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Aslan Kanmaz Y, Güzel BC, Baygeldi SB, Karan M. Three-dimensional modelling and morphometric analysis of skull of badger (Meles meles) with computed tomography images. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1360. [PMID: 38372005 PMCID: PMC10875391 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphometric measurements help to understand the skull morphology in different animal species, detect skull deformations and figure out their causes. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to make a three-dimensional (3D) modelling of the badger skull using computed tomography, to show its anatomical structures and to reveal the morphometric measurement values. METHODS Skull measurements were carried out using a digital calliper at 27 measurement points based on metric measurement points. After the scanned images were stored in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine format, they were transferred to MIMICS 20.1 (The Materialize Group) programme and 3D models the skulls were created. The surface area and volume values of the skulls were calculated on these models. RESULTS The volume and surface area parameters were expressed as mean ± SE. Four different indices were calculated using osteometric measurements. Statistical analyses were made by determining the mean value and standard deviation of the examined properties and the correlation coefficients among these properties. In the metric measurement points taken as a basis, the longest measurement in the skulls was the total length and its mean value was 124.60 ± 0.64 mm. The shortest measurement was the breadth dorsal to the external auditory meatus, and its mean value was 6.75 ± 0.24 mm. CONCLUSIONS Consequently, statistical differences in the craniometric values of badgers' skulls were determined by using CT and 3D modelling software. In addition, it was concluded that the badger skull can be easily distinguished from other carnivore species by carrying out morphometric measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Aslan Kanmaz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFırat UniversityElazığTurkey
| | - Barış Can Güzel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineSiirt UniversitySiirtTurkey
| | - Saime Betül Baygeldi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFırat UniversityElazığTurkey
| | - Meryem Karan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineFırat UniversityElazığTurkey
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Ichikawa Y, Kanemaki N, Kanai K. Breed-Specific Skull Morphology Reveals Insights into Canine Optic Chiasm Positioning and Orbital Structure through 3D CT Scan Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:197. [PMID: 38254367 PMCID: PMC10812588 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study's CT scan-based morphometric analysis of 50 adult dogs explored the relationship between skull shape variations (determined by the skull index, SI), optic chiasm, optic canals, and orbital shape. Dogs were classified as brachycephalic (SI ≥ 59), mesocephalic (SI ≥ 51 but <59), and dolichocephalic (SI < 51). No significant age or weight differences were observed. Skull lengths (brachycephalic: 11.39 ± 1.76 cm, mesocephalic: 15.00 ± 2.96 cm, dolichocephalic: 17.96 ± 3.44 cm) and facial lengths (brachycephalic: 3.63 ± 1.00 cm, mesocephalic: 6.46 ± 1.55 cm, dolichocephalic: 8.23 ± 1.03 cm) varied significantly, with shorter orbital depths (brachycephalic: 2.58 ± 0.42 cm, mesocephalic: 3.19 ± 0.65 cm, dolichocephalic: 3.61 ± 0.77 cm) in brachycephalic dogs. The optic chiasm-to-inion horizontal length ratio to cranial horizontal length positively correlated with the SI (r = 0.883, p < 0.001), while the ratio to neurocranial length showed no SI correlation (range: 55.5-75.0). Brachycephalic breeds had a significantly wider optic canal angle (93.74 ± 16.00°), along with broader lacrimal-zygomatic and zygomatic frontal process angles. These findings highlight the zygomatic bone's role in influencing breed-specific orbital variations by connecting the face to the neurocranium, projecting the orbital rim outward and forward with facial shortening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Ichikawa
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 Ban-Cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan;
- Ichikawa Animal Hospital, 118-3 Negiuchi, Matsudo-shi 270-0011, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kanemaki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuou-ku, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan;
- DVMs Animal Medical Center Yokohama, 2-2 Sawatari, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-0844, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kanai
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 Ban-Cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan;
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Igado O, Joannis J. Skull Shape Variations in the Eidolon helvum (African Fruit Bat) Based on Geographical Location. Niger J Physiol Sci 2022; 37:101-111. [PMID: 35947850 DOI: 10.54548/njps.v37i1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The shape and size of a skull provides insight into the age, breed and gender of the animal. Skull shape variations have been reported in different animals, with some theories linking these variations to evolution and/or migration. This study assessed the variations observed in the skull shape, size and gross morphometrics of two groups of the Eidolon helvum obtained from two geographical regions in Nigeria (south and north). All skulls were rostro-caudally elongated, having a dolichocephalic appearance. The skulls from the north had a distinct dome shape, with a more prominent zygomatic process, absence of a 'diastema' and an extra upper molar, while the southern skulls showed a more dorsally flattened skull and a less prominent zygomatic process. The shape of the sagittal crest was different in the two groups, while there was the presence of an accessory infraorbital foramen in some of the southern skulls. The southern skulls lacked the palatine foramen. The lacrimal foramen was observed to be more caudally placed in the southern skulls. Values for most linear measurements were higher in the northern skulls, although statistically significant difference was not present in all. The value for the neurocranial volume was considerably higher in the northern skulls (4.41 ± 0.28 mls) relative to the southern skulls (2.0 ± 0.27 mls). Statistically significant differences were not observed between males and females (within regions). Data obtained from this study may find application in evolution and migration studies, wildlife medicine and surgery and comparative and forensic anatomy.
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Beeching SC, Elsey R, Rehorek SJ. Ontogeny of the American Alligator (
Alligator mississippiensis
) prenatal head: a morphometric approach. J Morphol 2022; 283:805-814. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. C. Beeching
- Department of Biology Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA 16057
| | - R. Elsey
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Louisiana
| | - S. J. Rehorek
- Department of Biology Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA 16057
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Andreis ME, Polito U, Veronesi MC, Faustini M, Di Giancamillo M, Modina SC. Novel contributions in canine craniometry: Anatomic and radiographic measurements in newborn puppies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196959. [PMID: 29738556 PMCID: PMC5940217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The largest differences in intraspecific head shape among the Carnivora order are to be found in dogs. Based on their skull morphotypes, dog breeds are currently classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. Due to the fact that some breeds have not been yet defined, this classification is incomplete; moreover, multi-breed studies on the skull morphology of puppies have never been performed. The aim of this work was to verify (i) whether differences in the skull conformation of purebred puppies are already present within the first week of age; (ii) whether radiographic and anatomic measures could be considered interchangeable, and (iii) to possibly classify puppies from non-categorized breeds thanks to their radiographic cranial measurements using neural nets. One hundred and thirty-seven dead puppies aged 0–7 days were examined considering their anatomic and radiographic measures. All linear measures and anatomic indices significantly differed among brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic puppies. Radiographic indices, with the exception of CI, identified the three skull morphotypes (p<0.05, for all comparisons). Radiographic and anatomic measures proved to be non-interchangeable in newborn puppies. Finally, nineteen puppies belonging to 5 non-categorized breeds could be classified thanks to neural nets in the three skull morphotypes with different probability (P between 0,66 and 0,95).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Andreis
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Umberto Polito
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Faustini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Di Giancamillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Silvia C. Modina
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Lauda A, Bruehschwein A, Ficek J, Schmidt MJ, Klima A, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Fischer A. Caudal Fossa Ratio in Normal Dogs and Eurasier Dogs with VLDLR-Associated Genetic Cerebellar Hypoplasia. Front Vet Sci 2018; 4:241. [PMID: 29404343 PMCID: PMC5786823 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar and hindbrain malformations, such as cerebellar hypoplasia (CH), vermis hypoplasia, and Dandy–Walker malformation, occur in dogs as well as in humans. Neuroimaging is essential for a precise description of these malformations and defining translational animal models. Neuroimaging is increasingly performed in puppies, but there is a lack of data on developmental changes in the caudal fossa, which can impair assessment of caudal fossa size in this age group. The purpose of this study was to validate caudal fossa ratio (CFR) in dogs and to explore CFR in Eurasier dogs with genetic CH. CFR was calculated from midsagittal brain images of 130 dogs as caudal fossa area/total cranial cavity area. In addition, the volume of the caudal fossa was measured in 64 randomly selected dogs from this group. Repeated measurements were used to investigate inter- and intra-rater variability and influence of imaging modality. Furthermore, the influence of age, weight, and breed was explored. The CFR was a reliable parameter with negligible influence from the examiners, imaging modality, and weight of the dog. The midsagittal area of the caudal fossa and the volume of the caudal fossa correlated closely with each other. In this study, we observed a smaller CFR in puppies. The CFR in adult dogs lies within 0.255 and 0.330, while CFR is smaller in puppies up to 4 months of age. Besides age, there was also an effect of breed, which should be explored in larger data sets. Measurements of CFR in Eurasier dogs with genetic CH caused by a mutation in the very-low-density-lipoprotein-receptor gene revealed the presence of two variants, one with an enlarged caudal fossa and one with a normal to small caudal fossa. This observation indicates that there is phenotypic heterogeneity and interaction between the developing cerebellum and the surrounding mesenchyme in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lauda
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Bruehschwein
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joanna Ficek
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin J Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - André Klima
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Santos ALQ, Paz BF, Barros RF, Nalla SF, Pereira TS. CRANIOMETRIA EM LOBOS-GUARÁ Chrysocyon brachyurus ILLIGER, 1815 (CARNIVORA, CANIDAE). CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v18e-37693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram obter mensurações em crânios de Chrysocyon brachyurus adultos, caracterizar valores craniométricos para a espécie e observar se a classificação craniométrica de cães domésticos é adequada para o lobo-guará. Foram utilizados sete crânios de lobo-guará adultos, sem distinção de sexo. Determinou-se a localização de nove pontos craniométricos utilizados em cães domésticos para o lobo-guará. Os pontos foram referência para as 18 medidas craniométricas utilizadas para o cálculo de seis índices craniométricos. Os índices craniométricos são: cefálico 96,147 ± 3,89 mm, crânio facial 1,06 ± 0,20 mm, do neurocrânio 61,68 ± 1,83 mm, facial 100,06 ± 3,36 mm, basal 29,79 ± 1,18 mm, e do forame magno 89,25 ± 7,82 mm. A classificação em braquicefálico, dolicocefálico ou mesaticefálico não se adequa a Chrysocyon brachyurus.
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Carreira LM, Ferreira A. Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure Anatomy Variations in Brachy-, Dolicho- and Mesaticephalic Dogs and Their Importance to Brain Surgery. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1612-21. [PMID: 26062077 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The study used a sample of 69 formalin-fixed brains from adult dog cadavers (n = 69) and aimed (1) to characterize the longitudinal cerebral fissure (LCF) anatomy in brachy-(B), dolicho-(D) and mesaticephalic-(M) dogs and their potential differences, and (2) to establish cranioencephalic relationships between the LCF and five classical craniometric points(cp): asterion(ast), bregma(b), stephanion(st), glabella(g), and pterion(pt). Anatomical records were collected using a digital caliper, and for statistical analysis P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. The LCF length can be ranked, in ascending order as B < D < M, and if used as a surgical corridor, the M group had the greatest surgical corridor area, and the D group the smallest. LCF morphology was uniform among the three groups exhibiting dilated anterior(AR) and posterior(PR) regions and narrow middle region, where the most marked differences were registered. The LCF AR is the ideal spot to begin brain surgery if the LCF is to be used as a surgical corridor in B and M, while the LCF PR should be considered in D. The five cp selected were quite useful to understand LCF anatomical morphology, its projections over the external skull surface, and to establish cranioencephalic relationships between the LCF and vault; allowing us to consider the vault anterior area in B, and in M, and the vault posterior area in D for craniotomy initial burr-hole placement. As for the distance from the cp projections in the brain surface to the LCF regions, major differences were registered by comparing the B group with the other two, and for both hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Miguel Carreira
- Department of Clinic, Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Portugal
- Centre for Interdisciplinary of Research in Animal Health (CIISA), FMV-ULisboa, Portugal
- Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre (CMVAA), Barreiro, Portugal
| | - A Ferreira
- Department of Clinic, Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Portugal
- Centre for Interdisciplinary of Research in Animal Health (CIISA), FMV-ULisboa, Portugal
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9
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Schmidt MJ, Amort KH, Failing K, Klingler M, Kramer M, Ondreka N. Comparison of the endocranial- and brain volumes in brachycephalic dogs, mesaticephalic dogs and Cavalier King Charles spaniels in relation to their body weight. Acta Vet Scand 2014; 56:30. [PMID: 24886598 PMCID: PMC4038113 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-56-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A number of studies have attempted to quantify the relative volumes of the endocranial volume and brain parenchyma in association with the pathogenesis of the Chiari-like malformation (CLM) in the Cavalier King Charles spaniel (CKCS). In our study we examine the influence of allometric scaling of the brain and cranial cavity volume on morphological parameters in different dog breeds. MRI scans of 110 dogs (35 mesaticephalic dogs, 35 brachycephalic dogs, 20 CKCSs with SM, and 20 CKCSs without SM) have been used to create 3-dimensional volumetric models of skull and brain parts. Volumes were related to body weight calculating the adjusted means for different breeds. Results There was a strong global dependency of all volumes to body weight (P < 0.0001). The adjusted means of the absolute and relative volumes of brain parenchyma and cranial compartments are not significantly larger in CKCSs in comparison to brachycephalic and mesaticephalic dogs. A difference in absolute or relative volumes between CKCSs with and without SM after relating these values to body weight could not be identified. The relative volume of the hindbrain parenchyma (caudal fossa parenchyma percentage) was larger in brachycephalic dogs than in CKCSs, without causing herniation or SM. Conclusion An influence of body weight exist in dogs, which can be sufficiently large to render conclusions on the difference in volumes of the brain and skull unsafe unless some account of the body weight is taken in the analysis. The results of this study challenge the role of overcrowding for the development of SM in dogs.
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Yahaya A, Olopade JO, Kwari HD. Morphological analysis and osteometry of the foramen magnum of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Anat Histol Embryol 2012; 42:155-9. [PMID: 22783991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2012.01178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The foramen magnum (FM) has been an integral component of studies on the ontogeny and evolutionary transformation of the skull. While its shape is variable in different species and breeds, the morphological variations and metrical indices of the foramen have scarcely been studied in camels. A total of 30 adult camel heads with equal sex disparity from three different locations of Northern Nigeria were used in this study for determining the morphological characteristics and osteometry of their foramen magnum. The study reported a mean foramen magnum height and width of 4.04 ± 0.15 and 3.70 ± 0.16 cm, and 3.65 ± 0.27 and 3.45 ± 0.21 cm in the overall males and females, respectively, and a foramen magnum index (FMI) in adult camels, which was over 100. We propose a classification for the morphology of foramen magnum in camels demarcating them into three types. The dorsal border of the foramen presented either a smoothly curved bony margin (type I), a small, ventrally directed, median bony protrusion (type II) or a dorsal notch (type III). No significant osteometric differences were found in any of the variables of the foramen magnum measured in the adult camels (FMH, FMW and FMI) of the various geographical locations, nor between animals of either gender except for the FMH that had a significantly higher mean value in overall males.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yahaya
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
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Schmidt MJ, Neumann AC, Amort KH, Failing K, Kramer M. Cephalometric measurements and determination of general skull type of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 52:436-40. [PMID: 21521397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The general skull morphology of the head of the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS) was examined and compared with cephalometric indices of brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, and dolichocephalic heads. Measurements were taken from computed tomography images. Defined landmarks for linear measurements of were identified using three-dimensional (3D) models. The calculated parameters of the CKCS were different from all parameters of mesaticephalic dogs but were the same as parameters from brachycephalic dogs. However, the CKCS had a wider braincase in relation to length than in other brachycephalic breeds. Studies of the etiology of the chiari-like malformation in the CKCS should therefore focus on brachycephalic control groups. As Chari-like malformation has only been reported in brachycephalic breeds, its etiology could be associated with a higher grade of brachycephaly, meaning a shorter longitudinal extension of the skull. This has been suggested for other breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic of the Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Straße 108, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Abstract
There is a lack of an established method for quantifying equine skull morphology. This study proposes a method that is valid for use on both live and deceased horses. A total of nine head measurements (skull length, cranial length, nasal length, ratio of cranial:nasal length, cranial width, zygomatic width, mandibular depth, nasal profile area, cranial profile area) and six indices (skull index, cranial index, nasal index, mandibular index, nasal profile index, cranial profile index) were recorded from 30 horses from a variety of breeds whilst the soft tissues of the head were intact. A line was drawn level with the palpable notches caudal to the caudal lacrimal process of each orbit to estimate the suture line of the nasal and frontal bones and distinguish between the neurocranium and splanchnocranium. There were positive correlations between many of the head measurements. This method also illustrated significant differences in the skull morphology of three breeds (Arabians, thoroughbreds and standardbreds).
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Evans
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Gunn Building (B19), Regimental Crescent, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
In this study, a heterogeneous population of 42 dogs was examined for correlation between skull and long bone measurements. For this purpose, 17 craniometric measurements were carried out and used to calculate 12 indices and ratios. These indices and ratios were then subjected to a correlation analysis with long bone measurements. While a high significant negative correlation of p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 respectively was found for skull, cranial and facial I1, I2, LLI-2, BI and BI-1 indices, and the CFO and CFO-1 ratios respectively with respect to the non-indexed long bone measurements, a high positive correlation was found to exist between those indices and ratios, and the long bone indices (p < 0.01). The correlation coefficients for the skull indices and ratios to long bone measurements proved to be very similar for the long bones of front and hind legs. As a result of the correlation analysis, it was found that with an increase in skull tendency towards the dolichocephalic type, the long bone parameters also increase, while with the skull tending towards the brachycephalic type, the long bone parameters decrease. This finding of a long bone-related increase in dimensions and morphological skull expression favours the assumption of a close relation to the skull typology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Alpak
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, 34320, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.
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