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Scholier T, Lavrinienko A, Brila I, Tukalenko E, Hindström R, Vasylenko A, Cayol C, Ecke F, Singh NJ, Forsman JT, Tolvanen A, Matala J, Huitu O, Kallio ER, Koskela E, Mappes T, Watts PC. Urban forest soils harbour distinct and more diverse communities of bacteria and fungi compared to less disturbed forest soils. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:504-517. [PMID: 36318600 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic changes to land use drive concomitant changes in biodiversity, including that of the soil microbiota. However, it is not clear how increasing intensity of human disturbance is reflected in the soil microbial communities. To address this issue, we used amplicon sequencing to quantify the microbiota (bacteria and fungi) in the soil of forests (n = 312) experiencing four different land uses, national parks (set aside for nature conservation), managed (for forestry purposes), suburban (on the border of an urban area) and urban (fully within a town or city), which broadly represent a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance. Alpha diversity of bacteria and fungi increased with increasing levels of anthropogenic disturbance, and was thus highest in urban forest soils and lowest in the national parks. The forest soil microbial communities were structured according to the level of anthropogenic disturbance, with a clear urban signature evident in both bacteria and fungi. Despite notable differences in community composition, there was little change in the predicted functional traits of urban bacteria. By contrast, urban soils exhibited a marked loss of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Soil pH was positively correlated with the level of disturbance, and thus was the strongest predictor of variation in alpha and beta diversity of forest soil communities, indicating a role of soil alkalinity in structuring urban soil microbial communities. Hence, our study shows how the properties of urban forest soils promote an increase in microbial diversity and a change in forest soil microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Scholier
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anton Lavrinienko
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Laboratory of Food Systems Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ilze Brila
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Ecology and Genetics Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eugene Tukalenko
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Rasmus Hindström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Ecology and Genetics Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Andrii Vasylenko
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Claire Cayol
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.,The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Frauke Ecke
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Navinder J Singh
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jukka T Forsman
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Tolvanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho Matala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otso Huitu
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva R Kallio
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Esa Koskela
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tapio Mappes
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Phillip C Watts
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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2
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Krah F, March‐Salas M. eDNA metabarcoding reveals high soil fungal diversity and variation in community composition among Spanish cliffs. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9594. [PMID: 36523524 PMCID: PMC9745262 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Environments characterized by physical extremes harbor unique species diversity with particular adaptations. Cliffs are harsh environments for organisms but host a great diversity of specialized plants with many endemics, rare and even endangered species. It is, however, less known which fungal diversity the cliff habitats contain and whether it differs among different cliff locations. We thus sampled soil from three separate cliff locations in the North, Centre, and South of Spain and used eDNA metabarcoding to determine fungal diversity. To better understand whether cliff specialist plants may promote particular fungal communities, we have sampled soil from crevices with cliff specialist plants and no apparent plants as controls. Major lifestyles found in cliff soils were saprotrophs, and major fungal orders were Dothideomycetes, Sordariomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes, while the amount of symbiotrophic fungi was relatively low. We found no significant differences in fungal amplicon sequence variant (ASV) richness among the three sampled locations, but the sites were significantly different in their community composition and their main indicator species. Overall, there were no significant differences in fungal ASV richness or composition between soils from cliff specialist plants and soils without plants, suggesting a unique fungal diversity in cliff soils independent from specialized plants. However, preliminary findings on soils of the specialist cliff plant Sedum dasyphyllum against control soils suggest that the presence of a specialist plant may be a relevant factor affecting the specificity of the fungal community in cliff soils. Our results indicate the existence of particular cliff fungal communities in each location, and that, despite limited and poorly developed soils and harsh conditions, cliffs can harbor a great diversity of fungal species, comparable to other ecosystems of Spain. This study points out that some fungi may be cliff-specific, shaping particular communities that mediate plant adaptations to cliffs' extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz‐Sebastian Krah
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Conservation BiologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Martí March‐Salas
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Plant Evolutionary EcologyGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
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3
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50 Years of Cumulative Open-Source Data Confirm Stable and Robust Biodiversity Distribution Patterns for Macrofungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090981. [PMID: 36135705 PMCID: PMC9504596 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are a hyper-diverse kingdom that contributes significantly to the regulation of the global carbon and nutrient cycle. However, our understanding of the distribution of fungal diversity is often hindered by a lack of data, especially on a large spatial scale. Open biodiversity data may provide a solution, but concerns about the potential spatial and temporal bias in species occurrence data arising from different observers and sampling protocols challenge their utility. The theory of species accumulation curves predicts that the cumulative number of species reaches an asymptote when the sampling effort is sufficiently large. Thus, we hypothesize that open biodiversity data could be used to reveal large-scale macrofungal diversity patterns if these datasets are accumulated long enough. Here, we tested our hypothesis with 50 years of macrofungal occurrence records in Norway and Sweden that were downloaded from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). We first grouped the data into five temporal subsamples with different cumulative sampling efforts (i.e., accumulation of data for 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 years). We then predicted the macrofungal diversity and distribution at each subsample using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) species distribution model. The results revealed that the cumulative number of macrofungal species stabilized into distinct distribution patterns with localized hotspots of predicted macrofungal diversity with sampling efforts greater than approximately 30 years. Our research demonstrates the utility and importance of the long-term accumulated open biodiversity data in studying macrofungal diversity and distribution at the national level.
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4
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Hill R, Llewellyn T, Downes E, Oddy J, MacIntosh C, Kallow S, Panis B, Dickie JB, Gaya E. Seed Banks as Incidental Fungi Banks: Fungal Endophyte Diversity in Stored Seeds of Banana Wild Relatives. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:643731. [PMID: 33841366 PMCID: PMC8024981 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.643731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed banks were first established to conserve crop genetic diversity, but seed banking has more recently been extended to wild plants, particularly crop wild relatives (CWRs) (e.g., by the Millennium Seed Bank (MSB), Royal Botanic Gardens Kew). CWRs have been recognised as potential reservoirs of beneficial traits for our domesticated crops, and with mounting evidence of the importance of the microbiome to organismal health, it follows that the microbial communities of wild relatives could also be a valuable resource for crop resilience to environmental and pathogenic threats. Endophytic fungi reside asymptomatically inside all plant tissues and have been found to confer advantages to their plant host. Preserving the natural microbial diversity of plants could therefore represent an important secondary conservation role of seed banks. At the same time, species that are reported as endophytes may also be latent pathogens. We explored the potential of the MSB as an incidental fungal endophyte bank by assessing diversity of fungi inside stored seeds. Using banana CWRs in the genus Musa as a case-study, we sequenced an extended ITS-LSU fragment in order to delimit operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and used a similarity and phylogenetics approach for classification. Fungi were successfully detected inside just under one third of the seeds, with a few genera accounting for most of the OTUs-primarily Lasiodiplodia, Fusarium, and Aspergillus-while a large variety of rare OTUs from across the Ascomycota were isolated only once. Fusarium species were notably abundant-of significance in light of Fusarium wilt, a disease threatening global banana crops-and so were targeted for additional sequencing with the marker EF1α in order to delimit species and place them in a phylogeny of the genus. Endophyte community composition, diversity and abundance was significantly different across habitats, and we explored the relationship between community differences and seed germination/viability. Our results show that there is a previously neglected invisible fungal dimension to seed banking that could well have implications for the seed collection and storage procedures, and that collections such as the MSB are indeed a novel source of potentially useful fungal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena Hill
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Theo Llewellyn
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Downes
- Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Oddy
- Department of Plant Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona MacIntosh
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Kallow
- Collections Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Millennium Seed Bank, Ardingly, United Kingdom
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Panis
- Bioversity International, Montpellier, France
| | - John B. Dickie
- Collections Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Millennium Seed Bank, Ardingly, United Kingdom
| | - Ester Gaya
- Department of Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom
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5
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Fink S, Gross A, Senn-Irlet B, Scheidegger C. Citizen science data predict high potential for macrofungal refugia outside protected riparian areas. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Čejka T, Trnka M, Krusic PJ, Stobbe U, Oliach D, Václavík T, Tegel W, Büntgen U. Predicted climate change will increase the truffle cultivation potential in central Europe. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21281. [PMID: 33277535 PMCID: PMC7719165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change affects the distribution of many species, including Burgundy and Périgord truffles in central and southern Europe, respectively. The cultivation potential of these high-prized cash crops under future warming, however, remains highly uncertain. Here we perform a literature review to define the ecological requirements for the growth of both truffle species. This information is used to develop niche models, and to estimate their cultivation potential in the Czech Republic under current (2020) and future (2050) climate conditions. The Burgundy truffle is already highly suitable for cultivation on ~ 14% of agricultural land in the Czech Republic (8486 km2), whereas only ~ 8% of the warmest part of southern Moravia are currently characterised by a low suitability for Périgord truffles (6418 km2). Though rising temperatures under RCP8.5 will reduce the highly suitable cultivation areas by 7%, the 250 km2 (3%) expansion under low-emission scenarios will stimulate Burgundy truffles to benefit from future warming. Doubling the moderate and expanding the highly suitable land by 352 km2 in 2050, the overall cultivation potential for Périgord truffles will rise substantially. Our findings suggest that Burgundy and Périgord truffles could become important high-value crops for many regions in central Europe with alkaline soils. Although associated with uncertainty, long-term investments in truffle cultivation could generate a wide range of ecological and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Čejka
- Department of Climate Change Impacts On Agroecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Trnka
- Department of Climate Change Impacts On Agroecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Agrosystems and Bioclimatology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul J Krusic
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Stobbe
- Deutsche Trüffelbäume, Karl-Bücheler Strasse 1, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Daniel Oliach
- Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), Crta. Sant Llorenç de Morunys km 2, 25280, Solsona, Spain.,Department of Crop and Forest Science, University of Lleida, Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Tomáš Václavík
- Department of Climate Change Impacts On Agroecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Willy Tegel
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straße 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Climate Change Impacts On Agroecosystems, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.,Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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7
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Jia T, Yao Y, Guo T, Wang R, Chai B. Effects of Plant and Soil Characteristics on Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere Fungal Communities During Plant Development in a Copper Tailings Dam. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:556002. [PMID: 33133030 PMCID: PMC7550642 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.556002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between plants and microbes can affect ecosystem functions, and many studies have demonstrated that plant properties influence mutualistic microorganisms. Here, high-throughput sequencing was used to investigate rhizosphere and phyllosphere fungal communities during different plant development stages. Results demonstrated that phyllosphere and rhizosphere fungal community structures were distinct during all developmental stages while they were mediated separately by plant carbon and soil sulfur. Comparatively, the effect of root properties on phyllosphere fungal diversity was greater than soil properties. Moreover, rhizosphere fungal networks of Bothriochloa ischaemum were more complex than phyllosphere fungal networks. This study demonstrated that the effect of plant and soil traits on phyllosphere and rhizosphere fungal communities could potentially be significant, depending on the applicable environmental condition and plant development stage. Although links between phyllosphere and rhizosphere communities have been established, further studies on functional fungal groups during phytoremediation processes are necessary. This study comprehensively analyzed dynamic relationships between phyllosphere and rhizosphere fungal communities during different plant development stages in a polluted environment. These fungal communities were determined to be expedient to the development and utilization of beneficial microbial communities during different development stages, which could more effectively help to stabilize and reclaim contaminated copper tailings soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Jia
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration on Loess Plateau, Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yushan Yao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration on Loess Plateau, Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tingyan Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration on Loess Plateau, Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruihong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration on Loess Plateau, Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Baofeng Chai
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration on Loess Plateau, Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Büntgen U, González‐Rouco JF, Luterbacher J, Stenseth NC, Johnson DM. Extending the climatological concept of
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Detection and Attribution’ to global change ecology in the Anthropocene. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL) Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CzechGlobe) Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - J. Fidel González‐Rouco
- Department of Physics of the Earth & Astrophysics University Complutense Madrid Spain
- Institute of Geosciences IGEO (UCM‐CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Jürg Luterbacher
- Science and Innovation Department World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Geneva Switzerland
- Geography Department & Centre for International Development & Environmental Research Giessen Germany
| | | | - Derek M. Johnson
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA
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9
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Ellwood ER, Pearson KD, Nelson G. Emerging frontiers in phenological research. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2019; 7:e01234. [PMCID: PMC6426156 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katelin D. Pearson
- California Polytechnic University1 Grand AvenueSan Luis ObispoCalifornia93405USA
| | - Gil Nelson
- iDigBioFlorida Museum of Natural HistoryGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
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10
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Ellwood ER, Primack RB, Willis CG, HilleRisLambers J. Phenology models using herbarium specimens are only slightly improved by using finer-scale stages of reproduction. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2019; 7:e01225. [PMID: 30937218 PMCID: PMC6426165 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Herbarium specimens are increasingly used to study reproductive phenology. Here, we ask whether classifying reproduction into progressively finer-scale stages improves our understanding of the relationship between climate and reproductive phenology. METHODS We evaluated Acer rubrum herbarium specimens across eastern North America, classifying them into eight reproductive phenophases and four stages of leaf development. We fit models with different reproductive phenology categorization schemes (from detailed to broad) and compared model fits and coefficients describing temperature, elevation, and year effects. We fit similar models to leaf phenology data to compare reproductive to leafing phenology. RESULTS Finer-scale reproductive phenophases improved model fits and provided more precise estimates of reproductive phenology. However, models with fewer reproductive phenophases led to similar qualitative conclusions, demonstrating that A. rubrum reproduces earlier in warmer locations, lower elevations, and in recent years, as well as that leafing phenology is less strongly influenced by temperature than is reproductive phenology. DISCUSSION Our study suggests that detailed information on reproductive phenology provides a fuller understanding of potential climate change effects on flowering, fruiting, and leaf-out. However, classification schemes with fewer reproductive phenophases provided many similar insights and may be preferable in cases where resources are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Ellwood
- La Brea Tar Pits and MuseumNatural History Museum of Los Angeles County5801 Wilshire BoulevardLos AngelesCalifornia90036USA
| | - Richard B. Primack
- Biology DepartmentBoston University5 Cummington MallBostonMassachusetts02215USA
| | - Charles G. Willis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Harvard University HerbariaHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusetts02138USA
- Department of Biology Teaching and LearningUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota55455USA
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