 V-1 s-1. Benefiting from its low LUMO-enabled efficient n-doping and high electron mobility, an encouraging n-type electrical conductivity of 0.43 S cm-1 and power factor (PF) of 6.34 μW m-1 K-2 were achieved for tetracyanated BTI2-4CN, significantly outperforming those of its noncynated BTI2 (<10-7 S cm-1, PF undetectable) and dicyanated BTI2-2CN (0.24 S cm-1, 1.78 μW m-1 K-2). These results suggest the great potential of the terminal cyanation strategy of ladder-type heteroarenes for developing high-performance small molecular OTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Zhicai Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiaogan Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Bangbang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Xianyu Deng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
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Chen J, Cong S, Wang L, Wang Y, Lan L, Chen C, Zhou Y, Li Z, McCulloch I, Yue W. Backbone coplanarity manipulation via hydrogen bonding to boost the n-type performance of polymeric mixed conductors operating in aqueous electrolyte. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:607-618. [PMID: 36511773 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01100j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-performance n-type semiconducting polymers remains a significant challenge. Reported here is the construction of a coplanar backbone via intramolecular hydrogen bonds to dramatically enhance the performance of n-type polymeric mixed conductors operating in aqueous electrolyte. Specifically, glycolated naphthalene tetracarboxylicdiimide (gNDI) couples with vinylene and thiophene to give gNDI-V and gNDI-T, respectively. The hydrogen bonding functionalities are fused to the backbone to ensure a more coplanar backbone and much tighter π-π stacking of gNDI-V than gNDI-T, which is evidenced by density functional theory simulations and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. Importantly, these copolymers are fabricated as the active layer of the aqueous-based electrochromic devices and organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). gNDI-V exhibits a larger electrochromic contrast (ΔT = 30%) and a higher coloration efficiency (1988 cm2 C-1) than gNDI-T owing to its more efficient ionic-electronic coupling. Moreover, gNDI-V gives the highest electron mobility (0.014 cm2 V-1 s-1) and μC* (2.31 FV-1 cm-1 s-1) reported to date for NDI-based copolymers in OECTs, attributed to the improved thin-film crystallinity and molecular packing promoted by hydrogen bonds. Overall, this work marks a remarkable advance in the n-type polymeric mixed conductors and the hydrogen bond functionalization strategy opens up an avenue to access desirable performance metrics for aqueous-based electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Shengyu Cong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Lewen Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Liuyuan Lan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Chaoyue Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Yecheng Zhou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengke Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Wan Yue
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.
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29
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Kang S, Fan J, Soares JBP, Gupta M. Naphthalene diimide-based n-type small molecule organic mixed conductors for accumulation mode organic electrochemical transistors. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5096-5106. [PMID: 36762077 PMCID: PMC9907564 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07081b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs), which transport both ionic and electronic charges, development are important for progressing bioelectronic and energy storage devices. The p-type OMIECs are extensively investigated and used in various applications, whereas the n-type ones lag far behind due to their moisture and air instability. Here, we report the synthesis of the novel n-type naphthalene diimide (NDI)-based small-molecule OMIECs for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). The electro-active NDI molecule with the linear ethylene glycol side chains is a promising candidate for n-type channel material to obtain accumulation mode OECTs. This NDI-based small-molecule OMIEC, gNDI-Br2, demonstrates ion permeability due to the attachment of the glycol side chains with optimized ionic-electronic conductions. OECT devices with gNDI-Br2 channel material displays excellent performance in water and ambient stability. OECTs fabricated with two different concentrations, 50 mg mL-1 and 100 mg mL-1 of gNDI-Br2 demonstrate a transconductance value of 344 ± 19.7 μS and 814 ± 124.2 μS with the mobility capacitance product (μC*) of 0.13 ± 0.03 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 and 0.23 ± 0.04 F cm-1 V-1 s-1, respectively. These results demonstrate the n-type OMIEC behaviour of the NDI-based small-molecule and its applicability as an OECT channel material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongdae Kang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 1H9 Canada
| | - Jiaxin Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 1H9 Canada
| | - João B P Soares
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 1H9 Canada
| | - Manisha Gupta
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 1H9 Canada
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Insight into conjugated polymers for organic electrochemical transistors. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Heo S, Kwon J, Sung M, Lee S, Cho Y, Jung H, You I, Yang C, Lee J, Noh YY. Large Transconductance of Electrochemical Transistors Based on Fluorinated Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1629-1638. [PMID: 36592389 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have enormous potential for use in biosignal amplifiers, analyte sensors, and neuromorphic electronics owing to their exceptionally large transconductance. However, it is challenging to simultaneously achieve high charge carrier mobility and volumetric capacitance, the two most important figures of merit in OECTs. Herein, a method of achieving high-performance OECT with donor-acceptor conjugated copolymers by introducing fluorine units is proposed. A series of cyclopentadithiophene-benzothiadiazole (CDT-BT) copolymers for use in high-performance OECTs with enhanced charge carrier mobility (from 0.65 to 1.73 cm2·V-1·s-1) and extended volumetric capacitance (from 44.8 to 57.6 F·cm-3) by fluorine substitution is achieved. The increase in the volumetric capacitance of the fluorinated polymers is attributed to either an increase in the volume at which ions can enter the film or a decrease in the effective distance between the ions and polymer backbones. The fluorine substitution increases the backbone planarity of the CDT-BT copolymers, enabling more efficient charge carrier transport. The fluorination strategy of this work suggests the more versatile use of conjugated polymers for high-performance OECTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongmin Heo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Kwon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingi Sung
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Dongseo University, 47 Jurye-ro, Sasang-gu, Busan47011, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunglok Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjoon Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Haksoon Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Insang You
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Changduk Yang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghoon Lee
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Dongseo University, 47 Jurye-ro, Sasang-gu, Busan47011, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Young Noh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
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Duan J, Zhu G, Lan L, Chen J, Zhu X, Chen C, Yu Y, Liao H, Li Z, McCulloch I, Yue W. Electron-Deficient Polycyclic Molecules via Ring Fusion for n-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213737. [PMID: 36349830 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The primary challenge for n-type small-molecule organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) is to improve their electron mobilities and thus the key figure of merit μC*. Nevertheless, few reports in OECTs have specially proposed to address this issue. Herein, we report a 10-ring-fused polycyclic π-system consisting of the core of naphthalene bis-isatin dimer and the terminal moieties of rhodanine, which features intramolecular noncovalent interactions, high π-delocalization and strong electron-deficient characteristics. We find that this extended π-conjugated system using the ring fusion strategy displays improved electron mobilities up to 0.043 cm2 V-1 s-1 compared to our previously reported small molecule gNR, and thereby leads to a remarkable μC* of 10.3 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 in n-type OECTs, which is the highest value reported to date for small-molecule OECTs. This work highlights the importance of π-conjugation extension in polycyclic-fused molecules for enhancing the performance of n-type small-molecule OECTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Genming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Liuyuan Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Junxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Chaoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yaping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hailiang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Wan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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33
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Lai J, Ding L, Fan C, Wei J, Qian J, Wang K. Zinc vacancy mediated electron-hole separation in ZnO nanorod arrays for high-sensitivity organic photoelectrochemical transistor aptasensor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 59:75-78. [PMID: 36468236 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05735b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel strong solvent coordination leaching method was developed to prepare surface zinc vacancies in ZnO nanorod arrays. Remarkably, the surface-zinc-vacancy-rich ZnO nanorod arrays exhibit high electron-hole separation efficiency and excellent photoelectrochemical performance for use as a promising candidate for the next generation of organic photoelectrochemical transistor aptasensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Lai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Lijun Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Cunhao Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China.
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34
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Li P, Shi J, Lei Y, Huang Z, Lei T. Switching p-type to high-performance n-type organic electrochemical transistors via doped state engineering. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5970. [PMID: 36216813 PMCID: PMC9551099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance n-type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are essential for logic circuits and sensors. However, the performances of n-type OECTs lag far behind that of p-type ones. Conventional wisdom posits that the LUMO energy level dictates the n-type performance. Herein, we show that engineering the doped state is more critical for n-type OECT polymers. By balancing more charges to the donor moiety, we could effectively switch a p-type polymer to high-performance n-type material. Based on this concept, the polymer, P(gTDPP2FT), exhibits a record high n-type OECT performance with μC* of 54.8 F cm-1 V-1 s-1, mobility of 0.35 cm2 V-1 s-1, and response speed of τon/τoff = 1.75/0.15 ms. Calculations and comparison studies show that the conversion is primarily due to the more uniform charges, stabilized negative polaron, enhanced conformation, and backbone planarity at negatively charged states. Our work highlights the critical role of understanding and engineering polymers' doped states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junwei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuqiu Lei
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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35
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Chen Y, Wu J, Lu S, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. Semiconducting Copolymers with Naphthalene Imide/Amide π‐Conjugated Units: Synthesis, Crystallography, and Systematic Structure‐Property‐Mobility Correlations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208201. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing 400714 P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Jianglin Wu
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Shirong Lu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing 400714 P. R. China
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Flexterra Corporation Skokie IL 60077 USA
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
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36
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Chen Y, Wu J, Lu S, Facchetti A, Marks TJ. Semiconducting Copolymers with Naphthalene Imide/Amide π‐Conjugated Units: Synthesis, Crystallography, and Systematic Structure−Property−Mobility Correlations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology CHINA
| | - Jianglin Wu
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center UNITED STATES
| | - Shirong Lu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology CHINA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center UNITED STATES
| | - Tobin Jay Marks
- Northwestern University Department of Chemistry 2145 Sheridan Rd. 60208-3113 Evanston UNITED STATES
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S⋯N Conformational Lock Acceptor Based on Indacenodithiophene (IDT) Structure and High Electronegative Terminal End Group. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124238. [PMID: 35744296 PMCID: PMC9227590 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High-performance organic semiconductors should have good spectral absorption, a narrow energy gap, excellent thermal stability and good blend film morphology to obtain high-performance organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Therefore, we synthesized two IDTz-based electron acceptors in this research. When they were blended with donor PTB7-Th to prepare OPV devices, the PTB7-Th:IDTz-BARO-based binary OPVs exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.37%, with a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 1.24 mA cm−2, a fill factor (FF) of 33.99% and an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.87 V. The PTB7-Th:IDTz-BARS-based binary OPVs exhibited PCE of 4.39%, with Jsc of 8.09 mA cm−2, FF of 54.13% and Voc of 1.00 V. The results show the strong electronegativity terminal group to be beneficial to the construction of high-performance OPV devices. Highlights: (1) Two new acceptors based on 5,5′-(4,4,9,9-tetrakis (4-hexylphenyl)-4,9-dihydro-s-indaceno [1,2-b:5,6-b′] dithiophene-2,7-diyl) dithiazole (IDTz) and different end groups (BARS, BARO) were synthesized; (2) BARS and BARO are electron-rich end groups, and the electron acceptors involved in the construction show excellent photoelectric properties. They can properly match the donor PTB7-Th, and show the appropriate surface morphology of the active layer in this work; (3) Compared with IDTz-BARO, IDTz-BARS has deeper LUMO and HOMO energy levels. In combination with PTB7-Th, it shows 4.39% device efficiency, 8.09 mA cm−2 short-circuit current density and 1.00 V open circuit voltage.
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38
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Feng K, Shan W, Wang J, Lee JW, Yang W, Wu W, Wang Y, Kim BJ, Guo X, Guo H. Cyano-Functionalized n-Type Polymer with High Electron Mobility for High-Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201340. [PMID: 35429014 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
n-Type organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) with high electron mobility are scarce and highly challenging to develop. As a result, the figure-of-merit (µC*) of n-type organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) lags far behind the p-type analogs, restraining the development of OECT-based low-power complementary circuits and biosensors. Here, two n-type donor-acceptor (D-A) polymers based on fused bithiophene imide dimer f-BTI2 as the acceptor unit and thienylene-vinylene-thienylene (TVT) as the donor co-unit are reported. The cyanation of TVT enables polymer f-BTI2g-TVTCN with simultaneously enhanced ion-uptake ability, film structural order, and charge-transport property. As a result, it is able to obtain a high volumetric capacitance (C*) of 170 ± 22 F cm-3 and a record OECT electron mobility (μe,OECT ) of 0.24 cm2 V-1 s-1 for f-BTI2g-TVTCN, subsequently achieving a state-of-the-art µC* of 41.3 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 and geometry-normalized transconductance (gm,norm ) of 12.8 S cm-1 in n-type accumulation-mode OECTs. In contrast, only a moderate µC* of 1.50 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 is measured for the non-cyanated polymer f-BTI2g-TVT. These remarkable results demonstrate the great power of cyano functionalization of polymer semiconductors in developing n-type OMIECs with substantial electron mobility in aqueous environment for high-performance n-type OECTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Feng
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wentao Shan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanli Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wenchang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Oxide Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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39
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Liao H, Chen J, Lan L, Yu Y, Zhu G, Duan J, Zhu X, Dai H, Xiao M, Li Z, Yue W, McCulloch I. Efficient n-Type Small-Molecule Mixed Ion-Electron Conductors and Application in Hydrogen Peroxide Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16477-16486. [PMID: 35357117 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule semiconductors used as the channel of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been rarely reported despite their inherent advantages of well-defined molecular weight, convenient scale-up synthesis, and good performance reproducibility. Herein, three small molecules based on perylene diimides are readily prepared for n-type OECTs. The final molecules show preferred energy levels, tunable backbone conformation, and high film crystallinity, rendering them good n-type dopability, favorable volumetric capacities, and substantial electron mobilities. Consequently, the OECTs afford a record-low threshold voltage of 0.05 V and a normalized peak transconductance of 4.52 × 10-2 S cm-1, as well as impressive long-term cycling stability. Significantly, the OECTs utilized for hydrogen peroxide sensing are further demonstrated with a detection limit of 0.75 μM. This work opens the possibility of developing nonfullerene small molecules as superior n-type OECT materials and provides important insights for designing high-performance small-molecule mixed ion-electron conductors for OECTs and (bio)sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Junxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Liuyuan Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yaping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Genming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiayao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haojie Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mingfei Xiao
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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40
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Parr ZS, Borges-González J, Rashid RB, Thorley KJ, Meli D, Paulsen BD, Strzalka J, Rivnay J, Nielsen CB. From p- to n-Type Mixed Conduction in Isoindigo-Based Polymers through Molecular Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107829. [PMID: 35075720 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic and electronic conductors are of significant interest for bioelectronic applications. Here, three different isoindigoid building blocks are used to obtain polymeric mixed conductors with vastly different structural and electronic properties which can be further fine-tuned through the choice of comonomer unit. This work shows how careful design of the isoindigoid scaffold can afford highly planar polymer structures with high degrees of electronic delocalization, while subtle structural modifications can control the dominant charge carrier (hole or electron) when probed in organic electrochemical transistors. A combination of experimental and computational techniques is employed to probe electrochemical, structural, and mixed ionic and electronic properties of the polymer series which in turn allows the derivation of important structure-property relations for this promising class of materials in the context of organic bioelectronics. Ultimately, these findings are used to outline robust molecular-design strategies for isoindigo-based mixed conductors that can support efficient p-type, n-type, and ambipolar transistor operation in an aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Parr
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jorge Borges-González
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Reem B Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Karl J Thorley
- Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40511, USA
| | - Dilara Meli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Christian B Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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41
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Marks A, Chen X, Wu R, Rashid RB, Jin W, Paulsen BD, Moser M, Ji X, Griggs S, Meli D, Wu X, Bristow H, Strzalka J, Gasparini N, Costantini G, Fabiano S, Rivnay J, McCulloch I. Synthetic Nuances to Maximize n-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistor and Thermoelectric Performance in Fused Lactam Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4642-4656. [PMID: 35257589 PMCID: PMC9084553 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A series
of fully fused n-type mixed conduction lactam polymers p(g7NCnN), systematically increasing
the alkyl side chain content, are synthesized via an inexpensive,
nontoxic, precious-metal-free aldol polycondensation. Employing these
polymers as channel materials in organic electrochemical transistors
(OECTs) affords state-of-the-art n-type performance with p(g7NC10N) recording an OECT electron mobility of 1.20 ×
10–2 cm2 V–1 s–1 and a μC* figure of merit
of 1.83 F cm–1 V–1 s–1. In parallel to high OECT performance, upon solution doping with
(4-(1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)phenyl)dimethylamine
(N-DMBI), the highest thermoelectric performance is observed for p(g7NC4N), with a maximum electrical conductivity of
7.67 S cm–1 and a power factor of 10.4 μW
m–1 K–2. These results are among
the highest reported for n-type polymers. Importantly, while this
series of fused polylactam organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors
(OMIECs) highlights that synthetic molecular design strategies to
bolster OECT performance can be translated to also achieve high organic
thermoelectric (OTE) performance, a nuanced synthetic approach must
be used to optimize performance. Herein, we outline the performance
metrics and provide new insights into the molecular design guidelines
for the next generation of high-performance n-type materials for mixed
conduction applications, presenting for the first time the results
of a single polymer series within both OECT and OTE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Xingxing Chen
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Reem B Rashid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wenlong Jin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, NorrköpingSE-60174, Sweden
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Xudong Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sophie Griggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Dilara Meli
- Department of Material Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaocui Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Helen Bristow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | | | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, NorrköpingSE-60174, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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42
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Kojima Y, Sugiura S, Suzuki K, Yisilamu Y, Ono K. Synthesis and n-Type Semiconducting Properties of Bis(dioxaborin) Compounds Containing a π-Extended 2,2'-Bithiophene Structure. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101262. [PMID: 34894084 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bis(dioxaborin) compounds containing π-conjugated systems have been studied as n-type semiconductors for organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). In this study, with the aim of investigating the effect of the extension of the π-conjugation on the n-type semiconducting properties and stability of bis(dioxaborin) compounds, we synthesized new compounds containing 2,2'-bithiophene derivatives extended with an olefin or an acetylene spacer. The absorption maxima of the compounds containing olefin spacers were greatly red-shifted compared with those of the original compound without a π-spacer. The newly synthesized compounds exhibited high electron affinity, and the olefin spacers effectively reduced the on-site Coulomb repulsion in the two-electron reduction of the compounds. An OFET fabricated using one of these compounds having a layer-by-layer crystal structure exhibited n-type semiconductor behavior with a low threshold voltage, most likely due to the small on-site Coulomb repulsion. The electron-transporting properties were investigated by theoretical calculations based on the Marcus theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kojima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - So Sugiura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Yilihamu Yisilamu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ono
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
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