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Bera S, Dutta A, Dastidar P. Developing Supramolecular Metallogel Derived from Pd 2L 4 Cage Molecule for Delivering an Anti-Cancer Drug to Melanoma Cell B16-F10. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400419. [PMID: 38872363 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular gels are an important class of materials that are promising for its wide range of applications including drug delivery. While supramolecular gels are intrinsically porous because of the 3D nano-matrix (gel matrix) that is being formed due to supramolecular self-assembly process involving the gelator molecules during gelation, additional nanopores can be introduced to the overall gel if the gelator molecule itself holds molecular cavity such as metal-organic-cage (MOC) molecules. A MOC having the molecular formula [(Pd2L24).4NO3].3H2O.2DMF.MeOH (Pd-cage) (L2=5-Azido-N,N'-di-pyridin-3-yl-isophthalamide) was successfully synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, ESI-MS and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Stimuli-reversible supramolecular metallogel PdG could easily be formed from Pd-cage in DMSO/water mixture. The molecular cage of Pd-cage was demonstrated to be available for loading an anti-cancer drug namely doxorubicin (DOX). Subsequently, DOX was also loaded within PdG and delivered to melanoma cell line B16-F10 displaying significant anti-cancer activity as revealed by both MTT and scratch assay. Rheoreversibility of PdG and its ability to load and deliver DOX to cancer cells clearly raised hope for developing this metallogel further as topical anticancer gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Bera
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhishek Dutta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Parthasarathi Dastidar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
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Wen X, Zhang C, Tian Y, Miao Y, Liu S, Xu JJ, Ye D, He J. Smart Molecular Imaging and Theranostic Probes by Enzymatic Molecular In Situ Self-Assembly. JACS AU 2024; 4:2426-2450. [PMID: 39055152 PMCID: PMC11267545 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic molecular in situ self-assembly (E-MISA) that enables the synthesis of high-order nanostructures from synthetic small molecules inside a living subject has emerged as a promising strategy for molecular imaging and theranostics. This strategy leverages the catalytic activity of an enzyme to trigger probe substrate conversion and assembly in situ, permitting prolonging retention and congregating many molecules of probes in the targeted cells or tissues. Enhanced imaging signals or therapeutic functions can be achieved by responding to a specific enzyme. This E-MISA strategy has been successfully applied for the development of enzyme-activated smart molecular imaging or theranostic probes for in vivo applications. In this Perspective, we discuss the general principle of controlling in situ self-assembly of synthetic small molecules by an enzyme and then discuss the applications for the construction of "smart" imaging and theranostic probes against cancers and bacteria. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and perspectives in utilizing the E-MISA strategy for disease diagnoses and therapies, particularly for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xidan Wen
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital
of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry
and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern
Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yuyang Tian
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry
and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yinxing Miao
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry
and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shaohai Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry
and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry
and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Deju Ye
- State
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Chemistry
and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian He
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital
of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
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Jones C, Kershaw Cook LJ, Slater AG, Yufit DS, Steed JW. Scrolling in Supramolecular Gels: A Designer's Guide. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:2799-2809. [PMID: 38558920 PMCID: PMC10976645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c03013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Gelation by small molecules is a topic of enormous importance in catalysis, nanomaterials, drug delivery, and pharmaceutical crystallization. The mechanism by which gelators self-organize into a fibrous gel network is poorly understood. Herein, we describe the crystal structures and gelation properties of a library of bis(urea) compounds and show, via molecular dynamics simulations, how gelator aggregation progresses from a continuous pattern of supramolecular motifs to a homogeneous fiber network. Our model suggests that lamellae with asymmetric surfaces scroll into uniform unbranched fibrils, while sheets with symmetric surfaces undergo stacking to form crystals. The self-assembly of asymmetric lamellae is associated with specific molecular features, such as the presence of narrow and flexible end groups with high packing densities, and likely represents a general mechanism for the formation of small-molecule gels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence J. Kershaw Cook
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Anna G. Slater
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Dmitry S. Yufit
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
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Sonani RR, Bianco S, Dietrich B, Doutch J, Draper ER, Adams DJ, Egelman EH. Atomic structures of naphthalene dipeptide micelles unravel mechanisms of assembly and gelation. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2024; 5:101812. [PMID: 38464674 PMCID: PMC10922087 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.101812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Peptide-based biopolymers have gained increasing attention due to their versatile applications. A naphthalene dipeptide (2NapFF) can form chirality-dependent tubular micelles, leading to supramolecular gels. The precise molecular arrangement within these micelles and the mechanism governing gelation have remained enigmatic. We determined, at near-atomic resolution, cryoelectron microscopy structures of the 2NapFF micelles LL-tube and LD-tube, generated by the stereoisomers (l,l)-2NapFF and (l,d)-2NapFF, respectively. The structures reveal that the fundamental packing of dipeptides is driven by the systematic π-π stacking of aromatic rings and that same-charge repulsion between the carbonyl groups is responsible for the stiffness of both tubes. The structural analysis elucidates how a single residue's altered chirality gives rise to markedly distinct tubular structures and sheds light on the mechanisms underlying the pH-dependent gelation of LL- and LD-tubes. The understanding of dipeptide packing and gelation mechanisms provides insights for the rational design of 2NapFF derivatives, enabling the modulation of micellar dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi R. Sonani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Simona Bianco
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, UK
| | - Bart Dietrich
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, UK
| | - James Doutch
- ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0QX Didcot, UK
| | - Emily R. Draper
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, UK
| | - Dave J. Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, UK
| | - Edward H. Egelman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Lead contact
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Ghara S, Bera S, Dastidar P. Antibacterial Hydrogel as a Self-Drug-Delivery System Derived from Zn(II)-bis-imidazole/NSAID-Based Organic-Inorganic Hybrids. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4749-4763. [PMID: 37864581 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
A skin wound is prone to bacterial infection and growth. An antibacterial topical hydrogel that can act as a self-drug-delivery (SDD) system is reported here. Two bidentate ligands (L2/L1) derived from imidazole/benzimidazole derivatives when reacted with Zn(NO3)2 and a series of nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) produced crystalline products, which were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD). Simple mixing of the ingredients of the crystalline products (stoichiometry guided by the corresponding crystal structure) produced an aqueous gel (DMSO/water) when the bidentate ligand was water-insoluble L2, whereas water-soluble L1 readily produced hydrogels under similar conditions. Dynamic rheology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to characterize the gels. Zone inhibition diameters, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and hemolysis data suggested that among the hydrogelators, L1MEC derived from L1, meclofenac and Zn(NO3)2, was found to be the best against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. The corresponding hydrogel L1MEC_HG and a piece of a dried cloth bandage coated with the hydrogel also showed appreciable activity against E. coli. The antibacterial property of L1MEC_HG against E. coli, thus demonstrated, is relevant in developing an antibacterial SDD system because E. coli is reported to be present in infected wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita Ghara
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A and 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourabh Bera
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A and 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Parthasarathi Dastidar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A and 2B, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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Li Z, Li Y, Yin C. Manipulating Molecular Self-Assembly Process at the Solid-Liquid Interface Probed by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4176. [PMID: 37896420 PMCID: PMC10610993 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of ordered self-assembly on solid substrates is a topic of interest in both fundamental surface science research and its applications in nanotechnology. The regulation and control of two-dimensional (2D) self-assembled supra-molecular structures on surfaces have been realized through applying external stimuli. By utilizing scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), researchers can investigate the detailed phase transition process of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), providing insight into the interplay between intermolecular weak interactions and substrate-molecule interactions, which govern the formation of molecular self-assembly. This review will discuss the structural transition of self-assembly probed by STM in response to external stimuli and provide state-of-the-art methods such as tip-induced confinement for the alignment of SAM domains and selective chirality. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities in the field of self-assembly and STM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China;
| | - Chengjie Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China;
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Stimuli-Responsive Properties of Supramolecular Gels Based on Pyridyl- N-oxide Amides. Gels 2023; 9:gels9020089. [PMID: 36826259 PMCID: PMC9956205 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of functional groups and their relative position and orientation play an important role in tuning the gelation properties of stimuli-responsive supramolecular gels. In this work, we synthesized and characterized mono-/bis-pyridyl-N-oxide compounds of N-(4-pyridyl)nicotinamide (L1-L3). The gelation properties of these N-oxide compounds were compared with the reported isomeric counterpart mono-/bis-pyridyl-N-oxide compounds of N-(4-pyridyl)isonicotinamide. Hydrogels obtained with L1 and L3 were thermally and mechanically more stable than the corresponding isomeric counterparts. The surface morphology of the xerogels of di-N-oxides (L3 and diNO) obtained from the water was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed that the relative position of N-oxide moieties did not have a prominent effect on the gel morphology. The solid-state structural analysis was performed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction to understand the key mechanism in gel formation. The versatile nature of N-oxide moieties makes these gels highly responsive toward an external stimulus, and the stimuli-responsive behavior of the gels in water and aqueous mixtures was studied in the presence of various salts. We studied the effect of various salts on the gelation behavior of the hydrogels, and the results indicated that the salts could induce gelation in L1 and L3 below the minimum gelator concentration of the gelators. The mechanical properties were evaluated by rheological experiments, indicating that the modified compounds displayed enhanced gel strength in most cases. Interestingly, cadmium chloride formed supergelator at a very low concentration (0.7 wt% of L3), and robust hydrogels were obtained at higher concentrations of L3. These results show that the relative position of N-oxide moieties is crucial for the effective interaction of the gelator with salts/ions resulting in LMWGs with tunable properties.
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