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Chen Y, Liu F, Pal S, Hu Q. Proteolysis-targeting drug delivery system (ProDDS): integrating targeted protein degradation concepts into formulation design. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 39171633 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00411f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) has emerged as a revolutionary paradigm in drug discovery and development, offering a promising avenue to tackle challenging therapeutic targets. Unlike traditional drug discovery approaches that focus on inhibiting protein function, TPD aims to eliminate proteins of interest (POIs) using modular chimeric structures. This is achieved through the utilization of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which redirect POIs to E3 ubiquitin ligases, rendering them for degradation by the cellular ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Additionally, other TPD technologies such as lysosome-targeting chimeras (LYTACs) and autophagy-based protein degraders facilitate the transportation of proteins to endo-lysosomal or autophagy-lysosomal pathways for degradation, respectively. Despite significant growth in preclinical TPD research, many chimeras fail to progress beyond this stage in the drug development. Various factors contribute to the limited success of TPD agents, including a significant hurdle of inadequate delivery to the target site. Integrating TPD into delivery platforms could surmount the challenges of in vivo applications of TPD strategies by reshaping their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic profiles. These proteolysis-targeting drug delivery systems (ProDDSs) exhibit superior delivery performance, enhanced targetability, and reduced off-tissue side effects. In this review, we will survey the latest progress in TPD-inspired drug delivery systems, highlight the importance of introducing delivery ideas or technologies to the development of protein degraders, outline design principles of protein degrader-inspired delivery systems, discuss the current challenges, and provide an outlook on future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Fengyuan Liu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Samira Pal
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
- Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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2
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Zhong Y, Huang G, Zhao S, Chung L, Zhang H, Zheng J, Yan Y, Ni W, He J. Easy but Efficient: Facile Approach to Molecule with Theoretically Justified Donor-Acceptor Structure for Effective Photothermal Conversion and Intravenous Photothermal Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309068. [PMID: 38477060 PMCID: PMC11200029 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
To accelerate the pace in the field of photothermal therapy (PTT), it is urged to develop easily accessible photothermal agents (PTAs) showing high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE). As a proof-of-concept, hereby a conventional strategy is presented to prepare donor-acceptor (D-A) structured PTAs through cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization (CA-RE) reaction, and the resultant PTAs give high PCE upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. By joint experimental-theoretical study, these PTAs exhibit prominent D-A structure with strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) characteristics and significantly twisting between D and A units which account for the high PCEs. Among them, the DMA-TCNQ exhibits the strongest absorption in NIR range as well as the highest PCE of 91.3% upon irradiation by 760-nm LED lamp (1.2 W cm-2). In vitro and in vivo experimental results revealed that DMA-TCNQ exhibits low dark toxicity and high phototoxicity after IR irradiation along with nude mice tumor inhibition up to 81.0% through intravenous therapy. The findings demonstrate CA-RE reaction as a convenient approach to obtain twisted D-A structured PTAs for effective PTT and probably promote the progress of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan‐Hui Zhong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light IndustryGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006P. R. China
| | - Gui‐Feng Huang
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdong515041P. R. China
| | - Sheng‐Yi Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light IndustryGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006P. R. China
| | - Lai‐Hon Chung
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light IndustryGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006P. R. China
| | - Hua‐Tang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light IndustryGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006P. R. China
| | - Jin‐Hong Zheng
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdong515041P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Lang Yan
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdong515041P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Xiu Ni
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryShantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdong515041P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light IndustryGuangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdong510006P. R. China
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Li Q, Jin M, Ding Z, Luo D, Wang S, Bao X, Liu Z, Wei W. Renal Clearable Nanodots-Engineered Erythrocytes with Enhanced Circulation and Tumor Accumulation for Photothermal Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309278. [PMID: 38195972 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Living cell-mediated nanodelivery system is considered a promising candidate for targeted antitumor therapy; however, their use is restricted by the adverse interactions between carrier cells and nanocargos. Herein, a novel erythrocyte-based nanodelivery system is developed by assembling renal-clearable copper sulfide (CuS) nanodots on the outer membranes of erythrocytes via a lipid fusion approach, and demonstrate that it is an efficient photothermal platform against hepatocellular carcinoma. After intravenous injection of the nanodelivery system, CuS nanodots assembled on erythrocytes can be released from the system, accumulate in tumors in response to the high shear stress of bloodstream, and show excellent photothermal antitumor effect under the near infrared laser irradiation. Therefore, the erythrocyte-mediated nanodelivery system holds many advantages including prolonged blood circulation duration and enhanced tumor accumulation. Significantly, the elimination half-life of the nanodelivery system is 74.75 ± 8.77 h, which is much longer than that of nanodots (33.56 ± 2.36 h). Moreover, the other two kinds of nanodots can be well assembled onto erythrocytes to produce other erythrocyte-based hitchhiking platforms. Together, the findings promote not only the development of novel erythrocyte-based nanodelivery systems as potential platforms for tumor treatment but also their further clinical translation toward personalized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxiao Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
- Department of Interventional Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Meng Jin
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Danfeng Luo
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xingfu Bao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Ding J, Ding X, Liao W, Lu Z. Red blood cell-derived materials for cancer therapy: Construction, distribution, and applications. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100913. [PMID: 38188647 PMCID: PMC10767221 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become an increasingly important public health issue owing to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Although traditional treatment methods are relatively effective, they have limitations such as highly toxic side effects, easy drug resistance, and high individual variability. Meanwhile, emerging therapies remain limited, and their actual anti-tumor effects need to be improved. Nanotechnology has received considerable attention for its development and application. In particular, artificial nanocarriers have emerged as a crucial approach for tumor therapy. However, certain deficiencies persist, including immunogenicity, permeability, targeting, and biocompatibility. The application of erythrocyte-derived materials will help overcome the above problems and enhance therapeutic effects. Erythrocyte-derived materials can be acquired via the application of physical and chemical techniques from natural erythrocyte membranes, or through the integration of these membranes with synthetic inner core materials using cell membrane biomimetic technology. Their natural properties such as biocompatibility and long circulation time make them an ideal choice for drug delivery or nanoparticle biocoating. Thus, red blood cell-derived materials are widely used in the field of biomedicine. However, further studies are required to evaluate their efficacy, in vivo metabolism, preparation, design, and clinical translation. Based on the latest research reports, this review summarizes the biology, synthesis, characteristics, and distribution of red blood cell-derived materials. Furthermore, we provide a reference for further research and clinical transformation by comprehensively discussing the applications and technical challenges faced by red blood cell-derived materials in the treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Ding
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Clinical Medical College/Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332005, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332005, China
| | - Xinjing Ding
- Oncology of Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
| | - Weifang Liao
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332005, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College/Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, 332005, China
| | - Zhihui Lu
- Oncology of Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 332000, China
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Wei D, Fan J, Yan J, Liu C, Cao J, Xu C, Sun Y, Xiao H. Nuclear-Targeting Lipid Pt IV Prodrug Amphiphile Cooperates with siRNA for Enhanced Cancer Immunochemotherapy by Amplifying Pt-DNA Adducts and Reducing Phosphatidylserine Exposure. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1185-1195. [PMID: 38148611 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Patients treated with Pt-based anticancer drugs (PtII) often experience severe side effects and are susceptible to cancer recurrence due to the limited bioavailability of PtII and tumor-induced immunosuppression. The exposure of phosphatidylserine on the cell's outer surface induced by PtII results in profound immunosuppression through the binding of phosphatidylserine to its receptors on immune cells. Here, we report a novel approach for enhanced cancer chemoimmunotherapy, where a novel nuclear-targeting lipid PtIV prodrug amphiphile was used to deliver a small interfering RNA (siXkr8) to simultaneously amplify Pt-DNA adducts and reduce the level of exposure of phosphatidylserine. This drug delivery vehicle is engineered by integrating the PtIV prodrug with self-assembly performance and siXkr8 into a lipid nanoparticle, which shows tumor accumulation, cancer cell nucleus targeting, and activatable in a reduced microenvironment. It is demonstrated that nuclear-targeting lipid PtIV prodrug increases the DNA cross-linking, resulting in increased Pt-DNA adduct formation. The synergistic effects of the PtIV prodrug and siXkr8 contribute to the improvement of the tumor immune microenvironment. Consequently, the increased Pt-DNA adducts and immunogenicity effectively inhibit primary tumor growth and prevent tumor recurrence. These results underscore the potential of utilizing the nuclear-targeting lipid PtIV prodrug amphiphile to enhance Pt-DNA adduct formation and employing siXkr8 to alleviate immunosuppression during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengshuai Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Junning Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Jianqin Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Chaolong Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Chun Xu
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Yu B, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Xu L, Jin K, Sun A, Zhao X, Wang Y, Liu H. An SS31-rapamycin conjugate via RBC hitchhiking for reversing acute kidney injury. Biomaterials 2023; 303:122383. [PMID: 37939640 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a major role in driving acute kidney injury (AKI) via alteration in energy and oxygen supply, which creates further ROS and inflammatory responses. However, mitochondrial targeting medicine in recovering AKI is challenging. Herein, we conjugated SS31, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant tetrapeptide connecting a cleavable linker to rapamycin (Rapa), which provided specific interaction with FK506-binding protein (FKBP) in the RBCs. Once entering the bloodstream, SS31-Rapa could be directed to the intracellular space of RBCs, allowing the slow diffusion of the conjugate to tissues via the concentration gradient. The new RBC hitchhiking strategy enables the encapsulation of conjugate into RBC via a less traumatic and more natural and permissive manner, resulting in prolonging the t1/2 of SS31 by 6.9 folds. SS31-Rapa underwent the direct cellular uptake, instead of the lysosomal pathway, released SS31 in response to activated caspase-3 stimulation in apoptotic cells, favoring the mitochondrial accumulation of SS31. Combined with autophagy induction associated with Rapa, a single dose of SS31-Rapa can effectively reverse cisplatin and ischemia reperfusion-induced AKI. This work thus highlights a simple and effective RBC hitchhiking strategy and a clinically translatable platform technology to improve the outcome of other mitochondrial dysfunctional related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohong Yu
- Collage of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxi Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyi Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Jin
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Andi Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- Collage of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongzhuo Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang H, Shi C, Han F, Cai L, Ma H, Long S, Sun W, Du J, Fan J, Chen X, Peng X. Synchronized activating therapeutic nano-agent: Enhancement and tracing for hypoxia-induced chemotherapy. Biomaterials 2023; 302:122365. [PMID: 37890436 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Prodrug is a potential regime to overcome serious adverse events and off-target effects of chemotherapy agents. Among various prodrug activators, hypoxia stands out owing to the generalizability and prominence in tumor micro-environment. However, existing hypoxia activating prodrugs generally face the limitations of stringent structural requirements, the lack of feedback and the singularity of therapeutic modality, which is imputed to the traditional paradigm that recognition groups must be located at the terminus of prodrugs. Herein, a multifunctional nano-prodrug Mal@Cy-NTR-CB has been designed. In this nano-prodrug, a self-destructive tether is introduced to break the mindset, and achieves the activation by hypoxia of chemotherapy based on Chlorambucil (CB), whose efficacy can be augmented and traced by photodynamic therapy (PDT) and fluorescence from Cyanine dyes (Cy). In addition, Maleimide (Mal) carried by the nano-shells can regulate glutathione (GSH) content, preventing 1O2 scavenging, so as to realize PDT sensitization. Experiments demonstrate that Mal@Cy-NTR-CB specifically responds to hypoxic tumors, and achieve synchronous activation, enhancement and feedback of chemotherapy and PDT, inhibiting the tumor growth effectively. This study broadens the design ideas of activatable prodrugs and provides the possibility of multifunctional nano-prodrugs to improve the generalization and prognosis in precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chao Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Fuping Han
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Lihan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - He Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Saran Long
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jianjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China; State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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Zhong T, Yu J, Pan Y, Zhang N, Qi Y, Huang Y. Recent Advances of Platinum-Based Anticancer Complexes in Combinational Multimodal Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300253. [PMID: 37097737 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Platinum drugs with manifest therapeutic effects are widely used, but their systemic toxicity and the drug resistance acquired by cancer cells limit their clinical applications. Thus, the exploration on appropriate methods and strategies to overcome the limitations of traditional platinum drugs becomes extremely necessary. Combination therapy of platinum drugs can inhibit tumor growth and metastasis in an additive or synergistic manner, and can potentially reduce the systemic toxicity of platinum drugs and overcome platinum-resistance. This review summarizes the various modalities and current progress in platinum-based combination therapy. The synthetic strategies and therapeutic effects of some platinum-based anticancer complexes in the combination of platinum drugs with gene editing, ROS-based therapy, thermal therapy, immunotherapy, biological modelling, photoactivation, supramolecular self-assembly and imaging modality are briefly described. Their potential challenges and prospects are also discussed. It is hoped that this review will inspire researchers to have more ideas for the future development of highly effective platinum-based anti-cancer complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Zhong
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Advanced Functional Materials of Jilin Province, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Advanced Functional Materials of Jilin Province, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yong Pan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Advanced Functional Materials of Jilin Province, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Department of Orthopedics, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Yanxin Qi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Advanced Functional Materials of Jilin Province, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yubin Huang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Advanced Functional Materials of Jilin Province, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
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Ojha R, Junk PC, Bond AM, Deacon GB. Oxidation of the Platinum(II) Anticancer Agent [Pt{( p-BrC 6F 4)NCH 2CH 2NEt 2}Cl(py)] to Platinum(IV) Complexes by Hydrogen Peroxide. Molecules 2023; 28:6402. [PMID: 37687231 PMCID: PMC10490441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PtIV coordination complexes are of interest as prodrugs of PtII anticancer agents, as they can avoid deactivation pathways owing to their inert nature. Here, we report the oxidation of the antitumor agent [PtII(p-BrC6F4)NCH2CH2NEt2}Cl(py)], 1 (py = pyridine) to dihydroxidoplatinum(IV) solvate complexes [PtIV{(p-BrC6F4)NCH2CH2NEt2}Cl(OH)2(py)].H2O, 2·H2O with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at room temperature. To optimize the yield, 1 was oxidized in the presence of added lithium chloride with H2O2 in a 1:2 ratio of Pt: H2O2, in CH2Cl2 producing complex 2·H2O in higher yields in both gold and red forms. Despite the color difference, red and yellow 2·H2O have the same structure as determined by single-crystal and X-ray powder diffraction, namely, an octahedral ligand array with a chelating organoamide, pyridine and chloride ligands in the equatorial plane, and axial hydroxido ligands. When tetrabutylammonium chloride was used as a chloride source, in CH2Cl2, another solvate, [PtIV{(p-BrC6F4)NCH2CH2NEt2}Cl(OH)2(py)].0.5CH2Cl2,3·0.5CH2Cl2, was obtained. These PtIV compounds show reductive dehydration into PtII [Pt{(p-BrC6F4)NCH=CHNEt2}Cl(py)], 1H over time in the solid state, as determined by X-ray powder diffraction, and in solution, as determined by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. 1H contains an oxidized coordinating ligand and was previously obtained by oxidation of 1 under more vigorous conditions. Experimental data suggest that oxidation of the ligand is favored in the presence of excess H2O2 and elevated temperatures. In contrast, a smaller amount (1Pt:2H2O2) of H2O2 at room temperature favors the oxidation of the metal and yields platinum(IV) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Ojha
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (R.O.); (A.M.B.); (G.B.D.)
| | - Peter C. Junk
- College of Science, Technology & Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Alan M. Bond
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (R.O.); (A.M.B.); (G.B.D.)
| | - Glen B. Deacon
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (R.O.); (A.M.B.); (G.B.D.)
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10
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Chen M, Leng Y, He C, Li X, Zhao L, Qu Y, Wu Y. Red blood cells: a potential delivery system. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:288. [PMID: 37608283 PMCID: PMC10464085 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are the most abundant cells in the body, possessing unique biological and physical properties. RBCs have demonstrated outstanding potential as delivery vehicles due to their low immunogenicity, long-circulating cycle, and immune characteristics, exhibiting delivery abilities. There have been several developments in understanding the delivery system of RBCs and their derivatives, and they have been applied in various aspects of biomedicine. This article compared the various physiological and physical characteristics of RBCs, analyzed their potential advantages in delivery systems, and summarized their existing practices in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Chen
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamei Leng
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan He
- Guang'an People's Hospital, Guang'an, 638001, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Wu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Zhai Y, Ji J, Yang X, Zhai G. Cellular Drug Delivery System for Disease Treatment. Int J Pharm 2023; 641:123069. [PMID: 37225024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The application of variable novel drug delivery system has shown a flowering trend in recent years. Among them, the cell-based drug delivery system (DDS) utilizes the unique physiological function of cells to deliver drugs to the lesion area, which is the most complex and intelligent DDS at present. Compared with the traditional DDS, the cell-based DDS has the potential of prolonged circulation in body. Cellular DDS is expected to be the best carrier to realize multifunctional drug delivery. This paper introduces and analyzes common cellular DDSs such as blood cells, immune cells, stem cells, tumor cells and bacteria as well as relevant research examples in recent years. We hope that this review can provide a reference for future research on cell vectors and promote the innovative development and clinical transformation of cell-based DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyue Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yukun Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Stomatologic Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, 250001, P.R. China
| | - Yujia Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84124, United States of America
| | - Jianbo Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaoye Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, P.R. China.
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12
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Deng Z, Zhu G. Beyond mere DNA damage: Recent progress in platinum(IV) anticancer complexes containing multi-functional axial ligands. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 74:102303. [PMID: 37075513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The clinical application of Pt-based anticancer drugs has inspired the development of novel chemotherapeutic metallodrugs with improved efficacies. Pt(IV) prodrugs are one of the most promising successors of Pt(II) drugs and have displayed great anticancer performance. In particular, judicious modification of axial ligands endows Pt(IV) complexes with unique properties that enable them to overcome the limitations of conventional Pt(II) drugs. Herein, we summarize recent developments in Pt(IV) anticancer complexes, with a focus on their axial functionalization with other anticancer agents, immunotherapeutic agents, photosensitive ligands, peptides, and theranostic agents. We hope that this concise view of recently reported Pt(IV) coordination complexes will help researchers to design next-generation multi-functional anticancer agents based on a comprehensive Pt(IV) platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China.
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13
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Zhong YT, Cen Y, Xu L, Li SY, Cheng H. Recent Progress in Carrier-Free Nanomedicine for Tumor Phototherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202307. [PMID: 36349844 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Safe and effective strategies are urgently needed to fight against the life-threatening diseases of various cancers. However, traditional therapeutic modalities, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery, exhibit suboptimal efficacy for malignant tumors owing to the serious side effects, drug resistance and even relapse. Phototherapies, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), are emerging therapeutic strategies for localized tumor inhibition, which can produce a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or elevate the temperature to initiate cell death by non-invasive irradiation. In consideration of the poor bioavailability of phototherapy agents (PTAs), lots of drug delivery systems have been developed to enhance the tumor targeted delivery. Nevertheless, the carriers of drug delivery systems inevitably bring biosafety concerns on account of their metabolism, degradation, and accumulation. Of note, carrier-free nanomedicine attracts great attention for clinical translation with synergistic antitumor effect, which is characterized by high drug loading, simplified synthetic method and good biocompatibility. In this review, the latest advances of phototherapy with various carrier-free nanomedicines are summarized, which may provide a new paradigm for the future development of nanomedicine and tumor precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Tao Zhong
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yi Cen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, General Hospital of the Southern Theatre Command, People's Liberation Army (PLA) and Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510016, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Ying Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, P. R. China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
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14
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Fan R, Deng A, Qi B, Zhang S, Sang R, Luo L, Gou J, Liu Y, Lin R, Zhao M, Liu Y, Yang L, Cheng M, Wei G. CJ2: A Novel Potent Platinum(IV) Prodrug Enhances Chemo-Immunotherapy by Facilitating PD-L1 Degradation in the Cytoplasm and Cytomembrane. J Med Chem 2023; 66:875-889. [PMID: 36594812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Platinum drugs as primary chemotherapy drugs have been applied to various cancer patients. However, their therapeutic applicability is limited due to the adverse effects and immunosuppression. To minimize the side effects and boost the immune response, we designed and synthesized platinum(IV) prodrugs that introduced BRD4 inhibitor JQ-1. Among them, CJ2 had the most potent therapeutic activity and less toxicity. With the introduction of ligand JQ-1, CJ2-reduced PD-L1 protein was found in the cytoplasm and cytomembrane for the first time. By interfering with the PD-L1 synthesis, CJ2 could arouse the immune system and promote CD8+ T cell infiltration. Meanwhile, CJ2 could accelerate PD-L1 degradation in the cytoplasm to block DNA damage repair. In vivo, CJ2 markedly suppressed tumor growth by reversing the immunosuppression microenvironment and enhancing DNA damage. These findings provide an effective approach to improve the selectivity and activity of the platinum drugs with elevated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renming Fan
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong518057, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi710072, P. R. China
| | - Aohua Deng
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong518057, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi710072, P. R. China
| | - Bing Qi
- Institute of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi710038, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, P. R. China
| | - Ruoxi Sang
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong518057, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi710072, P. R. China
| | - Lanxin Luo
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jiakui Gou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, P. R. China
| | - Ruizhuo Lin
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong518057, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi710072, P. R. China
| | - Minggao Zhao
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, P. R. China
| | - Le Yang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang110016, P. R. China
| | - Gaofei Wei
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong518057, P. R. China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi710072, P. R. China
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15
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Yao H, Zhu G. Blood Components as Carriers for Small-Molecule Platinum Anticancer Drugs. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200482. [PMID: 36178204 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of platinum drugs is limited by severe side effects, drug resistance, and poor pharmacokinetic properties. Utilizing long-lasting blood components as drug carriers is a promising strategy to improve the circulation half-lives and tumor accumulation of platinum drugs. Non-immunogenic blood cells such as erythrocytes and blood proteins such as albumins, which have long lifespans, are suitable for the delivery of platinum drugs. In this concept, we briefly summarize the strategies of applying blood components as promising carriers to deliver small-molecule platinum drugs for cancer treatment. Examples of platinum drugs that are encapsulated, non-covalently attached, and covalently bound to erythrocytes and plasma proteins such as albumin and apoferritin are introduced. The potential methods to increase the stability of platinum-based thiol-maleimide conjugates involved in these delivery systems are also discussed. This concept may enlighten researchers with more ideas on the future development of novel platinum drugs that have excellent pharmacokinetic properties and antitumor performance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houzong Yao
- School of Health, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, P. R. China.,City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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16
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A redox-activated Pt(IV) pro-probe: From G-quadruplex imaging to cancer therapy. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 237:111988. [PMID: 36108343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Efficient uptake to both cytoplasm and nucleus in live cells remains a key obstacle for G-quadruplex targeting fluorophores. We developed a Pt(IV) complex by oxidizing a bisphenanthrolinyl Pt(II) complex, which is our first generation G-quadruplex specific fluorogenic probe.15 The axial lipophilic ligand assists Pt(IV) pro-probe to enter live cells and reach the nucleus rapidly. In situ reduction of Pt(IV) pro-probe restores parental Pt(II) complex, and sequentially lights up both RNA and DNA G-quadruplexes in live cancerous cells simultaneously. Pt(IV) pro-probe shows potent cytotoxicity after long time incubation as a dual-functional theranostic agent.
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17
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Ling Y, Xia X, Hao L, Wang W, Zhang H, Liu L, Liu W, Li Z, Tan C, Mao Z. Simultaneous Photoactivation of cGAS‐STING Pathway and Pyroptosis by Platinum (II) Triphenylamine Complexes for Cancer Immunotherapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210988. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Yi Ling
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Liang Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Jin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Liu‐Yi Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Wenting Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Zhi‐Yuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Cai‐Ping Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Zong‐Wan Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
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