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Muldoon K, Song Y, Ahmad Z, Chen X, Chang MW. High Precision 3D Printing for Micro to Nano Scale Biomedical and Electronic Devices. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:642. [PMID: 35457946 PMCID: PMC9033068 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three dimensional printing (3DP), or additive manufacturing, is an exponentially growing process in the fabrication of various technologies with applications in sectors such as electronics, biomedical, pharmaceutical and tissue engineering. Micro and nano scale printing is encouraging the innovation of the aforementioned sectors, due to the ability to control design, material and chemical properties at a highly precise level, which is advantageous in creating a high surface area to volume ratio and altering the overall products' mechanical and physical properties. In this review, micro/-nano printing technology, mainly related to lithography, inkjet and electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing and their biomedical and electronic applications will be discussed. The current limitations to micro/-nano printing methods will be examined, covering the difficulty in achieving controlled structures at the miniscule micro and nano scale required for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Muldoon
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre, University of Ulster, Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK;
| | - Yanhua Song
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medical Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK;
| | - Xing Chen
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medical Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ming-Wei Chang
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre, University of Ulster, Jordanstown Campus, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK;
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Arshad MS, Zafar S, Zahra AT, Zaman MH, Akhtar A, Kucuk I, Farhan M, Chang MW, Ahmad Z. Fabrication and characterisation of self-applicating heparin sodium microneedle patches. J Drug Target 2020; 29:60-68. [PMID: 32649227 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1795180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop heparin sodium loaded microneedle patches using different compositions of polyvinyl alcohol polymer and sorbitol. A vacuum micromolding technique was used to fabricate microneedle patches while heparin sodium was loaded into needle tips. Physical features of patches were evaluated by measuring thickness, width, folding endurance and swelling percentage. Patches were also characterised by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to determine the microneedle length and surface morphologies. A preliminary assessment of the microneedle performance was studied by examining the in-vitro insertion to the parafilm and recording the in-vitro drug release profile. In-vivo activity of patches was confirmed by measuring activated partial thromboplastin time and histological examination of the micropierced skin tissues. Prepared patches were clear, smooth; uniform in appearance; with sharp pointed microprojections and remained intact after 1000 folding. The microneedles were stiffer in nature, as they reproduce microcavities in the parafilm membrane following hand pushing without any structural loss. Insertion study results showed successful insertion of microneedles into the parafilm. Disrupted stratum corneum evident from histological examination confirmed successful insertion of the microneedle without affecting the vasculature. In-vitro release study confirmed ∼92% release of the loaded drug within 120 min. A significant prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (4 folds as compared to negative control) was recorded following the application of heparin sodium loaded microneedle patch onto rabbit skin. In conclusion microneedles are a valuable drug delivery system, benefiting the patients with minimal skin invasion and also allowing self-administration of heparin sodium in a sustained release manner for the management of chronic ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saman Zafar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Ambreen Akhtar
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Israfil Kucuk
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Gebze technical University, Gebze, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Farhan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ming-Wei Chang
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
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Zhu LF, Yao ZC, Ahmad Z, Li JS, Chang MW. Synthesis and Evaluation of Herbal Chitosan from Ganoderma Lucidum Spore Powder for Biomedical Applications. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14608. [PMID: 30279587 PMCID: PMC6168458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is an extremely valuable biopolymer and is usually obtained as a byproduct from the shells of crustaceans. In the current work, chitosan is obtained from an herbal source (Ganoderma lucidum spore powder (GLSP)) for the first time. To show this, both standard (thermochemical deacetylation, (TCD)) and emerging (ultrasound-assisted deacetylation (USAD)) methods of chitosan preparation were used. The obtained chitosan was characterized by elemental analysis, XRD (X-ray diffraction), FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and thermogravimetric measurements. The process resulted in chitosan possessing comparable values of DD, [η] and [Formula: see text] to the commercial product. Chitosan obtained via both processes (TCD and USAD) displayed excellent biocompatibility; although the USAD prepared biopolymer exhibited significantly improved fibroblast (L929 cell) viability and enhanced antibacterial zones for both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The findings of new herbal chitosan mark key developments of natural biomaterials; marking a potential shift from conventional sea-based organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fang Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Yao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Jing-Song Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Ming-Wei Chang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China.
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Co-printing of vertical axis aligned micron-scaled filaments via simultaneous dual needle electrohydrodynamic printing. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yao ZC, Yuan Q, Ahmad Z, Huang J, Li JS, Chang MW. Controlled Morphing of Microbubbles to Beaded Nanofibers via Electrically Forced Thin Film Stretching. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E265. [PMID: 30970941 PMCID: PMC6432371 DOI: 10.3390/polym9070265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Topography and microstructure engineering are rapidly evolving areas of importance for biomedical and pharmaceutical remits. Here, PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol) microbubbles (diameter range ~126 to 414 μm) were used to fabricate beaded (beads-on) nanofibers using an electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) technique. Mean fiber diameter, inter-bead distance, and aspect ratio (AR) were investigated by regulating EHDA process parameters. PVA fibers (diameter range ~233 to 737 nm) were obtained possessing bead ARs in the range of ~10 to 56%. AR was used to modulate hydrophilicity and active release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Cheng Yao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education, Ministry of China, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Qiantailang Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education, Ministry of China, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK.
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK.
| | - Jing-Song Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education, Ministry of China, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Ming-Wei Chang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education, Ministry of China, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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