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Nasrabadi M, Tavakoli-Anbaran H, Ebrahimibasabi E. Investigation of nano MgO loaded polyvinyl chloride polymer in protective clothing as a nonlead materials. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32711. [PMID: 38952365 PMCID: PMC11215292 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, investigation of advanced shielding materials to be used as an alternative to lead apron has become important. In the current study, MgO loaded into PVC matrix as a non-lead modern shielding composite was modeled to evaluate its performance on radiation protective clothing (RPC). Parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), mean free path (MFP), flux buildup factor (FBF), transmission factor (TF) and lead equivalent value (LEV) of samples were calculated using MCNPX Code. The simulation of the MCNP code was validated, by comparing the mass attenuation of concrete sample, with standard XCOM data and very good agreement was attended between XCOM and MC Code results. The MAC of nano and micro-sized samples were also compared with pure PVC and it was found that the nano MgO particle exhibits higher attenuation compared to micro MgO particle and pure PVC. The results show that, the MAC of samples increased to 63.13 % in 1.332 MeV with increasing filler concentration of nano MgO to 50 wt% relative to pure PVC. Investigation of LEV shows that nano MgO sample has more effective than Pb in 1.173 and 1.332 MeV gamma ray energy so that it provides 36.46 % and 11.13 % lighter RPC than Pb ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nasrabadi
- Faculty of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
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Safari A, Rafie P, Taeb S, Najafi M, Mortazavi SMJ. Development of Lead-Free Materials for Radiation Shielding in Medical Settings: A Review. J Biomed Phys Eng 2024; 14:229-244. [PMID: 39027711 PMCID: PMC11252547 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2404-1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Radiation protection is an essential issue in diagnostic radiology to ensure the safety of patients, healthcare professionals, and the general public. Lead has traditionally been used as a shielding material due to its high atomic number, high density, and effectiveness in attenuating radiation. However, some concerns related to the long-term health effects of toxicity, environmental disease as well as heavy weight of lead have led to the search for alternative lead-free shielding materials. Leadfree multilayered polymer composites and non-lead nano-composite shields have been suggested as effective shielding materials to replace conventional lead-based and single metal shields. Using several elements with high density and atomic number, such as bismuth, barium, gadolinium, and tungsten, offer significant enhancements in the shielding ability of composites. This review focuses on the development and use of lead-free materials for radiation shielding in medical settings. It discusses the drawbacks of traditional lead shielding, such as toxicity, weight, and recycling challenges, and highlights the benefits of lead-free alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Safari
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Payman Rafie
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahram Taeb
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Javad Mortazavi
- Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Baamer MA, Alshahri S, Basfar AA, Alsuhybani M, Alrwais A. Novel Polymer Composites for Lead-Free Shielding Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1020. [PMID: 38611278 PMCID: PMC11014132 DOI: 10.3390/polym16071020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposites have recently been introduced as lead-free shielding materials for use in medical and industrial applications. In this work, novel shielding materials were developed using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mixed with four different filler materials. These four materials are cement, cement with iron oxide, cement with aluminum oxide, and cement with bismuth oxide. Different weight percentages were used including 5%, 15%, and 50% of the cement filler with LDPE. Furthermore, different weight percentages of different combinations of the filler materials were used including 2.5%, 7.5%, and 25% (i.e., cement and iron oxide, cement and aluminum oxide, cement and bismuth oxide) with LDPE. Bismuth oxide was a nanocomposite, and the remaining oxides were micro-composites. Characterization included structural properties, physical features, mechanical and thermal properties, and radiation shielding efficiency for the prepared composites. The results show that a clear improvement in the shielding efficiency was observed when the filler materials were added to the LDPE. The best result out of all these composites was obtained for the composites of bismuth oxide (25 wt.%) cement (25 wt.%) and LDPE (50 wt.%) which have the lowest measured mean free path (MFP) compared with pure LDPE. The comparison shows that the average MFP obtained from the experiments for all the eight energies used in this work was six times lower than the one for pure LDPE, reaching up to twelve times lower for 60 keV energy. The best result among all developed composites was observed for the ones with bismuth oxide at the highest weight percent 25%, which can block up to 78% of an X-ray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen A. Baamer
- M.Sc. in Nuclear Engineering Program, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 145111, Saudi Arabia;
- Engineering and Project Management Sector, King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (K.A. CARE), Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alshahri
- Nuclear Technologies Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Ahmed A. Basfar
- M.Sc. in Nuclear Engineering Program, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 145111, Saudi Arabia;
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 4545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alsuhybani
- Nuclear Technologies Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Alhanouf Alrwais
- Nuclear Technologies Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (M.A.); (A.A.)
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Maeda T, Hayashi H, Ando M, Kobayashi D, Nishigami R, Asahara T, Goto S, Lee C, Yamashita K, Higashino K, Konishi T, Murakami S, Maki M. Performance of elastic x-ray shield made by embedding Bi 2 O 3 particles in porous polyurethane. Med Phys 2024; 51:1061-1073. [PMID: 38103261 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many healthcare institutions have guidelines concerning the usage of protective procedures, and various x-ray shields have been used to reduce unwanted radiation exposure to medical staff and patients when using x-rays. Most x-ray shields are in the form of sheets and lack elasticity, which limits their effectiveness in shielding areas with movement, such as the thyroid. To overcome this limitation, we have developed an innovative elastic x-ray shield. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to explain the methodology for developing and evaluating a novel elastic x-ray shield with sufficient x-ray shielding ability. Furthermore, valuable knowledge and evaluation indices are derived to assess our shield's performance. METHODS Our x-ray shield was developed through a process of embedding Bi2 O3 particles into porous polyurethane. Porous polyurethane with a thickness of 10 mm was dipped into a solution of water, metal particles, and chemical agents. Then, it was air-dried to fix the metal particles in the porous polyurethane. Thirteen investigational x-ray shields were fabricated, in which Bi2 O3 particles at various mass thicknesses (ranging from 585 to 2493 g/m2 ) were embedded. To determine the performance of the shielding material, three criteria were evaluated: (1) Dose Reduction Factor (D R F $DRF$ ), measured using inverse broad beam geometry; (2) uniformity, evaluated from the standard deviation (S D $SD$ ) of the x-ray image obtained using a clinical x-ray imaging detector; and (3) elasticity, evaluated by a compression test. RESULTS The elastic shield with small pores, containing 1200 g/m2 of the metal element (Bi), exhibited a well-balanced performance. TheD R F $DRF$ was approximately 80% for 70 kV diagnostic x-rays. This shield's elasticity was -0.62 N/mm, a loss of only 30% when compared to porous polyurethane without metal. Although the non-uniformity of the x-ray shield leads to poor shielding ability, it was found that the decrease in the shielding ability can be limited to a maximum of 6% when the shield is manufactured so that theS D $SD$ of the x-ray image of the shield is less than 10%. CONCLUSIONS It was verified that an elastic x-ray shield that offers an appropriate reduction in radiation exposure can be produced by embedding Bi2 O3 particles into porous polyurethane. Our findings can lead to the development of novel x-ray shielding products that can reduce the physical and mental stress on users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Maeda
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hayashi
- College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Miku Ando
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Daiki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Rina Nishigami
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Asahara
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
- Okayama University Hospital, Kitaku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sota Goto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe Tokiwa University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Cheonghae Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuta Yamashita
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kosaku Higashino
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Shikoku Medical Center for Children and Adults, Zentsuji, Kagawa, Japan
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Mahmoudian M, Radmehr M, Alimoradlou K, Zamani A, Balkanloo PG. Attenuation properties of hybrid nanocomposite film containing Ce 2O, GO, and α-Al 2O 3 nanoparticles for high energy radiations. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15918. [PMID: 37741859 PMCID: PMC10517928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of diagnostic radiation in medical centers has spread due to the incidence of various diseases. Thus, it is essential that patients and medical staff wear protective clothing to protect themselves from their harmful effects. In the past, lead protective clothing has been used; however, the toxicity and heaviness of lead have limited the tendency to use these clothing. Recently, nanocomposites containing heavy element nanoparticles have been introduced as an alternative to lead coatings. In this study, hybrid nanocomposites containing ceria (CeO2), alumina (Al2O3), and graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles were studied for this purpose. Ceria, alumina, and graphene oxide nanoparticles were mixed with polyethylenevinylacetate (EVA) dissolved in chloroform and casted on a glass plate to form nanocomposite films. The prepared nanoparticles and films were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, Thermal Gravimetric Analysis, and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis, and then the attenuation properties of the films against high-energy radiation (120 kV) were studied in two narrow and broad beam geometries. The results showed that hybrid films, despite having a lower percentage of nanoparticles, showed better attenuation properties, which indicated the synergistic effect of nanoparticles with different mechanisms in attenuating the radiations. The attenuation ability of these films was considerable due to their lower density compared to lead. The fabricated hybrid nanocomposite films with a suitable performance in attenuation of high-energy radiations used in therapeutic diagnostics, can be proposed as a suitable alternative to conventional lead clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mahmoudian
- Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Radmehr
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Asghar Zamani
- Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Mahalingam S, Kwon DS, Kang SG, Kim J. Multicomponent X-ray Shielding Using Sulfated Cerium Oxide and Bismuth Halide Composites. Molecules 2023; 28:6045. [PMID: 37630298 PMCID: PMC10457930 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead is the most widely used X-ray-shielding material, but it is heavy (density ≈ 11.34 g/cm3) and toxic. Therefore, the replacement of Pb with lightweight, ecofriendly materials would be beneficial, and such materials would have applications in medicine, electronics, and aerospace engineering. However, the shielding ability of Pb-free materials is significantly lower than that of Pb itself. To maximize the radiation attenuation of non-Pb-based shielding materials, a high-attenuation cross-section, normal to the incoming X-ray direction, must be achieved. In this study, we developed efficient X-ray-shielding materials composed of sulfated cerium oxide (S-CeO2) and bismuth halides. Crucially, the materials are lightweight and mechanically flexible because of the absence of heavy metals (for example, Pb and W). Further, by pre-forming the doped metal oxide as a porous sponge matrix, and then incorporating the bismuth halides into the porous matrix, uniform, compact, and intimate composites with a high-attenuation cross-section were achieved. Owing to the synergetic effect of the doped metal oxide and bismuth halides, the resultant thin (approximately 3 mm) and lightweight (0.85 g·cm-3) composite achieved an excellent X-ray-shielding rate of approximately 92% at 60 kV, one of the highest values reported for non-heavy-metal shielding materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Mahalingam
- Department of Materials System Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (S.M.); (D.-S.K.); (S.-G.K.)
| | - Dae-Seong Kwon
- Department of Materials System Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (S.M.); (D.-S.K.); (S.-G.K.)
| | - Seok-Gyu Kang
- Department of Materials System Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (S.M.); (D.-S.K.); (S.-G.K.)
| | - Junghwan Kim
- Department of Materials System Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; (S.M.); (D.-S.K.); (S.-G.K.)
- Institute of Energy Transport and Fusion Research, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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7
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Akhlaghi P, Mohammadi N, Karimi-Shahri K, Ebrahimi-Khankook A, Rezaei-Moghaddam Y. Efficiency of tungsten-polymer composite shields on fetal dose reduction in chest CT scans. Med Eng Phys 2023; 118:104008. [PMID: 37536843 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2023.104008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Given their desirable shielding properties, 5 polymer composite shields reinforced with tungsten were selected and their effects as gamma shields on fetal dose reduction were investigated. According to the results, the selected shields reduce the fetus brain, the fetus lungs, the fetus kidneys, and the total fetus dose almost 34.17%-41.19%, 20.47%-25.08%, 9.27%-12.13%, and 15.39%-18.69%, respectively, at tube voltage of 80 kVp. At the higher tube potentials, the values of dose reduction were smaller. Moreover, it was observed that polymers named PHEMA-WO3 and RS-U-30 had an excellent shielding ability among the other studied composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Akhlaghi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Najmeh Mohammadi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
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8
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Palanisami S, Dhandapani VS, Jayachandran V, Muniappan E, Park D, Kim B, Govindasami K. Investigation on Physico Chemical and X-ray Shielding Performance of Zinc Doped Nano-WO 3 Epoxy Composite for Light Weight Lead Free Aprons. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103866. [PMID: 37241493 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This report addresses a way to reduce the usage of highly toxic lead in diagnostic X-ray shielding by developing a cost-effective, eco-friendly nano-tungsten trioxide (WO3) epoxy composite for low-weight aprons. Zinc (Zn)-doped WO3 nanoparticles of 20 to 400 nm were synthesized by an inexpensive and scalable chemical acid-precipitation method. The prepared nanoparticles were subjected to X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence, high-resolution-transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, and the results showed that doping plays a critical role in influencing the physico-chemical properties. The prepared nanoparticles were used as shielding material in this study, which were dispersed in a non-water soluble durable epoxy resin polymer matrix and the dispersed materials were coated over a rexine cloth using the drop-casting method. The X-ray shielding performance was evaluated by estimating the linear attenuation coefficient (μ), mass attenuation coefficient (μm), half value layer (HVL), and X-ray percentage of attenuation. Overall, an improvement in X-ray attenuation in the range of 40-100 kVp was observed for the undoped WO3 nanoparticles and Zn-doped WO3 nanoparticles, which was nearly equal to lead oxide-based aprons (reference material). At 40 kVp, the percentage of attenuation of 2% Zn doped WO3 was 97% which was better than that of other prepared aprons. This study proves that 2% Zn doped WO3 epoxy composite yields a better particle size distribution, μm, and lower HVL value and hence it can be a convenient lead free X-ray shielding apron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeevi Palanisami
- Department of Physics, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore 641014, India
| | - Vishnu Shankar Dhandapani
- Department of Electromechanical Convergence Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Republic of Korea
| | - Varuna Jayachandran
- Department of Physics, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore 641014, India
| | - Elango Muniappan
- Department of Physics, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore 641014, India
| | - Dongkyou Park
- Department of Electromechanical Convergence Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungki Kim
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan 31253, Republic of Korea
| | - Kalpana Govindasami
- Department of Science and Humanities, Tamilnadu College of Engineering, Coimbatore 641659, India
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9
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UPR/Titanium dioxide nanocomposite: Preparation, characterization and application in photon/neutron shielding. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 194:110688. [PMID: 36706516 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of present investigation is to fabricate TiO2 reinforced novel composites as an alternate nuclear radiation shields. Unsaturated polyester resin has been reinforced by the incorporation of different weight proportions of titanium dioxide (5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%) nanoparticles. Accordingly, mass and linear attenuation coefficients (μm & μ), half and tenth value layers (HVL & TVL), relaxation length (λ) and effective atomic numbers (Zeff) have been computed. Gamma ray transmission set up has been employed for the determination of experimental μm values and consistency of experimental outcomes has been compared with the induced results from WinXCom program and Geant4 simulation code. Moreover, discrepancy of fast neutron removal cross section with the increasing TiO2 content in the prepared composites has been studied. Additionally, structural properties in terms of XRD, SEM, RAMAN, FTIR and mechanical properties in terms of compressive strength have been analysed. The findings of this study revealed that the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles improved the mechanical, nuclear shielding and structural properties of composites. The best gamma ray shielding competency has been showed by the highest TiO2 addition (20%) composite. All in all, UPR + TiO2 composites have been identified as promising alternative radiation shielding candidates owning to their cost effectiveness, ease of processing, good dispersion and lightweightness.
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Alfahed RKF, Alameri D, Yassar Z, Badran HA, Mohammad KK. Preparation and characterization of tin chloride-based polymeric composite for gamma shielding applications. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 196:110774. [PMID: 36958082 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Thin films of Poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)/tin chloride different weight (w/w) ratios were prepared using a spin-coating method. The diameter, height, grain size, and other morphological and structural features of the prepared thin films were studied using atomic force microscope (AFM) system. Moreover, the maximum surface roughness and average diameter of the prepared thin films were reported to weight ratio of 0.3%Sn Also, the shielding properties of adding tin chloride inside the polymer matrix were investigated. In addition, the impact of adding the tin-dopant to the targeted polymer on the attenuation parameters, including the linear attenuation coefficient (μ), half-value layer (HVL), screening ratios, and the mean free path, were theoretically calculated. The results show that the properties of the prepared thin films can be improved significantly by introducing a small amount of tin chloride to the host polymer promoting the crystallinity of the produced material and enhancing the shielding property for gamma-rays. The better linear attenuation coefficient of the produced thin films was reported to the weight ratio of 0.3% Sn. The produced Poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)/tin chloride thin films can be suggested as one of the significant shielding materials to be used in a wide range of applications in the field of radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K F Alfahed
- Al-Nahrain University, Al-Nahrain Renewable Energy Research Center, Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Dheyaa Alameri
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Misan, Misan, Iraq
| | | | - Hussain A Badran
- Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
| | - Kareem K Mohammad
- Al-Nahrain University, Al-Nahrain Renewable Energy Research Center, Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq
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11
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Li Y, Wu X, Pei Y, Wang Z, Wang C, Hua D. Recent advances on macromolecular medicinal materials for radioprotection. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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12
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Mehrjardi AZ, Gholamzadeh L, Zafari F. Coating of polyester fabrics with micro-particles of Bi 2O 3 and BaO for ionization ray shielding. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 192:110573. [PMID: 36473317 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to fabricate an economical, environmentally friendly, easily workable, light-weight and comfortable textile-based radiation shield. At first, polyester fabrics were coated with PVA resin that contained bismuth micro-particles (Bi2O3) and barium oxide (BaO) powder in two different weight ratios. Then, the fabric samples were exposed to a source of 226Ra. Attenuation characteristics such as linear attenuation coefficient (μ), half-value layer (HVL) and tenth-value layer (TVL) were calculated for the individual samples. Their morphological properties were also examined through SEM analyses. Moreover, evaluations were performed of the weight, thickness, crease recovery angle, and air permeability of the modified polyester fabrics as well as the water drop absorption time on their surface. As the results showed, the sample with 30% BaO had the highest rate of attenuation, and the attenuation coefficients would increase with an increase of barium and bismuth oxides in the samples. The lowest HVL and TVL values belonged to the sample with 30% BaO.
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13
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Nontoxic flexible PVC nanocomposites with Ta2O5 and Bi2O3 nanoparticles for shielding diagnostic X-rays. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Azman MN, Abualroos NJ, Yaacob KA, Zainon R. Feasibility of nanomaterial tungsten carbide as lead-free nanomaterial-based radiation shielding. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Views on Radiation Shielding Efficiency of Polymeric Composites/Nanocomposites and Multi-Layered Materials: Current State and Advancements. RADIATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/radiation3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This article highlights advancements in polymeric composite/nanocomposites processes and applications for improved radiation shielding and high-rate attenuation for the spacecraft. Energetic particles, mostly electrons and protons, can annihilate or cause space craft hardware failures. The standard practice in space electronics is the utilization of aluminum as radiation safeguard and structural enclosure. In space, the materials must be lightweight and capable of withstanding extreme temperature/mechanical loads under harsh environments, so the research has focused on advanced multi-functional materials. In this regard, low-Z materials have been found effective in shielding particle radiation, but their structural properties were not sufficient for the desired space applications. As a solution, polymeric composites or nanocomposites have been produced having enhanced material properties and enough radiation shielding (gamma, cosmic, X-rays, protons, neutrons, etc.) properties along with reduced weight. Advantageously, the polymeric composites or nanocomposites can be layered to form multi-layered shields. Hence, polymer composites/nanocomposites offer promising alternatives to developing materials for efficiently attenuating photon or particle radiation. The latest technology developments for micro/nano reinforced polymer composites/nanocomposites have also been surveyed here for the radiation shielding of space crafts and aerospace structures. Moreover, the motive behind this state-of-the-art overview is to put forward recommendations for high performance design/applications of reinforced nanocomposites towards future radiation shielding technology in the spacecraft.
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Cheraghi E, Chen S, Liu JA, Sun Y, Yeow JT. Lightweight and flexible bismuth oxide composite with enhanced
x‐ray
shielding efficiency. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Cheraghi
- Systems Design Engineering Department University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Systems Design Engineering Department University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada
| | - Jiayu Alexander Liu
- Systems Design Engineering Department University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada
| | - Yonghai Sun
- Systems Design Engineering Department University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada
| | - John Tze‐Wei Yeow
- Systems Design Engineering Department University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada
- Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario Canada
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Lu D, You G, Peng L, Yao F, Zhou K. Microstructures and properties of a multilayered Al/W composite fabricated for γ-ray-shielding applications. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Sallam FH, Ibrahim EM, Hassan SF, Omar A. Enhanced Bentonite/PVA Matrix for Advanced Shielding Applications. NUCL TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00295450.2022.2072650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fawzy Hammad Sallam
- Nuclear Materials Authority, Department of Geochemical Exploration, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Mohamed Ibrahim
- Nuclear Materials Authority, Department of Geochemical Exploration, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sayed Fahmy Hassan
- Nuclear Materials Authority, Department of Medical and Radiological Research, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A. Omar
- Military Technical College, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Cairo, Egypt
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Prabhu S, S. G Bubbly, Gudennavar SB. X-Ray and γ-Ray Shielding Efficiency of Polymer Composites: Choice of Fillers, Effect of Loading and Filler Size, Photon Energy and Multifunctionality. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2067867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srilakshmi Prabhu
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Bangalore Central Campus, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S. G Bubbly
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Bangalore Central Campus, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivappa B. Gudennavar
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Bangalore Central Campus, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Gilys L, Griškonis E, Griškevičius P, Adlienė D. Lead Free Multilayered Polymer Composites for Radiation Shielding. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1696. [PMID: 35566867 PMCID: PMC9104398 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicone-based polymer composites containing high atomic number additives are prioritized for the development of new materials for radiation shielding, due to their mechanical, thermal, electrical, and multifunctional properties. The X-ray attenuation properties, as well as mechanical properties, of the newly developed-lead-free multi-layered structures for radiation shielding, based on silicone composite layers containing tin, cerium oxide, tungsten oxide, and bismuth additives, are analyzed and discussed in this paper. It is shown that, by varying the additive concentrations in silicone composites, lead-free and flexible layered structures, exhibiting lead-equivalent X-ray shielding, can be fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurynas Gilys
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Street 50, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Egidijus Griškonis
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Street 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Paulius Griškevičius
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Street 56, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Diana Adlienė
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Street 50, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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Noor Azman NZ, Irwaty Wan Mohamed WF, Ramli RM. Synthesis and characterization of electrospun n-ZnO/n-Bi2O3/epoxy-PVA nanofiber mat for low X-ray energy shielding application. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Guayule Natural Rubber Latex and Bi2O3 Films for X-ray Attenuating Medical Gloves. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031184. [PMID: 35161128 PMCID: PMC8839583 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Existing natural latex radiation-attenuating gloves (RAGs) contain a high loading of radiation attenuation filler that reduces their mechanical properties to below Food and Drug Administration (FDA) medical glove requirements. RAGs are commonly formulated using Hevea natural rubber latex and lead-based fillers. The former can cause life-threatening allergic responses and the latter are known for their toxicity. In this work, a new lead-free RAG formulation based on circumallergenic guayule natural rubber latex (GNRL) and non-toxic radiation attenuation filler bismuth trioxide (Bi2O3) was developed. GNRL films with Bi2O3 loadings ranging from 0 to 300 PHR at different thicknesses were prepared. Radiation attenuation efficiencies (AE) at 60, 80, 100, and 120 kVp were determined and attenuation isocontour curves predicted film thickness and Bi2O3 loading required to meet or exceed the radiation attenuation requirements of ASTM D7866 and commercial RAGs. Optimal curing conditions for GNRL/Bi2O3 films with 150 PHR Bi2O3 were investigated by varying curing temperatures and time from 87 °C to 96 °C and 65 min to 90 min, respectively. In general, as the loading of the filler increased, the density of the films increased while the thickness decreased. GNRL/Bi2O3 films with 150 PHR Bi2O3 and 0.27 mm provided 5% more AE than RAG market average attenuation at the same thickness. The films with 150 PHR Bi2O3 cured under near-optimal conditions (90 °C/85 min, and 87 °C/65 min) met both the radiation attenuation standard (ASTM D7866) and the natural latex surgeon and examination glove standards (ASTM D3577 and D3578, respectively). Thus, gloves made using our formulations and protocols demonstrated potential to meet and surpass medical natural latex glove standards, offer a single product for both infection control and radiation protection instead of double-gloving, provide a greater degree of comfort to the user, and simultaneously reduce contact reactions and eliminate potential latex allergic reaction.
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Nuñez-Briones A, Benavides R, Martínez-Pardo M, Carrasco-Abrego H, Kotzian-Pereira-Benavides C, Espejo-Villalobos D, García-Cerda L. Effect of gamma dose rate in the crosslinking of PVC composites used for radiation protection in radiology. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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A comprehensive Monte Carlo study to design a novel multi-nanoparticle loaded nanocomposites for augmentation of attenuation coefficient in the energy range of diagnostic X-rays. POLISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/pjmpe-2021-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the radiation protection properties of silicon-based composites doped with nano-sized Bi2O3, PbO, Sm2O3, Gd2O3, WO3, and IrO2 particles. Radiation shielding properties of Sm2O3 and IrO2 nanoparticles were investigated for the first time in the current study.
Material and methods: The MCNPX (2.7.0) Monte Carlo code was utilized to calculate the linear attenuation coefficients of single and multi-nano structured composites over the X-ray energy range of 10–140 keV. Homogenous distribution of spherical nanoparticles with a diameter of 100 nm in a silicon rubber matrix was simulated. The narrow beam geometry was used to calculate the photon flux after attenuation by designed nanocomposites.
Results: Based on results obtained for single nanoparticle composites, three combinations of different nano-sized fillers Sm2O3+WO3+Bi2O3, Gd2O3+WO3+Bi2O3, and Sm2O3+WO3+PbO were selected, and their shielding properties were estimated. In the energy range of 20-60 keV Sm2O3 and Gd2O3 nanoparticles, in 70-100 keV energy range WO3 and for photons energy higher than 90 keV, PbO and Bi2O3 nanoparticles showed higher attenuation. Despite its higher density, IrO2 had lower attenuation compared to other nanocomposites. The results showed that the nanocomposite containing Sm2O3, WO3, and Bi2O3 nanoparticles provided better shielding among the studied samples.
Conclusions: All studied multi-nanoparticle nanocomposites provided optimum shielding properties and almost 8% higher attenuation relative to single nano-based composites over a wide range of photon energy used in diagnostic radiology. Application of these new composites is recommended in radiation protection. Further experimental studies are suggested to validate our findings.
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25
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Talley SJ, Robison T, Long AM, Lee SY, Brounstein Z, Lee KS, Geller D, Lum E, Labouriau A. Flexible 3D printed silicones for gamma and neutron radiation shielding. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Improving the X-ray Shielding Performance of Tungsten Thin-Film Plates Manufactured Using the Rolling Technology. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11199111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
X-ray shields used for medical purposes are manufactured using lead, which is inexpensive and easy to manufacture. However, as lead can be a major factor contributing toward environmental contamination, such as lead poisoning, a radiation-shielding plate was manufactured in this study using a tungsten plate, an eco-friendly material, through a rolling process at different temperatures. In addition, the shielding plate produced via the hot-rolling method exhibited better shielding performance than that of the plate produced using the cold-rolling method, and the multilayer structure was well formed, as indicated in the cross-sectional image analysis. Upon applying a peak voltage of 100 kVp to the X-ray tube, the shielding performance observed was 80% and 96% when the plate thickness was 0.1 mm and 0.3 mm, respectively. Therefore, it is expected that, in the future, the pure tungsten-based shield presented in this study will replace lead plates, owing to its superior standardization and reproducibility of the shielding performance.
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Fabrication, characterization, simulation and experimental studies of the ordinary concrete reinforced with micro and nano lead oxide particles against gamma radiation. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abass MR, El-Masry EH, Ibrahim AB. Preparation, characterization, and applications of polyacrylonitrile/ball clay nanocomposite synthesized by gamma radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:3169-3188. [PMID: 33528682 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Elimination of hazardous metals is of extreme worry for their toxicity at trace levels and accumulation in the biosystem. Polyacrylonitrile ball clay nanocomposite was prepared by gamma irradiation at 20 kGy. Different analytical tools were applied to prove morphology, functional groups, and chemical structure for prepared composite; SEM, TEM, IR, XRD, and XRF. From TEM and XRD data expose the studied composite has nanoscale and crystalline. The adsorption of Cs+, Co2+ and Fe3+ onto studied material took place after 24 h. Second order was preceded by the kinetic system. The capacity and effect of pH on kd reflect selectivity sequence; Co2+ > Fe3+ > > Cs+. Both Freundlich and Langmuir are applicable for investigated material. Finally, PAN/BC nanocomposite is suitable for the column technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Abass
- Hot Laboratories Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, 13759, Egypt.
| | - E H El-Masry
- Hot Laboratories Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, 13759, Egypt
| | - A B Ibrahim
- Hot Laboratories Centre, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, 13759, Egypt
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Performance estimation of lead-free dual-layered shielding in dismantling of steam generator: A Monte-Carlo simulation study. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 176:109879. [PMID: 34352530 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Kori-1 nuclear power plant has been permanently shut down since 2017, and its major structures, systems, and components are currently planned to be dismantled according to the final decommissioning plan. To protect dismantling workers from external radiation exposure dose during decommissioning, we propose a dose reduction method involving dual-layered Pb-free shielding. Based on the Monte Carlo method, the performance of the abovementioned method and various types of materials are optimized and estimated in terms of the equivalent dose rate and radiation shielding rate. The results showed that Pb-free shielding with dual layers exhibited better performance than the conventional shield. In addition, the Pb-free material of WC-Co showed a relatively high performance for the reduction of the external radiation exposure dose in the dismantling process of the steam generator (S/G). In the dismantling process of the S/G, the results of our simulation will offer the choice of materials and flexibility in the design of Pb-free shielding with dual layers.
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A High-Sensitivity Flexible Direct X-ray Detector Based on Bi 2O 3/PDMS Nanocomposite Thin Film. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071832. [PMID: 34361219 PMCID: PMC8308227 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of mechanical flexibility, low health risk, and simple processing of polymer nanocomposite materials make them potentially applicable as flexible X-ray detectors. In this study, we report on a high sensitivity, environmentally friendly, and flexible direct X-ray detector using polymer nanocomposite material consisting of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanoparticles and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). This detector was realized by printing patterned Ag electrodes on the polymer nanocomposite material. The response of PDMS to X-rays was verified for the first time, and the effect of doping different contents of Bi2O3 nanoparticles on the performance of the device was tested. The optoelectronic performance of the optimized detector indicated a high sensitivity (203.58 μC Gyair−1 cm−2) to low dose rate (23.90 μGyair s−1) at a 150 V bias voltage and the X-ray current density (JX-ray) was 10,000-fold higher than the dark current density (Jdark). The flexible direct X-ray detector could be curled for 10,000 cycles with slight performance degradation. The device exhibited outstanding stability after storage for over one month in air. Finally, this device provides new guidance for the design of high-performance flexible direct X-ray detectors.
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Jayakumar S, Mani V, Saravanan T, Rajamanickam K, Prabhu AD, Philip J. Multifiller nanocomposites containing gadolinium oxide and bismuth nanoparticles with enhanced X‐ray attenuation property. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Jayakumar
- Metallurgy and Materials Group Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam India
| | - Vadivel Mani
- Metallurgy and Materials Group Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam India
| | - Thangavelu Saravanan
- Metallurgy and Materials Group Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam India
| | | | - Alex Daniel Prabhu
- Department of Radiodiagnosis Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute Kelambakkam India
| | - John Philip
- Metallurgy and Materials Group Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research Kalpakkam India
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Cheraghi E, Chen S, Yeow JT. Boron Nitride-Based Nanomaterials for Radiation Shielding: A Review. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2021.3066390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mehrara R, Malekie S, Kotahi SMS, Kashian S. Introducing a novel low energy gamma ray shield utilizing Polycarbonate Bismuth Oxide composite. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10614. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89773-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe fabrication of different weight percentages of Polycarbonate-Bismuth Oxide composite (PC-Bi2O3), namely 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%, was done via the mixed-solution method. The dispersion state of the inclusions into the polymeric matrix was studied through XRD and SEM analyses. Also, TGA and DTA analyses were carried out to investigate the thermal properties of the samples. Results showed that increasing the amount of Bi2O3 into the polymer matrix shifted the glass transition temperature of the composites towards the lower temperatures. Then, the amount of mass attenuation coefficients of the samples were measured using a CsI(Tl) detector for different gamma rays of 241Am, 57Co, 99mTc, and 133Ba radioactive sources. It was obtained that increasing the concentration of the Bi2O3 fillers in the polycarbonate matrix resulted in increasing the attenuation coefficients of the composites significantly. The attenuation coefficient was enhanced twenty-three times for 50 wt% composite in 59 keV energy, comparing to the pure polycarbonate.
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Introducing a novel low energy gamma ray shield utilizing Polycarbonate Bismuth Oxide composite. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10614. [PMID: 34011933 PMCID: PMC8134450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89773-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of different weight percentages of Polycarbonate-Bismuth Oxide composite (PC-Bi2O3), namely 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%, was done via the mixed-solution method. The dispersion state of the inclusions into the polymeric matrix was studied through XRD and SEM analyses. Also, TGA and DTA analyses were carried out to investigate the thermal properties of the samples. Results showed that increasing the amount of Bi2O3 into the polymer matrix shifted the glass transition temperature of the composites towards the lower temperatures. Then, the amount of mass attenuation coefficients of the samples were measured using a CsI(Tl) detector for different gamma rays of 241Am, 57Co, 99mTc, and 133Ba radioactive sources. It was obtained that increasing the concentration of the Bi2O3 fillers in the polycarbonate matrix resulted in increasing the attenuation coefficients of the composites significantly. The attenuation coefficient was enhanced twenty-three times for 50 wt% composite in 59 keV energy, comparing to the pure polycarbonate.
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Şahin N, Bozkurt M, Karabul Y, Kılıç M, Özdemir ZG. Low cost radiation shielding material for low energy radiation applications: Epoxy/Yahyali Stone composites. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2021.103703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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High-efficiency, flexibility and lead-free X-ray shielding multilayered polymer composites: layered structure design and shielding mechanism. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4384. [PMID: 33623062 PMCID: PMC7902636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To overcome the severe toxicity and blind absorption zone of conventional lead-based shielding materials for X-rays in the 70–90 keV range, the lead-free multilayered polymer composites were designed and fabricated. The effects of the direction of incidence of the X-rays and number of layers as well as layer thickness ratio of the (tungsten/ethylene-octene copolymer)/(bismuth/ethylene-octene copolymer) layered composites on their shielding efficiency were studied systematically. Compared to the traditional polymer blending, the multilayered polymer composites exhibited the improved photon attenuation. The multilayered polymer composites (layer thickness ratio was 3:7) with 6 layers had the best X-ray shielding ability. Moreover, the X-ray shielding provided by the multi-layered interfaces and the multiple complementary effect of the absorption within the multilayered structure were firstly proposed based on computer simulations. The multilayered structural design effectively weakened the probability of the X-ray penetration. Therefore, the X-ray shielding capability can be effectively enhanced through increasing number of layers and the synergistic effect of multi-layered interfaces. The experimental results of this study can serve as guidelines for the fabrication of flexibility, lead-free, lightweight and high-efficiency X-ray shielding materials.
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Nuñez-Briones A, Benavides R, Mendoza-Mendoza E, Martínez-Pardo M, Carrasco-Abrego H, Kotzian C, Saucedo-Zendejo F, García-Cerda L. Preparation of PVC/Bi2O3 composites and their evaluation as low energy X-Ray radiation shielding. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mansouri E, Mesbahi A, Malekzadeh R, Mansouri A. Shielding characteristics of nanocomposites for protection against X- and gamma rays in medical applications: effect of particle size, photon energy and nano-particle concentration. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2020; 59:583-600. [PMID: 32780196 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, nanomaterials have been extensively investigated for many applications. Composites doped with different metal nanoparticles have been suggested as effective shielding materials to replace conventional lead-based materials. The use of concretes as structural and radiation protective material has been influenced by the addition of nanomaterials. Several elements with high atomic number and density, such as lead, bismuth, and tungsten, have the potential to form nanoparticles that offer significant enhancements in the shielding ability of composites. Their performance for a range of particle concentrations, particle sizes, and photon energies have been investigated. This review is an attempt to gather the data published in the literature about the application of nanomaterials in radiation shielding, including the use of polymer composites and concretes for protection against X-rays and gamma radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mansouri
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asghar Mesbahi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mansouri
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471, Tabriz, Iran
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Nikeghbal K, Zamanian Z, Shahidi S, Spagnuolo G, Soltani P. Designing and Fabricating Nano-structured and Micro-structured Radiation Shields for Protection against CBCT Exposure. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13194371. [PMID: 33008078 PMCID: PMC7579218 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have always been interested in finding new and effective materials for protection against radiation. This experimental study aimed to design and fabricate new types of nano-material and micro-material based shields against the ionizing effect of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) X-rays. To fabricate a flexible prototype, we added dioctyl phthalate (DOP) oil to emulsion polyvinyl chloride (PVC) powder. The paste was mixed and dispersed. Then, nano- and micro-powders of WO3 and Bi2O3 were added to the paste, with the weight ratio of 20% PVC, 20% DOP, and 60% nano- and micro-metals. Using an ultrasonic mixer, the polymer matrix and metals were mixed and a paste with a thick texture was developed. The resultant paste was poured into glass molds and the molds were then heated in an oven. After cooling, the resultant sheets were selected for further experiments. A CBCT unit and dosimeter were used to evaluate the characterization and X-ray shielding properties of the fabricated prototypes. The half-value layers (HVL) for nano-WO3, micro-WO3, nano-Bi2O3, and micro-Bi2O3 were 0.0390, 0.0524, 0.0351, and 0.0374 cm, respectively. In addition, the linear attenuation coefficient (µ) for these materials were 17.77, 13.20, 19.71, and 18.5 cm−1, respectively. The findings indicate that nano-structured samples are more effective in the attenuation of X-ray energy. The nano-structured WO3 prototype was nearly 34% more efficient in attenuating radiation compared to the micro-structured WO3 prototype. This difference in nano- and micro-structured Bi2O3 prototypes was 6.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiana Nikeghbal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71937, Iran;
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord 88168, Iran
| | - Zahra Zamanian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71937, Iran
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (G.S.)
| | - Shoaleh Shahidi
- Biomaterial Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71937, Iran;
| | - Gianrico Spagnuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (G.S.)
| | - Parisa Soltani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Dental Implants Research Center, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746, Iran;
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Alavian H, Samie A, Tavakoli-Anbaran H. Experimental and Monte Carlo investigations of gamma ray transmission and buildup factors for inorganic nanoparticle/epoxy composites. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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43
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Enhanced photon shielding efficiency of a flexible and lightweight rare earth/polymer composite: A Monte Carlo simulation study. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2019.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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The investigations of mechanical, thermal and rheological properties of polydimethylsiloxane/bismuth (III) oxide composite for X/Gamma ray shielding. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Zohdiaghdam R, Mahmoudian M, Salimi S. Evaluation of synergistic effects of the single walled carbon nanotube and CeO2-hybrid based-nanocomposite against X-ray radiation in diagnostic radiology. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Jayakumar S, Saravanan T, Philip J. Polymer nanocomposites containing β‐Bi
2
O
3
and silica nanoparticles: Thermal stability, surface topography and X‐ray attenuation properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Jayakumar
- SMART Materials Section, Corrosion Science and Technology Division, Metallurgy and Materials GroupIndira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, HBNI Kalpakkam India
| | - Thangavelu Saravanan
- Inspection Technology Section, Non‐Destructive Evaluation Division, Metallurgy and Materials GroupIndira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, HBNI Kalpakkam India
| | - John Philip
- SMART Materials Section, Corrosion Science and Technology Division, Metallurgy and Materials GroupIndira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, HBNI Kalpakkam India
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Light Weight, Easy Formable and Non-ToxicPolymer-Based Composites for Hard X-rayShielding: A Theoretical and Experimental Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030833. [PMID: 32012889 PMCID: PMC7037949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Composite lightweight materials for X-ray shielding applications were studied anddeveloped with the goal of replacing traditional screens made of lead and steel, with innovativematerials with similar shielding properties, but lighter, more easily formed and workable, with lowerimpact on the environment and reduced toxicity for human health. New epoxy-based compositesadditivated with barium sulfate and bismuth oxide were designed through simulations performedwith software based on Geant4. Then, they were prepared and characterized using differenttechniques starting from digital radiography in order to test the radiopacity of the composites,in comparison with traditional materials. The lower environmental impact and toxicity of theseinnovative screens were quantified by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) calculation based on the ecoinventdatabase, within the openLCA framework. Optimized mixtures are (i) 20% epoxy/60% bismuthoxide/20% barite, which guarantees the best performance in X-ray shielding, largely overcomingsteel, but higher in costs and a weight reduction of circa 60%; (ii) 20% epoxy/40% bismuth oxide/40%barite which has slightly lower performances in shielding, but it is lighter and cheaper than thefirst one and (iii) the 20% epoxy/20% bismuth oxide/60% barite which is the cheapest material, stillmaintaining the X-ray shielding of steel. Depending on the cost/efficiency request of the specificapplication (industrial ra.
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Ahmed B, Shah G, Malik AH, Aurangzeb, Rizwan M. Gamma-ray shielding characteristics of flexible silicone tungsten composites. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 155:108901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Gamma ray attenuation of hafnium dioxide- and tungsten trioxide-epoxy resin composites. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Malekzadeh R, Mehnati P, Sooteh MY, Mesbahi A. Influence of the size of nano- and microparticles and photon energy on mass attenuation coefficients of bismuth-silicon shields in diagnostic radiology. Radiol Phys Technol 2019; 12:325-334. [PMID: 31385155 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-019-00529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the particle size of the shielding material and photon energy has significant effects on the efficiency of radiation-shielding materials. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the shielding properties of the bismuth-silicon (Bi-Si) composite containing varying percentages of micro- and nano-sized Bi particles for low-energy X-rays. Radiation composite shields composed of nano- and micro-sized Bi particles in Si-based matrix were constructed. The mass attenuation coefficients of the designed shields were experimentally assessed for diagnostic radiology energy range. In addition, the mass attenuation coefficients of the composite were comprehensively investigated using the MCNPX Monte Carlo (MC) code and XCOM. The X-ray attenuation for two different micro-sized Bi composites of radii of 50 µm and 0.50 µm showed enhancement in the range of 37-79% and 5-24%, respectively, for mono-energy photons (60-150 keV). Furthermore, the experimental and MC results indicated that nano-structured composites had higher photon attenuation properties (approximately 11-18%) than those of micro-sized samples for poly-energy X-ray photons. The amount of radiation attenuation for lower energies was more than that of higher energies. Thus, it was found that the shielding properties of composites were considerably strengthened by adding Bi nano-particles for lower energy photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Malekzadeh
- Medical Radiation Sciences Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parinaz Mehnati
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousefi Sooteh
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asghar Mesbahi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Medical Physics Department, Medical School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Attar Street, Tabriz, Iran.
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