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Larina LI, Albanov AI, Zelinskiy SN, Annenkov VV, Rusakova IL. Acrylamide derivatives: A dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance study. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2023; 61:277-283. [PMID: 36606331 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Substituted acrylamides have found an extensive application in organic and medical chemistry; therefore, it is very important to get insight into their features such as electronic structure, spectral properties, and stereochemical transformations. A correct interpretation of the chemical behavior and biological activity of these heteroatomic systems is impossible without knowledge of the structure of stereodynamic forms and factors determining their relative stability. The structure and peculiarities of stereodynamic behavior of substituted acrylamides and their model compounds were studied by dynamic and multinuclear 1 H, 13 C, and 15 N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in CDCl3 and DMSO-d6 solution. It has been established that acrylamides in solution are realized as Z- and E-isomers, with the E-rotamer being somewhat predominant. The obtained experimental values of the free activation energy of rotamers vary within 15-17 kcal/mol, depending on the stereochemical structure of the molecule. 15 N NMR spectroscopy is the most reliable and fastest method for determining the structural and stereochemical features of nitrogen-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila I Larina
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander I Albanov
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Vadim V Annenkov
- Limnological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Irina L Rusakova
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
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2
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Khalifa EB, Cecone C, Bracco P, Malandrino M, Paganini MC, Magnacca G. Eco-friendly PVA-LYS fibers for gold nanoparticle recovery from water and their catalytic performance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:65659-65674. [PMID: 37086312 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26912-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we grafted lysine on PVA electrospun fibers, using a green preparation technique. The resulting fiber mats were proposed for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) removal from water. The efficiency of three fibers with different lysine amounts (10, 20, and 30%) was investigated. The incorporation of amino groups in PVA fibers was firstly proved by FTIR, SEM, and elemental analysis, confirming the presence of lysine. Among the three different fibers, PVA-LYS 30% has shown the best removal efficiency, reaching 65%, at pH equal to 5. Adsorption isotherms were studied and showed that the Langmuir model is the best model fitting our experimental results, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 20.1 mg g-1. Metal-ligand interactions and electrostatic attraction between protonated amino groups of lysine on the fibers and negatively charged, citrate capped, AuNPs are the main proposed mechanisms for AuNP adsorption on the fibers. Sustainability of AuNPs adsorbed on these fibers has been checked through their reuse as catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol. The process was completed within 60 min, and their reusability showed more than 99% efficiency after 5 reduction cycles. Our results prove that green PVA-LYS fibers can extract nanoparticles from water, as low cost-effective and eco-friendly adsorbent, and contribute to the promotion of a circular economy approach, through their reuse as catalyst in the reduction of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eya Ben Khalifa
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Interdepartmental Centre, Torino University, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Cecone
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Interdepartmental Centre, Torino University, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Pierangiola Bracco
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Interdepartmental Centre, Torino University, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Mery Malandrino
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Interdepartmental Centre, Torino University, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Paganini
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Interdepartmental Centre, Torino University, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuliana Magnacca
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Interdepartmental Centre, Torino University, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
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3
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Yin W, Liu M, Wang YH, Huang Y, Zhao TL, Yao QZ, Fu SQ, Zhou GT. Fe 3O 4-Mg(OH) 2 nanocomposite as a scavenger for silver nanoparticles: Rational design, facile synthesis, and enhanced performance. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113292. [PMID: 35427596 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are considered as emerging contaminants because of their high toxicity and increasing environmental impact. Removal of discharged AgNPs from water is crucial for mitigating the health and environmental risks. However, developing facile, economical, and environment-friendly approaches remains challenging. Herein, an Fe3O4-Mg(OH)2 nanocomposite, as a novel magnetic scavenger for AgNPs, was prepared by loading Fe3O4 nanoparticles on Mg(OH)2 nanoplates in a one-pot synthesis. Batch removal experiments revealed that the maximum removal capacities for the two model AgNPs (citrate- or polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs) were 476 and 442 mg/g, respectively, corresponding to partition coefficients 8.03 and 4.89 mg/g/μM. Removal feasibilities over a wide pH range of 5-11 and in real water matrices and scavenger reusability with five cycles were also confirmed. Both Fe3O4 and Mg(OH)2 components contributed to the removal; however, their nanocomposites exhibited an enhanced performance because of the high specific surface area and pore volume. Chemical adsorption and electrostatic attraction between the coatings on the AgNPs and the two components in the nanocomposite was considered to be responsible for the removal. Overall, the facile synthesis, convenient magnetic separation, and high removal performance highlight the great potential of the Fe3O4-Mg(OH)2 nanocomposite for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Meng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yu-Han Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yang Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Tian-Lei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qi-Zhi Yao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Sheng-Quan Fu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Gen-Tao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei, 230026, China.
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4
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Ma LY, Li QY, Yu X, Jiang M, Xu L. Recent developments in the removal of metal-based engineered nanoparticles from the aquatic environments by adsorption. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:133089. [PMID: 34856236 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, metal-based engineered nanoparticles (m-ENPs) are ubiquitous in aquatic environments for their wide applications in all walks of life. m-ENPs have been demonstrated to exert ecotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity towards organisms and even humans. Therefore, the removal of m-ENPs from water has recently become a hot global concerned issue. Adsorption is widely investigated for this purpose, owing to its advantages of low cost, easy operation, high removal efficiency and potential recycling use of both the adsorbents and adsorbates. As the adsorption and related technologies were hardly comprehensively overviewed for the removal of m-ENPs, herein, the present review particularly focuses on this topic. The fundamentals to the technology, including adsorption isotherm, adsorption dynamics, the adsorption process with the special emphasis on the relationship between surface area and porosity of the adsorbent and the adsorption capacity, etc., are fully discussed. As the kernel of the adsorption method, adsorbents with diversified chemical and physical properties in different types are comprehensively elaborated. The primary factors affecting the adsorption, and adsorption mechanisms are well summarized. Particularly, the regeneration of the adsorbents and the reuse of adsorbed m-ENPs are highlighted for the sustainability. Finally, challenges and prospects in this field are outlined. Overall, this review aims to provide valuable references for the development of new adsorbents with more efficient and practical applications to remove m-ENPs and direct the future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qin-Ying Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xu Yu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Xu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Li QY, Wang L, Yu X, Xu L. Highly efficient removal of silver nanoparticles by sponge-like hierarchically porous thiourea-formaldehyde resin from Water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123184. [PMID: 32563908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing production and rapid market penetration as well as the confirmation of the toxic effects, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one kind of newly emerging environmental contaminants of high concern. It is urgent to develop the efficient method to remove them from the environment. In this study, the sponge-like hierarchically porous thiourea-formaldehyde (TF) resin rich with nitrogen and sulfur was for the first time proposed as the adsorbent to achieve this goal. With enormous interconnected layer structure and plentiful macropores, the porous TF resin provided abundant available interaction sites and fast mass transfer to adsorb citrate stabilized AgNPs (citrate-AgNPs). Fast adsorption rate and high adsorption capacity (2478 mg/g) were obtained based on the electrostatic and metal-ligand interactions. Heterogeneous aggregation and simultaneous adsorption contributed to this removal process. Furthermore, with the assistance of NaCl, the porous TF resin exhibited largely enhanced removal efficiency towards citrate-AgNPs up to 98.7 % in 5 min, possibly due to the co-operation of adsorption and coagulation. This study proposed a promising adsorbent to remove AgNPs and provided a referential strategy to design highly efficient adsorbents for removal of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Ying Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Le Wang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xu Yu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li Xu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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6
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Silver nanoparticles adsorption by the synthetic and natural adsorbent materials: an exclusive review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41204-019-0065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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7
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Qin S, Ma LY, Sun X, Mao X, Xu L. Hierarchically porous poly(ethylenimine) modified poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) microspheres for the adsorption of gold nanoparticles and simultaneously being transformed as the nanoparticles immobilized catalyst. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 366:529-537. [PMID: 30572292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the extensive applications of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and the confirmation of their toxicity on human health and environment, it was urgent to remove AuNPs from environment. The hierarchically porous poly(ethylenimine) modified poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) microsphere (PEI-PS-DVB) was prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transform infrared spectrometry, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, elemental analysis, contact angle, zeta potential analysis, N2 adsorption-desorption and mercury intrusion porosimetry. PEI-PS-DVB possessed abundant flow-through pores (70-120 nm) and meso/micropores (<50 nm); the former pores enabled full availability of the adsorbent to relatively large adsorbate, i.e. AuNPs, with fast mass transfer, while the latter ones ensured large surface area for high adsorption capacity. Thanks to its plentiful nitrogen and special hierarchical pores, PEI-PS-DVB was suitable for the adsorption of AuNPs by electrostatic interaction and special affinity between nitrogen and Au. The adsorption obeyed the pseudo-first-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity based on Langmuir model was 806.5 mg/g. Moreover, PEI-PS-DVB adsorbing AuNPs could be the efficient catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol with satisfactory reusability. The developed hierarchically porous PEI-PS-DVB was a promising adsorbent for AuNPs with high adsorption capacity, and recycling usage of waste AuNPs conformed to the green and sustainable concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Qin
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li-Yun Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaojing Mao
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li Xu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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8
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Li S, Huang Y. Nitrogen rich core-shell magnetic mesoporous silica as an effective adsorbent for removal of silver nanoparticles from water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 337:1-9. [PMID: 28501638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The production and increasing use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) obviously results in their release into the environment, leading to a risk to the environment due to their toxic effects. Thus, the removal of AgNPs from water is highly needed. Here, we demonstrate that nitrogen rich (∼10% nitrogen content) core-shell magnetic mesoporous silica is a promising adsorbent for the removal of AgNPs. For this, the poly(ethylenimine) functionalized core-shell magnetic mesoporous silica composites (Fe3O4@SiO2-PEI) were prepared, and characterized by TEM, FT-IR, XRD, TG and N2 adsorption-desorption. The removal of AgNPs by Fe3O4@SiO2-PEI as a function of contact time, concentration of AgNPs, solution pH and ionic strength were studied. The adsorption kinetic data could be described by the pseudo-second-order rate model. Both Langmuir and Freundlich models fitted the adsorption data well. The adsorption capacity for AgNPs is 909.1mg/g, which is 5-181 times higher than that of the previously reported adsorbents for AgNPs. Interestingly, the silver adsorbed onto Fe3O4@SiO2-PEI exhibits highly catalytic activity for 4-nitropheol (4-NP) reduction with a rate constant of 0.072min-1, which is much higher than those by other AgNPs reported before. The silver-loaded Fe3O4@SiO2-PEI promises good recyclability for at least five cycles, showing great potential in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Wu M, Li Y, Yue R, Zhang X, Huang Y. Removal of silver nanoparticles by mussel-inspired Fe 3O 4@ polydopamine core-shell microspheres and its use as efficient catalyst for methylene blue reduction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42773. [PMID: 28202922 PMCID: PMC5311861 DOI: 10.1038/srep42773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The removal of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from water is highly needed because of their increasing use and potential risk to the environment due to their toxic effects. Catalysis over AgNPs has received significant attention because of their highly catalytic performance. However, their use in practical applications is limited due to high cost and limited resources. Here, we present for the first time that the mussel-inspired Fe3O4@polydopamine (Fe3O4@PDA) nanocomposite can be used for efficient removal and recovery of AgNPs. Adsorption of AgNPs over Fe3O4@PDA was confirmed by TEM, FT-IR, XRD, TGA and magnetic property. The adsorption efficiency of AgNPs by Fe3O4@PDA was investigated as a function of pH, contact time, ionic strength and concentration of AgNPs. The kinetic data were well fitted to a pseudo-second order kinetic model. The isotherm data were well described by Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 169.5 mg/g, which was higher than those by other adsorbents. Notably, the obtained AgNPs-Fe3O4@PDA exhibited highly catalytic activity for methylene blue reduction by NaBH4 with a rate constant of 1.44 × 10-3/s, which was much higher than those by other AgNPs catalysts. The AgNPs-Fe3O4@PDA promised good recyclability for at least 8 cycles and acid resistant with good stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoling Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yinying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rui Yue
- The Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuming Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Goud VD, Dsouza R, Valiyaveettil S. Synthesis of amphiphilic block copolyamines via click reaction. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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11
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Li J, Zhu H, Wang X, Armand M, MacFarlane DR, Forsyth M. Synthesis of Sodium Poly[4-styrenesulfonyl(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide]-co-ethylacrylate] Solid Polymer Electrolytes. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Goud VD, DSouza R, Valiyaveettil S. Solution processable polyamines via click chemistry for water purification. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04155d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly stable amine functionalized polystyrenes were prepared and used for the removal of dissolved pollutants from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanga Devendar Goud
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117 543
- Singapore
| | - Roshan DSouza
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117 543
- Singapore
| | - Suresh Valiyaveettil
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117 543
- Singapore
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Abstract
Efficient extraction of Ag NPs and Au NPs using polyethyleneimine coated porous ethyl cellulose microcapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Setyono
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Singapore
| | - Suresh Valiyaveettil
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Singapore
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