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Zhou L, Huang Y, Wang Y, Wen B, Jiang Z, Li F. Mechanistic understanding of CO 2 reduction and evolution reactions in Li-CO 2 batteries. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:17324-17337. [PMID: 39248391 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02633k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Rechargeable Li-CO2 batteries have attracted extensive attention owing to their high theoretical energy density (1876 W h Kg-1). However, their practical application is hindered by large polarization, low coulombic efficiency, and cathode degradation. The electrochemical performance of Li-CO2 batteries is significantly affected by the thermodynamic stability and reaction kinetics of discharge products. Although advances have been achieved in cathode design and electrolyte optimization over the past decade, the reaction mechanism of the CO2 cathode has not yet been clear. In this review, various reaction mechanisms of CO2 reduction and evolution at the cathode interface are discussed, including different reaction routes under mixed O2/CO2 and pure CO2 environments. Furthermore, the regulating strategies of different discharge products, including Li2CO3, Li2C2O6, and Li2C2O4, are summarized to decrease the polarization and improve the cycling performance of Li-CO2 batteries. Finally, the challenges and perspectives are discussed from three aspects: reaction mechanisms, cathode catalysts, and electrolyte engineering, offering insights for the development of Li-CO2 batteries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yaohui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yuzhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Bo Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Zhuoliang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Fujun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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2
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Li GL, Niu KK, Yang XZ, Liu H, Yu S, Xing LB. A Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Based on Triphenylamine for Photocatalytic Silane Hydroxylation. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:16533-16540. [PMID: 39167756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Employing hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) as mild photocatalysts for organic conversions is still considerably challenging. In this work, we synthesized a hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF-16) and achieved the photocatalytic oxidation of silanes to generate silanols. Considering the constraints imposed by the framework structure, a significant improvement in the efficacy of singlet oxygen (1O2) generation is observed. HOF-16 exhibits remarkable photocatalytic performance when it comes to silane hydroxylation, displaying high efficiency, low catalyst loading, and good recyclability. This research highlights the immense potential of HOFs in the realm of organic photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Lu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo, Shandong 255000, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Kai Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo, Shandong 255000, P. R. China
| | - Xuan-Zong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo, Shandong 255000, P. R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo, Shandong 255000, P. R. China
| | - Shengsheng Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo, Shandong 255000, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Bao Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology Zibo, Shandong 255000, P. R. China
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3
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Chen Y, Zhu Y, Sun Z, Kuai X, Chen J, Zhang B, Yin J, Luo H, Tang Y, Zeng G, Zhang K, Li L, Xu J, Yin W, Qiu Y, Zou Y, Ning Z, Ouyang C, Zhang Q, Qiao Y, Sun SG. Achieving High-Capacity Cathode Presodiation Agent Via Triggering Anionic Oxidation Activity in Sodium Oxide. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2407720. [PMID: 39032096 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202407720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Compensating for the irreversible loss of limited active sodium (Na) is crucial for enhancing the energy density of practical sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) full-cell, especially when employing hard carbon anode with initially lower coulombic efficiency. Introducing sacrificial cathode presodiation agents, particularly those that own potential anionic oxidation activity with a high theoretical capacity, can provide additional sodium sources for compensating Na loss. Herein, Ni atoms are precisely implanted at the Na sites within Na2O framework, obtaining a (Na0.89Ni0.05□0.06)2O (Ni-Na2O) presodiation agent. The synergistic interaction between Na vacancies and Ni catalyst effectively tunes the band structure, forming moderate Ni-O covalent bonds, activating the oxidation activity of oxygen anion, reducing the decomposition overpotential to 2.8 V (vs Na/Na+), and achieving a high presodiation capacity of 710 mAh/g≈Na2O (Na2O decomposition rate >80%). Incorporating currently-modified presodiation agent with Na3V2(PO4)3 and Na2/3Ni2/3Mn1/3O2 cathodes, the energy density of corresponding Na-ion full-cells presents an essential improvement of 23.9% and 19.3%, respectively. Further, not limited to Ni-Na2O, the structure-function relationship between the anionic oxidation mechanism and electrode-electrolyte interface fabrication is revealed as a paradigm for the development of sacrificial cathode presodiation agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy, Materials of China (Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory), Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuanlong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhefei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Kuai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy, Materials of China (Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory), Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jianken Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Baodan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Haiyan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yonglin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Guifan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Juping Xu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, China
| | - Wen Yin
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, China
| | - Yongfu Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Yeguo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy, Materials of China (Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory), Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ziyang Ning
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Devices (21C-Lab), Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL), Ningde, 352100, China
| | - Chuying Ouyang
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Devices (21C-Lab), Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL), Ningde, 352100, China
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Computational Materials Physics, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Qiaobao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yu Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy, Materials of China (Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory), Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shi-Gang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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4
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Xu M, Li D, Feng Y, Yuan Y, Wu Y, Zhao H, Kumar RV, Feng G, Xi K. Microporous Materials in Polymer Electrolytes: The Merit of Order. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2405079. [PMID: 38922998 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state batteries (SSBs) have garnered significant attention in the critical field of sustainable energy storage due to their potential benefits in safety, energy density, and cycle life. The large-scale, cost-effective production of SSBs necessitates the development of high-performance solid-state electrolytes. However, the manufacturing of SSBs relies heavily on the advancement of suitable solid-state electrolytes. Composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs), which combine the advantages of ordered microporous materials (OMMs) and polymer electrolytes, meet the requirements for high ionic conductivity/transference number, stability with respect to electrodes, compatibility with established manufacturing processes, and cost-effectiveness, making them particularly well-suited for mass production of SSBs. This review delineates how structural ordering dictates the fundamental physicochemical properties of OMMs, including ion transport, thermal transfer, and mechanical stability. The applications of prominent OMMs are critically examined, such as metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and zeolites, in CPEs, highlighting how structural ordering facilitates the fulfillment of property requirements. Finally, an outlook on the field is provided, exploring how the properties of CPEs can be enhanced through the dimensional design of OMMs, and the importance of uncovering the underlying "feature-function" mechanisms of various CPE types is underscored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Danyang Li
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yuhe Feng
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yutong Wu
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - R Vasant Kumar
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Guodong Feng
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Kai Xi
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
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5
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Cheng Z, Lian J, Zhang J, Xiang S, Chen B, Zhang Z. Pristine MOF Materials for Separator Application in Lithium-Sulfur Battery. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2404834. [PMID: 38894547 PMCID: PMC11336918 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have attracted significant attention in the realm of electronic energy storage and conversion owing to their remarkable theoretical energy density and cost-effectiveness. However, Li-S batteries continue to face significant challenges, primarily the severe polysulfides shuttle effect and sluggish sulfur redox kinetics, which are inherent obstacles to their practical application. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), known for their porous structure, high adsorption capacity, structural flexibility, and easy synthesis, have emerged as ideal materials for separator modification. Efficient polysulfides interception/conversion ability and rapid lithium-ion conduction enabled by MOFs modified layers are demonstrated in Li-S batteries. In this perspective, the objective is to present an overview of recent advancements in utilizing pristine MOF materials as modification layers for separators in Li-S batteries. The mechanisms behind the enhanced electrochemical performance resulting from each design strategy are explained. The viewpoints and crucial challenges requiring resolution are also concluded for pristine MOFs separator in Li-S batteries. Moreover, some promising materials and concepts based on MOFs are proposed to enhance electrochemical performance and investigate polysulfides adsorption/conversion mechanisms. These efforts are expected to contribute to the future advancement of MOFs in advanced Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Cheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350007China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhou350002China
| | - Jie Lian
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350007China
| | - Jindan Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350007China
| | - Shengchang Xiang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350007China
| | - Banglin Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350007China
| | - Zhangjing Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringFujian Normal UniversityFuzhou350007China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhou350002China
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6
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Lu B, Wu X, Zhang M, Xiao X, Chen B, Liu Y, Mao R, Song Y, Zeng XX, Yang J, Zhou G. Steering the Orbital Hybridization to Boost the Redox Kinetics for Efficient Li-CO 2 Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39031086 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The sluggish CO2 reduction and evolution reaction kinetics are thorny problems for developing high-performance Li-CO2 batteries. For the complicated multiphase reactions and multielectron transfer processes in Li-CO2 batteries, exploring efficient cathode catalysts and understanding the interplay between structure and activity are crucial to couple with these pendent challenges. In this work, we applied the CoS as a model catalyst and adjusted its electronic structure by introducing sulfur vacancies to optimize the d-band and p-band centers, which steer the orbital hybridization and boost the redox kinetics between Li and CO2, thus improving the discharge platform of Li-CO2 batteries and altering the deposition behavior of discharge products. As a result, a highly efficient bidirectional catalyst exhibits an ultrasmall overpotential of 0.62 V and a high energy efficiency of 82.8% and circulates stably for nearly 600 h. Meanwhile, density functional theory calculations and multiphysics simulations further elucidate the mechanism of bidirectional activity. This work not only provides a proof of concept to design a remarkably efficient catalyst but also sheds light on promoting the reversible Li-CO2 reaction by tailoring the electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyi Lu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials Service Safety, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xinru Wu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mengtian Zhang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Biao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yingqi Liu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rui Mao
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanze Song
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xian-Xiang Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials Service Safety, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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7
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Deng Q, Yin K, Yang Y, Liu H, Yang C, Zhang Y. Creating CoRu Dual Active Sites Codecorated Stable Porous Ceria Support for Enhanced Li-CO 2 Batteries Cathodes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402447. [PMID: 38940363 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-carbon dioxide (Li-CO2) battery represents a high-energy density energy storage with excellent real-time CO2 enrichment and conversion, but its practical utilization is hampered by the development of an excellent catalytic cathode. Here, the synergistic catalytic strategy of designing CoRu bimetallic active sites achieves the electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 and the efficient decomposition of the discharge products, which in turn realizes the smooth operation of the Li-CO2 battery. Moreover, obtained support based on metal-organic frameworks precursors facilitates the convenient diffusion and adsorption of CO2, resulting in higher reaction concentration and lower mass transfer resistance. Meanwhile, the optimization of the interfacial electronic structure and the effective transfer of electrons are achieved by virtue of the strong interaction of CoRu at the support interface. As a result, the Li-CO2 cell assembled based on bimetallic CoRu active sites achieved a discharge capacity of 19,111 mA h g-1 and a steady-state discharge voltage of 2.58 V as well as a cycle life of >175 cycles at a rate of 100 mA g-1. Further experiments combined with density-functional theory calculations achieve a deeply view of the connection between cathode and electrochemical performance and pave a way for the subsequent development of advanced Li-CO2 catalytic cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Kai Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Chenghan Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
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8
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Wu J, Chen J, Chen X, Liu Y, Hu Z, Lou F, Chou S, Qiao Y. Cross-linked K 0.5MnO 2 nanoflower composites for high rate and low overpotential Li-CO 2 batteries. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9591-9598. [PMID: 38939144 PMCID: PMC11206224 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01799d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Rechargeable Li-CO2 batteries are deemed to be attractive energy storage systems, as they can effectively inhale and fix carbon dioxide and possess an extremely high energy density. Unfortunately, the irreversible decomposition of the insoluble and insulating Li2CO3 results in awful electrochemical performance and inferior energy efficiency of Li-CO2 batteries. Furthermore, the low energy efficiency will exacerbate the extra waste of resources. Therefore, it is vital to design novel and efficient catalysts to enhance the battery performance. Herein, a facile, one-step strategy is introduced to design cross-linked, ultrathin K0.5MnO2 nanoflowers combined with CNTs (K0.5MnO2/CNT) as a highly efficient cathode for Li-CO2 batteries. Impressively, the Li-CO2 battery based on the K0.5MnO2/CNT cathode achieves a low overpotential (1.05 V) and a high average energy efficiency (87.95%) at a current density of 100 mA g-1. Additionally, the K0.5MnO2/CNT cathode can steadily run for over 100 cycles (overpotential < 1.20 V). Moreover, a low overpotential of 1.47 V can be obtained even at a higher current density of 1000 mA g-1, indicating the superior rate performance of K0.5MnO2/CNT. This strategy offers new insight and guidance for the development of low-cost and high-performance Li-CO2 batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
- Sinopec Petroleum Engineering Zhongyuan Co. Ltd, Natural Gas Technology Center Zhengzhou Henan 450000 China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Zhe Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Feijian Lou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Shulei Chou
- Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Yun Qiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
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9
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Liu X, Liu G, Fu T, Ding K, Guo J, Wang Z, Xia W, Shangguan H. Structural Design and Energy and Environmental Applications of Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks: A Systematic Review. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400101. [PMID: 38647267 PMCID: PMC11165539 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are emerging porous materials that show high structural flexibility, mild synthetic conditions, good solution processability, easy healing and regeneration, and good recyclability. Although these properties give them many potential multifunctional applications, their frameworks are unstable due to the presence of only weak and reversible hydrogen bonds. In this work, the development history and synthesis methods of HOFs are reviewed, and categorize their structural design concepts and strategies to improve their stability. More importantly, due to the significant potential of the latest HOF-related research for addressing energy and environmental issues, this work discusses the latest advances in the methods of energy storage and conversion, energy substance generation and isolation, environmental detection and isolation, degradation and transformation, and biological applications. Furthermore, a discussion of the coupling orientation of HOF in the cross-cutting fields of energy and environment is presented for the first time. Finally, current challenges, opportunities, and strategies for the development of HOFs to advance their energy and environmental applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Resources and EnvironmentMoutai InstituteRenhuai564507China
| | - Guangli Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Tao Fu
- College of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Keren Ding
- AgResearchRuakura Research CentreHamilton3240New Zealand
| | - Jinrui Guo
- College of Environmental Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Zhenran Wang
- School of Environmental Science and EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong UniversityChengdu611756China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Resources and EnvironmentMoutai InstituteRenhuai564507China
| | - Huayuan Shangguan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and HealthInstitute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen361021China
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10
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Wang Y, Sun Y, Wu F, Zou G, Gaumet JJ, Li J, Fernandez C, Wang Y, Peng Q. Nitrogen-Anchored Boridene Enables Mg-CO 2 Batteries with High Reversibility. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9967-9974. [PMID: 38441882 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscale defect engineering plays a crucial role in incorporating extraordinary catalytic properties in two-dimensional materials by varying the surface groups or site interactions. Herein, we synthesized high-loaded nitrogen-doped Boridene (N-Boridene (Mo4/3(BnN1-n)2-mTz), N-doped concentration up to 26.78 at %) nanosheets by chemical exfoliation followed by cyanamide intercalation. Three different nitrogen sites are observed in N-Boridene, wherein the site of boron vacancy substitution mainly accounts for its high chemical activity. Attractively, as a cathode for Mg-CO2 batteries, it delivers a long-term lifetime (305 cycles), high-energy efficiency (93.6%), and ultralow overpotential (∼0.09 V) at a high current of 200 mA g-1, which overwhelms all Mg-CO2 batteries reported so far. Experimental and computational studies suggest that N-Boridene can remarkably change the adsorption energy of the reaction products and lower the energy barrier of the rate-determining step (*MgCO2 → *MgCO3·xH2O), resulting in the rapid reversible formation/decomposition of new MgCO3·5H2O products. The surging Boridene materials with defects provide substantial opportunities to develop other heterogeneous catalysts for efficient capture and converting of CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Fengqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Guodong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Jean-Jacques Gaumet
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique, Approche Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes, Institute Jean Barriol, Université de Lorraine, Metz 57070, France
| | - Jinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Carlos Fernandez
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB107GJ, U.K
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qiuming Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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11
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Ding X, Chen J, Ye G. Supramolecular polynuclear clusters sustained cubic hydrogen bonded frameworks with octahedral cages for reversible photochromism. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2782. [PMID: 38555300 PMCID: PMC10981757 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing supramolecular porous crystalline frameworks with tailor-made architectures from advanced secondary building units (SBUs) remains a pivotal challenge in reticular chemistry. Particularly for hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), construction of geometrical cavities through secondary units has been rarely achieved. Herein, a body-centered cubic HOF (TCA_NH4) with octahedral cages was constructed by a C3-symmetric building block and NH4+ node-assembled cluster (NH4)4(COOH)8(H2O)2 that served as supramolecular secondary building units (SSBUs), akin to the polynuclear SBUs in reticular chemistry. Specifically, the octahedral cages could encapsulate four homogenous haloforms including CHCl3, CHBr3, and CHI3 with truncated octahedron configuration. Crystallographic evidence revealed the cages served as spatially-confined nanoreactors, enabling fast, broadband photochromic effect associated with the reversible photo/thermal transformation between encapsulated CHI3 and I2. Overall, this work provides a strategy by shaping SSBUs to expand the framework topology of HOFs and a prototype of hydrogen-bonded nanoreactors to accommodate reversible photochromic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology, Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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12
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Zhao J, Wang Y, Zhao H, Liu L, Li S, Hu X, Ding S. Enabling All-Solid-State Lithium-Carbon Dioxide Battery Operation in a Wide Temperature Range. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38311845 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Flexible all-solid-state lithium-carbon dioxide batteries (FASSLCBs) are recognized as a next-generation energy storage technology by solving safety and shuttle effect problems. However, the present FASSLCBs rely heavily on high-temperature operation due to sluggish solid-solid-gas multiphase mass transfer and unclear capacity degradation mechanism. Herein, we designed bicontinuous hierarchical porous structures (BCHPSs) for both solid polymer electrolyte and cathode for FASSLCBs to facilitate the mass transfer in all connected directions. The formed large Lewis acidic surface effectively promotes the lithium salt dissociation and the CO2 conversion. Furthermore, it is unraveled that the battery capacity degradation originates from the "dead Li2CO3" formation, which is inhibited by the fast decomposition of Li2CO3. Accordingly, the assembled FASSLCBs exhibit an excellent cycling stability of 133 cycles at 60 °C, which is 2.7 times longer than that without BCHPSs, and the FASSLCBs can be operated repeatedly even at room temperature. This BCHPS method and fundamental deactivation mechanism provide a perspective for designing FASSLCBs with long cycling life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyun Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Chemistry for Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Future Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Chemistry for Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Liu
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Chemistry for Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengtao Li
- School of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Chemistry for Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujiang Ding
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Chemistry for Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Future Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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13
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Ji X, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Cui J, Fan Y, Qiao Y. Porous Carbon Foam with Carbon Nanotubes as Cathode for Li-CO 2 Batteries. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303319. [PMID: 38010959 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
With the extensive use of fossil fuels, the ever-increasing greenhouse gas of mainly carbon dioxide emissions will result in global climate change. It is of utmost importance to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and its utilization. Li-CO2 batteries can convert carbon dioxide into electrochemical energy. However, developing efficient catalysts for the decomposition of Li2 CO3 as the discharge product represents a challenge in Li-CO2 batteries. Herein, we demonstrate a carbon foam composite with growing carbon nanotube by using cobalt as the catalyst, showing the ability to enhance the decomposition rate of Li2 CO3 , and thus improve the electrochemical performance of Li-CO2 batteries. Benefiting from its abundant pore structure and catalytic sites, the as-assembled Li-CO2 battery exhibits a desirable overpotential of 1.67 V after 50 cycles. Moreover, the overpotentials are 1.05 and 2.38 V at current densities of 0.02 and 0.20 mA cm-2 , respectively. These results provide a new avenue for the development of efficient catalysts for Li-CO2 batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhuxi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Jiabao Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Yangyang Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Yun Qiao
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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14
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Lu B, Wu X, Xiao X, Chen B, Zeng W, Liu Y, Lao Z, Zeng XX, Zhou G, Yang J. Energy Band Engineering Guided Design of Bidirectional Catalyst for Reversible Li-CO 2 Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308889. [PMID: 37960976 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Li-CO2 batteries arouse great interest in the context of carbon neutralization, but their practicability is severely hindered by the sluggish CO2 redox reaction kinetics at the cathode, which brings about formidable challenges such as high overpotential and low Coulombic efficiency. For the complex multi-electron transfer process, the design of catalysts at the molecular or atomic level and the understanding of the relationship between electron state and performance are essential for the CO2 redox. However, little attention is paid to it. In this work, using Co3 S4 as a model system, density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the adjusted d-band and p-band centers of Co3 S4 with the introduction of Cu and sulfur vacancies are hybridized between CO2 and Li species, respectively, which is conducive to the adsorption of reactants and the decomposition of Li2 CO3 , and the experimental results further verify the effectiveness of energy band engineering. As a result, a highly efficient bidirectional catalyst is produced and shows an ultra-small voltage gap of 0.73 V and marvelous Coulombic efficiency of 92.6%, surpassing those of previous catalysts under similar conditions. This work presents an effective catalyst design and affords new insight into the high-performance cathode catalyst materials for Li-CO2 batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyi Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xinru Wu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Biao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Weihao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yingqi Liu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhoujie Lao
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xian-Xiang Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Electrocatalytic Materials, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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15
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Zhu Y, Chen Y, Chen J, Yin J, Sun Z, Zeng G, Wu X, Chen L, Yu X, Luo H, Yan Y, Zhang H, Zhang B, Kuai X, Tang Y, Xu J, Yin W, Qiu Y, Zhang Q, Qiao Y, Sun SG. Lattice Engineering on Li 2 CO 3 -Based Sacrificial Cathode Prelithiation Agent for Improving the Energy Density of Li-Ion Battery Full-Cell. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2312159. [PMID: 38117030 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Developing sacrificial cathode prelithiation technology to compensate for active lithium loss is vital for improving the energy density of lithium-ion battery full-cells. Li2 CO3 owns high theoretical specific capacity, superior air stability, but poor conductivity as an insulator, acting as a promising but challenging prelithiation agent candidate. Herein, extracting a trace amount of Co from LiCoO2 (LCO), a lattice engineering is developed through substituting Li sites with Co and inducing Li defects to obtain a composite structure consisting of (Li0.906 Co0.043 ▫0.051 )2 CO2.934 and ball milled LiCoO2 (Co-Li2 CO3 @LCO). Notably, both the bandgap and Li─O bond strength have essentially declined in this structure. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of Li defects and bulk phase catalytic regulation of Co, the potential of Li2 CO3 deep decomposition significantly decreases from typical >4.7 to ≈4.25 V versus Li/Li+ , presenting >600 mAh g-1 compensation capacity. Impressively, coupling 5 wt% Co-Li2 CO3 @LCO within NCM-811 cathode, 235 Wh kg-1 pouch-type full-cell is achieved, performing 88% capacity retention after 1000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Materials of China (Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory), Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yilong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jianken Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhefei Sun
- Country State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Guifan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Leiyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Haiyan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yawen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Haitang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Baodan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Kuai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Materials of China (Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory), Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yonglin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Juping Xu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, China
| | - Wen Yin
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan, 523803, China
| | - Yongfu Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Qiaobao Zhang
- Country State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yu Qiao
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Materials of China (Tan Kah Kee Innovation Laboratory), Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shi-Gang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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