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Zhu Y, Duan W, Huang Z, Tian L, Wu W, Dang Z, Feng C. An Anti-Scaling Strategy for Electrochemical Wastewater Treatment: Leveraging Tip-Enhanced Electric Fields. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:13145-13156. [PMID: 38980824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Electrode scaling poses a critical barrier to the adoption of electrochemical processes in wastewater treatment, primarily due to electrode inactivation and increased internal reactor resistance. We introduce an antiscaling strategy using tip-enhanced electric fields to redirect scale-forming compounds (e.g., Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3) from the electrode-electrolyte interface to the bulk solution. Our study utilized Cu nanowires (Cu NW) with high-curvature nanostructures as the cathode, in contrast to Cu nanoparticles (Cu NP), Cu foil (CF), and Cu mesh (CM), to evaluate the electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) performance in hard water conditions. The Cu NW/CF cathode demonstrated superior NO3RR efficiency, with an apparent rate constant (Kapp) of 1.04 h-1, significantly outperforming control electrodes under identical conditions (Kapp < 0.051 h-1). Through experimental and theoretical analysis, including COMSOL simulations, we show that the high-curvature design of Cu NW induced localized electric field enhancements, propelling OH- ions away from the electrode surface into the bulk solution, thus mitigating scale formation on the cathode. Testing with real nitrate-contaminated wastewater confirms that the Cu NW/CF cathode maintained excellent denitrification efficiency over a 60-day period. This study offers a promising perspective on preventing electrode scaling in electrochemical wastewater treatment, paving the way for more efficient and sustainable practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Zhu
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Weijian Duan
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ziyuan Huang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Li Tian
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Wu
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Dang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Feng
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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2
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Meng L, Kao CW, Wang Z, Ma J, Huang P, Zhao N, Zheng X, Peng M, Lu YR, Tan Y. Alloying and confinement effects on hierarchically nanoporous CuAu for efficient electrocatalytic semi-hydrogenation of terminal alkynes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5999. [PMID: 39013955 PMCID: PMC11252328 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalytic alkynes semi-hydrogenation to produce alkenes with high yield and Faradaic efficiency remains technically challenging because of kinetically favorable hydrogen evolution reaction and over-hydrogenation. Here, we propose a hierarchically nanoporous Cu50Au50 alloy to improve electrocatalytic performance toward semi-hydrogenation of alkynes. Using Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, we find that Au modulate the electronic structure of Cu, which could intrinsically inhibit the combination of H* to form H2 and weaken alkene adsorption, thus promoting alkyne semi-hydrogenation and hampering alkene over-hydrogenation. Finite element method simulations and experimental results unveil that hierarchically nanoporous catalysts induce a local microenvironment with abundant K+ cations by enhancing the electric field within the nanopore, accelerating water electrolysis to form more H*, thereby promoting the conversion of alkynes. As a result, the nanoporous Cu50Au50 electrocatalyst achieves highly efficient electrocatalytic semi-hydrogenation of alkynes with 94% conversion, 100% selectivity, and a 92% Faradaic efficiency over wide potential window. This work provides a general guidance of the rational design for high-performance electrocatalytic transfer semi-hydrogenation catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghu Meng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Kao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 300092, Taiwan
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Ma
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Peifeng Huang
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Electrical Power Research Institute of Yunnan Power Grid Co. Ltd, North China Electric Power, Kunming, 650217, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Electrical Power Research Institute of Yunnan Power Grid Co. Ltd, North China Electric Power, Kunming, 650217, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming Peng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Ying-Rui Lu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 300092, Taiwan
| | - Yongwen Tan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China.
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Gan Q, Zhou W, Zhang X, Lin Y, Huang S, Lu GP. Selective Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignin-Derived Phenolic Monomers to Cyclohexanol over Tungstated Zirconia Supported Ruthenium Catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400644. [PMID: 38923356 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The selective hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of lignin-derived methoxyphenols to cyclohexanol is one of the most significant transformation in biomass conversion since cyclohexanol is an important industrial raw material. This study has disclosed a series of tungstated zirconia with different Zr/W ratio supported Ru catalysts (Ru/xZrW, x means the molar ration of Zr/W) for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of guaiacol to cyclohexanol. Among these catalysts, Ru/16ZrW has the best catalytic activity, which can achieve 92 % yield of cyclohexanol under the conditions of 180 °C and 1 MPa H2 pressure for 2 h (TOF 231 h-1). Compared with Ru/ZrO2, Ru/16ZrW has smaller particles, more dispersed and electron-rich Ru species, significant hydrogen spillover and more acid sites, which are the main reason for its excellent performance on this reaction. Apart from guaiacol, other methoxy substitution phenols and organosolv lignin can also be converted into cyclohexanol via hydrodeoxygenation reactions over this catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Gan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Weihao Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xueping Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yamei Lin
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuanstreet 200, Nanjing, 210032, China
| | - Shenlin Huang
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Guo-Ping Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
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Yang L, Cheng H, Li H, Sun G, Liu S, Ma T, Zhang L. Atomic Confinement Empowered CoZn Dual-Single-Atom Nanotubes for H 2O 2 Production in Sequential Dual-Cathode Electro-Fenton Process. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2406957. [PMID: 38923059 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) are flourishing in various fields because of their 100% atomic utilization. However, their uncontrollable selectivity, poor stability and vulnerable inactivation remain critical challenges. According to theoretical predictions and experiments, a heteronuclear CoZn dual-single-atom confined in N/O-doped hollow carbon nanotube reactors (CoZnSA@CNTs) is synthesized via spatial confinement growth. CoZnSA@CNTs exhibit superior performance for H2O2 electrosynthesis over the entire pH range due to dual-confinement of atomic sites and O2 molecule. CoZnSA@CNTs is favorable for H2O2 production mainly because the synergy of adjacent atomic sites, defect-rich feature and nanotube reactor promoted O2 enrichment and enhanced H2O2 reactivity/selectivity. The H2O2 selectivity reaches ∼100% in a range of 0.2-0.65 V versus RHE and the yield achieves 7.50 M gcat -1 with CoZnSA@CNTs/carbon fiber felt, exceeding most of the reported SACs in H-type cells. The obtained H2O2 is converted directly to sodium percarbonate and sodium perborate in a safe way for H2O2 storage/transportation. The sequential dual-cathode electron-Fenton process promotes the formation of reactive oxygen species (•OH, 1O2 and •O2 -) by activating the generated H2O2, enabling accelerated degradation of various pollutants and Cr(VI) detoxification in actual wastewater. This work proposes a promising confinement strategy for catalyst design and selectivity regulation of complex reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
- Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials of Liaoning Province, Institute of Clean Energy Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Huimin Cheng
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Science, Stem College, Rmit University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ga Sun
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Sitong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
| | - Tianyi Ma
- School of Science, Stem College, Rmit University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, China
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Liu F, Gao X, Guo Z, Tse ECM, Chen Y. Sustainable Adipic Acid Production via Paired Electrolysis of Lignin-Derived Phenolic Compounds with Water as Hydrogen and Oxygen Sources. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15275-15285. [PMID: 38785195 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Adipic acid (AA) is an important feedstock for nylon polymers and is industrially produced from fossil-derived aromatics via thermocatalysis. However, this process consumes explosive H2 and corrosive HNO3 as reductants and oxidants, respectively. Here, we report the direct synthesis of AA from lignin-derived phenolic compounds via paired electrolysis using bimetallic cooperative catalysts. At the cathode, phenol is hydrogenated on PtAu catalysts to form ketone-alcohol (KA) oil with 92% yield and 43% Faradaic efficiency (FE). At the anode, KA is electrooxidized into AA on CuCo2O4 catalysts, achieving a maximum of 85% yield and 84% FE. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal that the excellent catalytic activity can be ascribed to the enhanced absorption and activation capability of reactants on the bimetallic cooperative catalysts. A two-electrode flow electrolyzer for AA synthesis realizes a stable electrolysis at 2.5 A for over 200 h as well as 38.5% yield and 70.2% selectivity. This study offers a green and sustainable route for AA synthesis from lignin via paired electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xutao Gao
- HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials & Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxiao Guo
- HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials & Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Edmund C M Tse
- HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials & Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Cao Z, Wang C, Sun Y, Liu M, Li W, Zhang J, Fu Y. A Ru/RuO 2 heterostructure boosting electrochemistry-assisted selective benzoic acid hydrogenation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1384-1392. [PMID: 38274064 PMCID: PMC10806790 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05312a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalytic hydrogenation of benzoic acid (BA) to cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (CCA) at ambient temperature and pressure has been recognized as a promising alternative to thermal hydrogenation since water is required as the hydrogen source. So far, only a few Pt-based electrocatalysts have been developed in acidic electrolyte. To overcome the limitations of reactant solubility and catalyst corrosion, herein, carbon fiber-supported Ru electrocatalysts with abundant Ru/RuO2 heterojunctions were fabricated via cyclic electrodeposition between -0.8 and 1.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl. In an alkaline environment, a Ru/RuO2 catalyst achieves an excellent ECH reactivity in terms of high BA conversion (100%) and selectivity towards CCA (100%) within 180 min at a current density of 200/3 mA cm-2, showing exceptional reusability and long-term stability. 1-Cyclohexenecarboxylic acid (CEA) was identified as the reaction intermediate, whose the selectivity is governed by the applied potential. Kinetic studies demonstrate that ECH of BA over Ru/RuO2 follows a Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) mechanism. In situ Raman spectroscopy and theoretical calculations reveal that the Ru/RuO2 interface enhances the adsorption strength of CEA, thereby facilitating the production of fully hydrogenated CCA. This work provides a deep understanding of the ECH pathway of BA in alkaline media, and gives a new methodology to fabricate heterostructure electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifan Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Chenhui Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Yifan Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Menghui Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Jinli Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University Shihezi 832003 China
| | - Yan Fu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
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Kleinhaus JT, Wolf J, Pellumbi K, Wickert L, Viswanathan SC, Junge Puring K, Siegmund D, Apfel UP. Developing electrochemical hydrogenation towards industrial application. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7305-7332. [PMID: 37814786 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00419h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical hydrogenation reactions gained significant attention as a sustainable and efficient alternative to conventional thermocatalytic hydrogenations. This tutorial review provides a comprehensive overview of the basic principles, the practical application, and recent advances of electrochemical hydrogenation reactions, with a particular emphasis on the translation of these reactions from lab-scale to industrial applications. Giving an overview on the vast amount of conceivable organic substrates and tested catalysts, we highlight the challenges associated with upscaling electrochemical hydrogenations, such as mass transfer limitations and reactor design. Strategies and techniques for addressing these challenges are discussed, including the development of novel catalysts and the implementation of scalable and innovative cell concepts. We furthermore present an outlook on current challenges, future prospects, and research directions for achieving widespread industrial implementation of electrochemical hydrogenation reactions. This work aims to provide beginners as well as experienced electrochemists with a starting point into the potential future transformation of electrochemical hydrogenations from a laboratory curiosity to a viable technology for sustainable chemical synthesis on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian T Kleinhaus
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jonas Wolf
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Kevinjeorjios Pellumbi
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Leon Wickert
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Sangita C Viswanathan
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Kai Junge Puring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Daniel Siegmund
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Ulf-Peter Apfel
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
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Zhao L, Feng J, Abbas A, Wang C, Wang H. MOF-Derived Mn 2 O 3 Nanocage with Oxygen Vacancies as Efficient Cathode Catalysts for Li-O 2 Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302953. [PMID: 37300361 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Designing efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts is the primary imperative for addressing the pivotal concerns confronting lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs). The microstructure of the catalyst is one of the key factors that influence the catalytic performance. This study proceeds to the advantage of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derivatives by annealing manganese 1,2,3-triazolate (MET-2) at different temperatures to optimize Mn2 O3 crystals for special microstructures. It is found that at 350 °C annealing temperature, the derived Mn2 O3 nanocage maintains the structure of MOF, the inherited high porosity and large specific surface area provide more channels for Li+ and O2 diffusion, beside the oxygen vacancies on the surface of Mn2 O3 nanocages enhance the electrocatalytic activity. With the synergy of unique structure and rich oxygen vacancies, the Mn2 O3 nanocage exhibits ultrahigh discharge capacity (21 070.6 mAh g-1 at 500 mA g-1 ) and excellent cycling stability (180 cycles at the limited capacity of 600 mAh g-1 with a current of 500 mA g-1 ). This study demonstrates that the Mn2 O3 nanocage structure containing oxygen vacancies can significantly enhance catalytic performance for LOBs, which provide a simple method for structurally designed transition metal oxide electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingwen Zhao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Adeel Abbas
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Hongchao Wang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
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