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El-Halwagi A, Agarwal SK. Insights into the genetic landscape of systemic sclerosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2024:101981. [PMID: 39068103 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2024.101981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune disease that clinically manifests as progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Autoimmunity and endothelial dysfunction play important roles in the development of SSc but the causes of SSc remain unknown. Accumulating evidence, first from familial aggregation studies and subsequently from candidate gene association studies and genome wide association studies underscore the crucial contributions of genetics to the development of SSc. The identification of polymorphisms in the HLA region as well as non-HLA loci is important for understanding the risks of developing SSc but can also provide important pathogenic insight in SSc. While not translating into clinic practice yet, understanding the genetic landscape of SSc will hopefully assist in the diagnosis and management of patients with and/or at risk of developing SSc in the future. Herein we review the studies that investigate genetic risks of SSc susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali El-Halwagi
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sandeep K Agarwal
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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2
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Londe AC, Fernandez-Ruiz R, Julio PR, Appenzeller S, Niewold TB. Type I Interferons in Autoimmunity: Implications in Clinical Phenotypes and Treatment Response. J Rheumatol 2023; 50:1103-1113. [PMID: 37399470 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.2022-0827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) is thought to play a role in many systemic autoimmune diseases. IFN-I pathway activation is associated with pathogenic features, including the presence of autoantibodies and clinical phenotypes such as more severe disease with increased disease activity and damage. We will review the role and potential drivers of IFN-I dysregulation in 5 prototypic autoimmune diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, primary Sjögren syndrome, and systemic sclerosis. We will also discuss current therapeutic strategies that directly or indirectly target the IFN-I system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Londe
- A.C. Londe, MSc, Autoimmunity Lab, and Graduate Program in Physiopathology, School of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruth Fernandez-Ruiz
- R. Fernandez-Ruiz, MD, Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paulo Rogério Julio
- P. Rogério Julio, MSc, Autoimmunity Lab, and Graduate Program of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- S. Appenzeller, MD, PhD, Autoimmunity Lab, and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Medical Science, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Timothy B Niewold
- T.B. Niewold, MD, Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.
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3
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Charras A, Haldenby S, Smith EMD, Egbivwie N, Olohan L, Kenny JG, Schwarz K, Roberts C, Al-Abadi E, Armon K, Bailey K, Ciurtin C, Gardner-Medwin J, Haslam K, Hawley DP, Leahy A, Leone V, McErlane F, Modgil G, Pilkington C, Ramanan AV, Rangaraj S, Riley P, Sridhar A, Beresford MW, Hedrich CM. Panel sequencing links rare, likely damaging gene variants with distinct clinical phenotypes and outcomes in juvenile-onset SLE. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:SI210-SI225. [PMID: 35532072 PMCID: PMC9949710 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (jSLE) affects 15-20% of lupus patients. Clinical heterogeneity between racial groups, age groups and individual patients suggests variable pathophysiology. This study aimed to identify highly penetrant damaging mutations in genes associated with SLE/SLE-like disease in a large national cohort (UK JSLE Cohort Study) and compare demographic, clinical and laboratory features in patient sub-cohorts with 'genetic' SLE vs remaining SLE patients. METHODS Based on a sequencing panel designed in 2018, target enrichment and next-generation sequencing were performed in 348 patients to identify damaging gene variants. Findings were integrated with demographic, clinical and treatment related datasets. RESULTS Damaging gene variants were identified in ∼3.5% of jSLE patients. When compared with the remaining cohort, 'genetic' SLE affected younger children and more Black African/Caribbean patients. 'Genetic' SLE patients exhibited less organ involvement and damage, and neuropsychiatric involvement developed over time. Less aggressive first line treatment was chosen in 'genetic' SLE patients, but more second and third line agents were used. 'Genetic' SLE associated with anti-dsDNA antibody positivity at diagnosis and reduced ANA, anti-LA and anti-Sm antibody positivity at last visit. CONCLUSION Approximately 3.5% of jSLE patients present damaging gene variants associated with younger age at onset, and distinct clinical features. As less commonly observed after treatment induction, in 'genetic' SLE, autoantibody positivity may be the result of tissue damage and explain reduced immune complex-mediated renal and haematological involvement. Routine sequencing could allow for patient stratification, risk assessment and target-directed treatment, thereby increasing efficacy and reducing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Charras
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences
| | - Sam Haldenby
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool
| | - Eve M D Smith
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Naomi Egbivwie
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lisa Olohan
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool
| | - John G Kenny
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland
| | - Klaus Schwarz
- Institut for Transfusion Medicine, University Ulm, Ulm
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg—Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carla Roberts
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences
| | - Eslam Al-Abadi
- Department of Rheumatology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham
| | - Kate Armon
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge
| | - Kathryn Bailey
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford
| | - Coziana Ciurtin
- Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology, University College London, London
| | | | - Kirsty Haslam
- Department of Paediatrics, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford
| | - Daniel P Hawley
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield
| | - Alice Leahy
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton
| | - Valentina Leone
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Leeds Children Hospital, Leeds
| | - Flora McErlane
- Paediatric Rheumatology, Great North Children’s Hospital, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne
| | - Gita Modgil
- Department of Paediatrics, Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton
| | | | - Athimalaipet V Ramanan
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust & Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol
| | - Satyapal Rangaraj
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham
| | - Phil Riley
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester
| | - Arani Sridhar
- Department of Paediatrics, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Michael W Beresford
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool
| | - Christian M Hedrich
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool
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Beesley CF, Goldman NR, Taher TE, Denton CP, Abraham DJ, Mageed RA, Ong VH. Dysregulated B cell function and disease pathogenesis in systemic sclerosis. Front Immunol 2023; 13:999008. [PMID: 36726987 PMCID: PMC9885156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.999008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex, immune-mediated rheumatic disease characterised by excessive extracellular matrix deposition in the skin and internal organs. B cell infiltration into lesional sites such as the alveolar interstitium and small blood vessels, alongside the production of defined clinically relevant autoantibodies indicates that B cells play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis and development of SSc. This is supported by B cell and fibroblast coculture experiments revealing that B cells directly enhance collagen and extracellular matrix synthesis in fibroblasts. In addition, B cells from SSc patients produce large amounts of profibrotic cytokines such as IL-6 and TGF-β, which interact with other immune and endothelial cells, promoting the profibrotic loop. Furthermore, total B cell counts are increased in SSc patients compared with healthy donors and specific differences can be found in the content of naïve, memory, transitional and regulatory B cell compartments. B cells from SSc patients also show differential expression of activation markers such as CD19 which may shape interactions with other immune mediators such as T follicular helper cells and dendritic cells. The key role of B cells in SSc is further supported by the therapeutic benefit of B cell depletion with rituximab in some patients. It is notable also that B cell signaling is impaired in SSc patients, and this could underpin the failure to induce tolerance in B cells as has been shown in murine models of scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire F. Beesley
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nina R. Goldman
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Taher E. Taher
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher P. Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rizgar A. Mageed
- Centre for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Voon H. Ong
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Nocturne G, Mariette X. Interferon signature in systemic autoimmune diseases: what does it mean? RMD Open 2022; 8:rmdopen-2022-002687. [PMID: 36597991 PMCID: PMC9723951 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetane Nocturne
- Department of Rheumatology, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM UMR1184 : Center for immunology of viral infections and autoimmune diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Xavier Mariette
- Department of Rheumatology, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM UMR1184 : Center for immunology of viral infections and autoimmune diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Glauzy S, Olson B, May CK, Parisi D, Massad C, Hansen JE, Ryu C, Herzog EL, Meffre E. Defective Early B Cell Tolerance Checkpoints in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis Allow the Production of Self Antigen-Specific Clones. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:307-317. [PMID: 34279059 PMCID: PMC8766600 DOI: 10.1002/art.41927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early selection steps preventing autoreactive naive B cell production are often impaired in patients with autoimmune diseases, but central and peripheral B cell tolerance checkpoints have not been assessed in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). This study was undertaken to characterize early B cell tolerance checkpoints in patients with SSc. METHODS Using an in vitro polymerase chain reaction-based approach that allows the expression of recombinant antibodies cloned from single B cells, we tested the reactivity of antibodies expressed by 212 CD19+CD21low CD10+IgMhigh CD27- new emigrant/transitional B cells and 190 CD19+CD21+CD10-IgM+CD27- mature naive B cells from 10 patients with SSc. RESULTS Compared to serum from healthy donors, serum from patients with SSc displayed elevated proportions of polyreactive and antinuclear-reactive new emigrant/transitional B cells that recognize topoisomerase I, suggesting that defective central B cell tolerance contributes to the production of serum autoantibodies characteristic of the disease. Frequencies of autoreactive mature naive B cells were also significantly increased in SSc patients compared to healthy donors, thus indicating that a peripheral B cell tolerance checkpoint may be impaired in SSc. CONCLUSION Defective counterselection of developing autoreactive naive B cells in SSc leads to the production of self antigen-specific B cells that may secrete autoantibodies and allow the formation of immune complexes, which promote fibrosis in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Glauzy
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brennan Olson
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher K. May
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniele Parisi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher Massad
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - James E. Hansen
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Changwan Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Erica L. Herzog
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Section of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Correspondence to: Eric Meffre, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 353F, New Haven, CT 06511, USA., Phone: 203-737-4535, Fax: 203-785-7903,
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7
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The Immunogenetics of Systemic Sclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1367:259-298. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-92616-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pu W, Zhang R, Ma Y, Liu Q, Jiang S, Liu J, Zhao Y, Tu W, Guo G, Zuo X, Wang Q, Chen Y, Wu W, Zhou X, Distler JHW, Reveille JD, Zou H, Jin L, Mayes MD, Wang J. Genetic associations of non-MHC susceptibility loci with systemic sclerosis in a Han Chinese population. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:2039-2042.e7. [PMID: 34919939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Research Unit of dissecting the population genetics and developing new technologies for treatment and prevention of skin phenotypes and dermatological diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institute for Six-sector Economy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yanyun Ma
- Institute for Six-sector Economy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Research Unit of dissecting the population genetics and developing new technologies for treatment and prevention of skin phenotypes and dermatological diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Qingmei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinhuan Zhao
- Division of Rheumatology, Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhen Tu
- Division of Rheumatology, Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Guo
- Department of Rheumatology, Yiling Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Qingwen Wang
- Rheumatology and Immunology Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, the University of Texas-McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jörg H W Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - John D Reveille
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, the University of Texas-McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hejian Zou
- Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Research Unit of dissecting the population genetics and developing new technologies for treatment and prevention of skin phenotypes and dermatological diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maureen D Mayes
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, the University of Texas-McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiucun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Research Unit of dissecting the population genetics and developing new technologies for treatment and prevention of skin phenotypes and dermatological diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Hinchcliff M, Garcia-Milian R, Di Donato S, Dill K, Bundschuh E, Galdo FD. Cellular and Molecular Diversity in Scleroderma. Semin Immunol 2021; 58:101648. [PMID: 35940960 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing armamentarium of high-throughput tools available at manageable cost, it is attractive and informative to determine the molecular underpinnings of patient heterogeneity in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Given the highly variable clinical outcomes of patients labelled with the same diagnosis, unravelling the cellular and molecular basis of disease heterogeneity will be crucial to predicting disease risk, stratifying management and ultimately informing a patient-centered precision medicine approach. Herein, we summarise the findings of the past several years in the fields of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics that contribute to unraveling the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of SSc. Expansion of these findings and their routine integration with quantitative analysis of histopathology and imaging studies into clinical care promise to inform a scientifically driven patient-centred personalized medicine approach to SSc in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Hinchcliff
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, USA.
| | | | - Stefano Di Donato
- Raynaud's and Scleroderma Programme, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leeds, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth Bundschuh
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, USA
| | - Francesco Del Galdo
- Raynaud's and Scleroderma Programme, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leeds, UK.
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Ota Y, Kuwana M. Updates on genetics in systemic sclerosis. Inflamm Regen 2021; 41:17. [PMID: 34130729 PMCID: PMC8204536 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-021-00167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex disease, in which an interaction of genetic and environmental factors plays an important role in its development and pathogenesis. A number of genetic studies, including candidate gene analysis and genome-wide association study, have found that the associated genetic variants are mainly localized in noncoding regions in the expression quantitative trait locus and influence corresponding gene expression. The gene variants identified as a risk for SSc susceptibility include those associated with innate immunity, adaptive immune response, and cell death, while there are only few SSc-associated genes involved in the fibrotic process or vascular homeostasis. Human leukocyte antigen class II genes are associated with SSc-related autoantibodies rather than SSc itself. Since the pathways between the associated genotype and phenotype are still poorly understood, further investigations using multi-omics technologies are necessary to characterize the complex molecular architecture of SSc, identify biomarkers useful to predict future outcomes and treatment responses, and discover effective drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ota
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603-8582, Japan
| | - Masataka Kuwana
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8603-8582, Japan.
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11
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Neys SFH, Hendriks RW, Corneth OBJ. Targeting Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Pathologies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:668131. [PMID: 34150760 PMCID: PMC8213343 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.668131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) was discovered due to its importance in B cell development, and it has a critical role in signal transduction downstream of the B cell receptor (BCR). Targeting of BTK with small molecule inhibitors has proven to be efficacious in several B cell malignancies. Interestingly, recent studies reveal increased BTK protein expression in circulating resting B cells of patients with systemic autoimmune disease (AID) compared with healthy controls. Moreover, BTK phosphorylation following BCR stimulation in vitro was enhanced. In addition to its role in BCR signaling, BTK is involved in many other pathways, including pattern recognition, Fc, and chemokine receptor signaling in B cells and myeloid cells. This broad involvement in several immunological pathways provides a rationale for the targeting of BTK in the context of inflammatory and systemic AID. Accordingly, numerous in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies support the potential of BTK targeting in these conditions. Efficacy of BTK inhibitors in various inflammatory and AID has been demonstrated or is currently evaluated in clinical trials. In addition, very recent reports suggest that BTK inhibition may be effective as immunosuppressive therapy to diminish pulmonary hyperinflammation in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we review BTK's function in key signaling pathways in B cells and myeloid cells. Further, we discuss recent advances in targeting BTK in inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies.
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12
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Gómez Hernández G, Morell M, Alarcón-Riquelme ME. The Role of BANK1 in B Cell Signaling and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051184. [PMID: 34066164 PMCID: PMC8151866 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The B cell scaffold protein with ankyrin repeats (BANK1) is expressed primarily in B cells and with multiple but discrete roles in B cell signaling, including B cell receptor signaling, CD40-related signaling, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. The gene for BANK1, located in chromosome 4, has been found to contain genetic variants that are associated with several autoimmune diseases and also other complex phenotypes, in particular, with systemic lupus erythematosus. Common genetic variants are associated with changes in BANK1 expression in B cells, while rare variants modify their capacity to bind efferent effectors during signaling. A BANK1-deficient model has shown the importance of BANK1 during TLR7 and TLR9 signaling and has confirmed its role in the disease. Still, much needs to be done to fully understand the function of BANK1, but the main conclusion is that it may be the link between different signaling functions within the B cells and they may act to synergize the various pathways within a cell. With this review, we hope to enhance the interest in this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Gómez Hernández
- GENYO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Government, PTS, 18016 Granada, Spain; (G.G.H.); (M.M.)
| | - María Morell
- GENYO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Government, PTS, 18016 Granada, Spain; (G.G.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme
- GENYO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Government, PTS, 18016 Granada, Spain; (G.G.H.); (M.M.)
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17167 Solna, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review susceptibility genes and how they could integrate in systemic sclerosis (SSc) pathophysiology providing insight and perspectives for innovative therapies. RECENT FINDINGS SSc is a rare disease characterized by vasculopathy, dysregulated immunity and fibrosis. Genome-Wide association studies and ImmunoChip studies performed in recent years revealed associated genetic variants mainly localized in noncoding regions and mostly affecting the immune system of SSc patients. Gene variants were described in innate immunity (IRF5, IRF7 and TLR2), T and B cells activation (CD247, TNFAIP3, STAT4 and BLK) and NF-κB pathway (TNFAIP3 and TNIP1) confirming previous biological data. In addition to impacting immune response, CSK, DDX6, DNASE1L3 and GSDMA/B could also act in the vascular and fibrotic components of SSc. SUMMARY Although genetic studies highlighted the dysregulated immune response in SSc, future research must focus on a deeper characterization of these variants with determination of their functional effects. Moreover, the role of these genes or others on specific vasculopathy and fibrosis would provide insight. Establishment of polygenic score or integrated genome approaches could identify new targets specific of SSc clinical features. This will allow physicians to propose new therapies to SSc patients.
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Le Berre L, Chesneau M, Danger R, Dubois F, Chaussabel D, Garand M, Brouard S. Connection of BANK1, Tolerance, Regulatory B cells, and Apoptosis: Perspectives of a Reductionist Investigation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:589786. [PMID: 33815360 PMCID: PMC8015775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.589786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BANK1 transcript is upregulated in whole blood after kidney transplantation in tolerant patients. In comparison to patients with rejection, tolerant patients display higher level of regulatory B cells (Bregs) expressing granzyme B (GZMB+) that have the capability to prevent effector T cells proliferation. However, BANK1 was found to be decreased in these GZMB+ Bregs. In this article, we investigated seven different transcriptomic studies and mined the literature in order to make link between BANK1, tolerance and Bregs. As for GZMB+ Bregs, we found that BANK1 was decreased in other subtypes of Bregs, including IL10+ and CD24hiCD38hi transitional regulatory B cells, along with BANK1 was down-regulated in activated/differentiated B cells, as in CD40-activated B cells, in leukemia and plasma cells. Following a reductionist approach, biological concepts were extracted from BANK1 literature and allowed us to infer association between BANK1 and immune signaling pathways, as STAT1, FcγRIIB, TNFAIP3, TRAF6, and TLR7. Based on B cell signaling literature and expression data, we proposed a role of BANK1 in B cells of tolerant patients that involved BCR, IP3R, and PLCG2, and a link with the apoptosis pathways. We confronted these data with our experiments on apoptosis in total B cells and Bregs, and this suggests different involvement for BANK1 in these two cells. Finally, we put in perspective our own data with other published data to hypothesize two different roles for BANK1 in B cells and in Bregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmilla Le Berre
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Mélanie Chesneau
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Richard Danger
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Florian Dubois
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | | | - Mathieu Garand
- Systems Biology and Immunology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sophie Brouard
- CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, Nantes, France
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15
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Mahmoudi M, Aslani S, Meguro A, Akhtari M, Fatahi Y, Mizuki N, Shahram F. A comprehensive overview on the genetics of Behçet's disease. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 41:84-106. [PMID: 33258398 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1851372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Behçet's disease (BD) is a systemic and inflammatory disease, characterized mainly by recurrent oral and genital ulcers, eye involvement, and skin lesions. Although the exact etiopathogenesis of BD remains unrevealed, a bulk of studies have implicated the genetic contributing factors as critical players in disease predisposition. In countries along the Silk Road, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B51 has been reported as the strongest genetically associated factor for BD. Genome-wide association studies, local genetic polymorphism studies, and meta-analysis of combined data from Turkish, Iranian, and Japanese populations have also identified new genetic associations with BD. Among these, other HLA alleles such as HLA-B*15, HLA-B*27, HLA-B*57, and HLA-A*26 have been found as independent risk factors for BD, whereas HLA-B*49 and HLA-A*03 are independent protective alleles for BD. Moreover, other genes have also reached the genome-wide significance level of association with BD susceptibility, including IL10, IL23R-IL12RB2, IL12A, CCR1-CCR3, STAT4, TNFAIP3, ERAP1, KLRC4, and FUT2. Also, several rare nonsynonymous variants in TLR4, IL23R, NOD2, and MEFV genes have been reported to be involved in BD pathogenesis. According to genetic determinants in the loci outside the MHC region that are contributed to the host defense, immunity, and inflammation pathways, it is suggested that immune responses to the pathogen as an important environmental factor and mucosal immunity contribute to BD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akira Meguro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Maryam Akhtari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Farhad Shahram
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Yang C, Tang S, Zhu D, Ding Y, Qiao J. Classical Disease-Specific Autoantibodies in Systemic Sclerosis: Clinical Features, Gene Susceptibility, and Disease Stratification. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:587773. [PMID: 33330547 PMCID: PMC7710911 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.587773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by abnormalities in microcirculation, extracellular matrix accumulation, and immune activation. Autoantibodies are markers of immune abnormalities and provide diagnostic and predictive value in SSc. Anti-topoisomerase antibodies (ATAs), anticentromere antibodies (ACAs), and anti-RNA polymerase antibodies (ARAs) are the three classical specific antibodies with the highest availability and stability. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent progress in SSc research with respect to ATAs, ACAs, and ARAs, focusing on their application in distinguishing clinical phenotypes, such as malignancy and organ involvement, identifying genetic background in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) or non-HLA alleles, and their potential roles in disease pathogenesis based on the effects of antigen-antibody binding. We finally summarized the novel analysis using ATAs, ACAs, and ARAs on more detailed disease clusters. Considering these advantages, this review emphasizes that classical SSc-specific autoantibodies are still practical and have the potential for patient and risk stratification with applications in precise medicine for SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyi Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shunli Tang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dingxian Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingguo Ding
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Lauenstein JU, Scherm MJ, Udgata A, Moncrieffe MC, Fisher DI, Gay NJ. Negative Regulation of TLR Signaling by BCAP Requires Dimerization of Its DBB Domain. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2269-2276. [PMID: 32198144 PMCID: PMC7128310 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dimerization of the BCAP Toll/IL1 domain is required for function. BCAP TIR modulates the oligomerization state of TLR signaling adaptor MAL. TIG domains are a promiscuous dimerization module in gene expression and signaling.
The B cell adaptor protein (BCAP) is a multimodular regulator of inflammatory signaling in diverse immune system cells. BCAP couples TLR signaling to phosphoinositide metabolism and inhibits MyD88-directed signal transduction. BCAP is recruited to the TLR signalosome forming multitypic interactions with the MAL and MyD88 signaling adaptors. In this study, we show that indirect dimerization of BCAP TIR is required for negative regulation of TLR signaling. This regulation is mediated by a transcription factor Ig (TIG/IPT) domain, a fold found in the NF-κB family of transcription factors. We have solved the crystal structure of the BCAP TIG and find that it is most similar to that of early B cell factor 1 (EBF1). In both cases, the dimer is stabilized by a helix-loop-helix motif at the C terminus and interactions between the β-sheets of the Ig domains. BCAP is exclusively localized in the cytosol and is unable to bind DNA. Thus, the TIG domain is a promiscuous dimerization module that has been appropriated for a range of regulatory functions in gene expression and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes U Lauenstein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michael J Scherm
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Atul Udgata
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; and
| | - Martin C Moncrieffe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; and
| | - David I Fisher
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom; and
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18
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Karimizadeh E, Mostafaei S, Aslani S, Gharibdoost F, Xavier RM, Salim PH, Kavosi H, Farhadi E, Mahmoudi M. Evaluation of the association between KIR polymorphisms and systemic sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Adv Rheumatol 2020; 60:8. [PMID: 31924272 DOI: 10.1186/s42358-019-0107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results of investigations on the association between killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) gene polymorphisms and the risk of systemic sclerosis (SSc) are inconsistent. To comprehensively evaluate the influence of KIR polymorphisms on the risk of SSc, this meta-analysis was performed. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in electronic databases including Scopus and PubMed/MEDLINE to find all available studies involving KIR gene family polymorphisms and SSc risk prior to July 2019. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were measured to detect associations between KIR gene family polymorphisms and SSc risk. RESULTS Five articles, comprising 571 patients and 796 healthy participants, evaluating the KIR gene family polymorphisms were included in the final meta-analysis according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 16 KIR genes were assessed. None of the KIR genes were significantly associated with the risk of SSc. CONCLUSIONS The current meta-analysis provides evidence that KIR genes might not be potential risk factors for SSc risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Karimizadeh
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Hospital, Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Mostafaei
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Hospital, Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Gharibdoost
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Hospital, Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ricardo Machado Xavier
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patricia Hartstein Salim
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Hoda Kavosi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Hospital, Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Farhadi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Hospital, Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran. .,Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Hospital, Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran. .,Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Sobolewski P, Maślińska M, Wieczorek M, Łagun Z, Malewska A, Roszkiewicz M, Nitskovich R, Szymańska E, Walecka I. Systemic sclerosis - multidisciplinary disease: clinical features and treatment. Reumatologia 2019; 57:221-233. [PMID: 31548749 PMCID: PMC6753596 DOI: 10.5114/reum.2019.87619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of still not fully understood pathogenesis. Fibrosis, vascular wall damage, and disturbances of innate and acquired immune responses with autoantibody production are prominent features. Systemic sclerosis has specific subsets with different autoantibodies, and differences in the affected skin areas. The suspicion of systemic sclerosis and establishing the diagnosis will be facilitated by the criteria created by EULAR/ACR experts. The treatment of this autoimmune disease remains a challenge for clinicians and new therapeutic options are constantly sought. The occurrence of various symptoms and the involvement of many organs and systems make systemic sclerosis a multidisciplinary disease and require a holistic approach. The present article summarizes different clinical features of systemic sclerosis and the profile of autoantibodies and discusses recent rules and future perspectives in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Sobolewski
- Clinic of Dermatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Maślińska
- Clinic of Early Arthritis, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Wieczorek
- Clinic of Dermatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Łagun
- Clinic of Dermatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Malewska
- Clinic of Dermatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Roszkiewicz
- Clinic of Dermatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Elżbieta Szymańska
- Clinic of Dermatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irena Walecka
- Clinic of Dermatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a severe autoimmune disease that is characterized by vascular abnormalities, immunological alterations and fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. The results of genetic studies in patients with SSc have revealed statistically significant genetic associations with disease manifestations and progression. Nevertheless, genetic susceptibility to SSc is moderate, and the functional consequences of genetic associations remain only partially characterized. A current hypothesis is that, in genetically susceptible individuals, epigenetic modifications constitute the driving force for disease initiation. As epigenetic alterations can occur years before fibrosis appears, these changes could represent a potential link between inflammation and tissue fibrosis. Epigenetics is a fast-growing discipline, and a considerable number of important epigenetic studies in SSc have been published in the past few years that span histone post-translational modifications, DNA methylation, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs. This Review describes the latest insights into genetic and epigenetic contributions to the pathogenesis of SSc and aims to provide an improved understanding of the molecular pathways that link inflammation and fibrosis. This knowledge will be of paramount importance for the development of medicines that are effective in treating or even reversing tissue fibrosis.
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21
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BANK1 interacts with TRAF6 and MyD88 in innate immune signaling in B cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:954-965. [PMID: 31243359 PMCID: PMC7608278 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence supports a possible role of BANK1 in innate immune signaling in B cells. In the present study, we investigated the interaction of BANK1 with two key mediators in interferon and inflammatory cytokine production, TRAF6 and MyD88. We revealed by coimmunoprecipitation (CoIP) analyses the binding of BANK1 with TRAF6 and MyD88, which were mediated by the BANK1 Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. In addition, the natural BANK1–40C variant showed increased binding to MyD88. Next, we demonstrated in mouse splenic B cells that BANK1 colocalized with Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR9 and that after stimulation with TLR7 and TLR9 agonists, the number of double-positive BANK1–TLR7, –TLR9, –TRAF6, and –MyD88 cells increased. Furthermore, we identified five TRAF6-binding motifs (BMs) in BANK1 and confirmed by point mutations and decoy peptide experiments that the C-terminal domain of BANK1-full-length (-FL) and the N-terminal domain of BANK1–Delta2 (-D2) are necessary for this binding. Functionally, we determined that the absence of the TIR domain in BANK1–D2 is important for its lysine (K)63-linked polyubiquitination and its ability to produce interleukin (IL)-8. Overall, our study describes a specific function of BANK1 in MyD88–TRAF6 innate immune signaling in B cells, clarifies functional differences between the two BANK1 isoforms and explains for the first time a functional link between autoimmune phenotypes including SLE and the naturally occurring BANK1–40C variant.
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22
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Rezaei R, Aslani S, Dashti N, Jamshidi A, Gharibdoost F, Mahmoudi M. Genetic implications in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Int J Rheum Dis 2018; 21:1478-1486. [DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Rezaei
- Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Immunology School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Navid Dashti
- Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Immunology School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Jamshidi
- Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Farhad Gharibdoost
- Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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23
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Association between the BANK1 rs3733197 polymorphism and polymyositis/dermatomyositis in a Chinese Han population. Clin Rheumatol 2018; 38:431-436. [PMID: 30145638 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-4257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the BANK1 gene and polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) in a Chinese Han population. In total, 363 PM patients, 654 DM patients, and 1280 healthy controls were recruited and genotyped using the Sequenom MassArray system. A significant allele association was observed in rs3733197 among the PM/DM patients (OR 0.81, 95%CI 0.70-0.94, Pc = 1.83 × 10-2). Notably, rs3733197 was associated with DM and PM/DM patients with ILD involvement (Pc = 0.026; Pc = 6.0 × 10-3, respectively). However, no statistically significant difference was observed in the allele or genotype frequencies of three SNPs (rs4522865, rs17266594, and rs10516487) among the DM, PM, and PM/DM patients and healthy controls (all Pc > 0.05). This study was the first to demonstrate that a BANK1 gene SNP (rs3733197) could confer genetic predisposition in PM/DM patients and PM/DM patients with ILD in a Chinese Han population.
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Mak ACY, Tang PLF, Cleveland C, Smith MH, Kari Connolly M, Katsumoto TR, Wolters PJ, Kwok PY, Criswell LA. Brief Report: Whole-Exome Sequencing for Identification of Potential Causal Variants for Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 68:2257-62. [PMID: 27111861 DOI: 10.1002/art.39721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Scleroderma is a genetically complex autoimmune disease with substantial phenotypic heterogeneity. Previous genome-wide association studies have identified common genetic variants associated with disease risk, but these studies are not designed to capture rare or potential causal variants. Our goal was to identify rare as well as common genetic variants in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis (dcSSc) through whole-exome sequencing (WES) in order to identify potential causal variants. METHODS We generated WES data for 32 dcSSc patients with or without interstitial lung disease (ILD) and for 17 healthy "in-house" controls. Variants were annotated and filtered by quality, minor allele frequency, and deleterious effects on gene function. We applied a gene burden test to identify novel dcSSc and dcSSc-associated ILD candidate genes that were enriched with deleterious variants in cases compared to in-house controls as well as controls from the 1000 Genomes Project (n = 130). RESULTS We identified 70 genes that were enriched with deleterious variants in dcSSc patients. Two of them (BANK1 and TERT) were in pathways previously implicated in SSc or ILD pathogenesis or known susceptibility loci. Newly identified genes (COL4A3, COL4A4, COL5A2, COL13A1, and COL22A1) were significantly enriched in the extracellular matrix-related pathway, which is relevant to the fibrotic features of dcSSc, and in the DNA repair pathway (XRCC4). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the value of WES for the identification of novel gene variants and pathways that may contribute to scleroderma risk and/or severity. The candidate genes we discovered are potential targets for in-depth functional studies.
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25
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Teruel M, Chamberlain C, Alarcón-Riquelme ME. Omics studies: their use in diagnosis and reclassification of SLE and other systemic autoimmune diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:i78-i87. [PMID: 28339517 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Omics studies of systemic autoimmune diseases (SADs) in general, and SLE in particular, have delivered isolated information from transcriptome, epigenome, genome, cytokine and metabolome analyses. Such analyses have resulted in the identification of disease susceptibility genes and the description of IFN expression signatures, allowing extensive insight into the mechanisms of disease and the development of new therapies. Access to such technologies allows the recognition of patterns of disease at a pathway level, thereby, to reclassify SLE and other SADs and to develop new therapeutics from a personalized perspective. The use of omic information allows the discovery of correlative patterns involving drugs not currently suspected to be of value in SADs. In this review, we summarize the omics findings for SLE and propose ways of using the data for the identification of new biomarkers, finding new drugs and reclassifying patients not only with SLE, but also with other SADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teruel
- Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Medical Genomics, Centre Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government for Genomics and Oncological Research, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Marta E Alarcón-Riquelme
- Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Medical Genomics, Centre Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government for Genomics and Oncological Research, Granada, Spain.,Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Unit, Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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26
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Tsou PS, Sawalha AH. Unfolding the pathogenesis of scleroderma through genomics and epigenomics. J Autoimmun 2017; 83:73-94. [PMID: 28526340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With unknown etiology, scleroderma (SSc) is a multifaceted disease characterized by immune activation, vascular complications, and excessive fibrosis in internal organs. Genetic studies, including candidate gene association studies, genome-wide association studies, and whole-exome sequencing have supported the notion that while genetic susceptibility to SSc appears to be modest, SSc patients are genetically predisposed to this disease. The strongest genetic association for SSc lies within the MHC region, with loci in HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DPB1, and HLA-DOA1 being the most replicated. The non-HLA genes associated with SSc are involved in various functions, with the most robust associations including genes for B and T cell activation and innate immunity. Other pathways include genes involved in extracellular matrix deposition, cytokines, and autophagy. Among these genes, IRF5, STAT4, and CD247 were replicated most frequently while SNPs rs35677470 in DNASE1L3, rs5029939 in TNFAIP3, and rs7574685 in STAT4 have the strongest associations with SSc. In addition to genetic predisposition, it became clear that environmental factors and epigenetic influences also contribute to the development of SSc. Epigenetics, which refers to studies that focus on heritable phenotypes resulting from changes in chromatin structure without affecting the DNA sequence, is one of the most rapidly expanding fields in biomedical research. Indeed extensive epigenetic changes have been described in SSc. Alteration in enzymes and mediators involved in DNA methylation and histone modification, as well as dysregulated non-coding RNA levels all contribute to fibrosis, immune dysregulation, and impaired angiogenesis in this disease. Genes that are affected by epigenetic dysregulation include ones involved in autoimmunity, T cell function and regulation, TGFβ pathway, Wnt pathway, extracellular matrix, and transcription factors governing fibrosis and angiogenesis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current findings of SSc genetic susceptibility, followed by an extensive description and a systematic review of epigenetic research that has been carried out to date in SSc. We also summarize the therapeutic potential of drugs that affect epigenetic mechanisms, and outline the future prospective of genomics and epigenomics research in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Suen Tsou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amr H Sawalha
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Dam EM, Habib T, Chen J, Funk A, Glukhova V, Davis-Pickett M, Wei S, James R, Buckner JH, Cerosaletti K. The BANK1 SLE-risk variants are associated with alterations in peripheral B cell signaling and development in humans. Clin Immunol 2016; 173:171-180. [PMID: 27816669 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the development of autoantibodies that drive disease pathogenesis. Genetic studies have associated nonsynonymous variants in the BANK1 B cell scaffolding gene with susceptibility to SLE and autoantibodies in lupus. To determine how the BANK1 SLE-risk variants contribute to the dysregulated B cell program in lupus, we performed genotype/phenotype studies in human B cells. Targeted phospho-proteomics were used to evaluate BCR/CD40 signaling in human B cell lines engineered to express the BANK1 risk or non-risk variant proteins. We found that phosphorylation of proximal BCR signaling molecules was reduced in B cells expressing the BANK1 risk protein compared to the non-risk protein. Similar to these findings, we observed decreased B cell signaling in primary B cells from genotyped healthy control subjects carrying the BANK1 risk haplotype, including blunted BCR- and CD40-dependent AKT activation. Consistent with decreased AKT activation, we found that BANK1 risk B cells expressed increased basal levels of FOXO1 protein and increased expression of FOXO1 target genes upon stimulation compared to non-risk B cells. Healthy subjects carrying the BANK1 risk haplotype were also characterized by an expansion of memory B cells. Taken together, our results suggest that the SLE susceptibility variants in the BANK1 gene may contribute to lupus by altering B cell signaling, increasing FOXO1 levels, and enhancing memory B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Dam
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Tania Habib
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Janice Chen
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Andrew Funk
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Veronika Glukhova
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Mel Davis-Pickett
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Shan Wei
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Richard James
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Karen Cerosaletti
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
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Multiple genes, especially immune-regulating genes, contribute to disease susceptibility in systemic sclerosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2016; 28:595-605. [DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chairta P, Nicolaou P, Christodoulou K. Genomic and genetic studies of systemic sclerosis: A systematic review. Hum Immunol 2016; 78:153-165. [PMID: 27984087 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune rheumatic disease characterised by fibrosis, vasculopathy and inflammation. The exact aetiology of SSc remains unknown but evidences show that various genetic factors may be involved. This review aimed to assess HLA alleles/non-HLA polymorphisms, microsatellites and chromosomal abnormalities that have thus far been associated with SSc. PubMed, Embase and Scopus databases were searched up to July 29, 2015 using a combination of search-terms. Articles retrieved were evaluated based on set exclusion and inclusion criteria. A total of 150 publications passed the filters. HLA and non-HLA studies showed that particular alleles in the HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DPB1 genes and variants in STAT4, IRF5 and CD247 are frequently associated with SSc. Non-HLA genes analysis was performed using the PANTHER and STRING10 databases. PANTHER classification revealed that inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine, interleukin and integrin signalling pathways are among the common extracted pathways associated with SSc. STRING10 analysis showed that NFKB1, CSF3R, STAT4, IFNG, PRL and ILs are the main "hubs" of interaction network of the non-HLA genes associated with SSc. This study gathers data of valid genetic factors associated with SSc and discusses the possible interactions of implicated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Chairta
- Neurogenetics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2370, Cyprus; Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2370, Cyprus
| | - Paschalis Nicolaou
- Neurogenetics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2370, Cyprus; Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2370, Cyprus
| | - Kyproula Christodoulou
- Neurogenetics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2370, Cyprus; Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia 2370, Cyprus.
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Abstract
Purpose of review Large-scale and follow-up genetic association studies in systemic sclerosis (SSc) have implicated over 40 regions in disease risk, 15 of which with robust associations. Nevertheless, the causal variants and the functional mechanisms underlying the genetic associations remain elusive, and the reasons for the higher disease burden in African Americans unknown. Incorporating tools from diverse fields is beginning to unveil the role of genetic diversity and regulatory variation in SSc susceptibility. This review will summarize recent advances in SSc genetics, including autoimmune disease overlap, evidence of natural selection, and current progress towards the dissection of the functional role of associated risk variants. Recent findings In the past year, multiple large-scale studies reported novel strong and suggestive SSc associations. These results, coupled with the regions shared with other autoimmune diseases, emphasize the role of dysregulation of immune pathways as a key causative factor in SSc pathogenesis. Strong evidence implicates natural selection as a mechanism contributing to the maintenance of some of these SSc alleles in the population. Studies integrating genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic datasets in specific cell types to identify causal autoimmune disease variants are emerging. Summary The identification and comprehensive understanding of the factors and mechanisms contributing to SSc will contribute to improved diagnosis and disease management.
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Genetic risk factors for sclerotic graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2016; 128:1516-24. [PMID: 27313329 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-715342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a distinctive phenotype of chronic GVHD after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, characterized by fibrosis of skin or fascia. Sclerotic GVHD has clinical and histopathological similarities with systemic sclerosis, an autoimmune disease whose risk is influenced by genetic polymorphisms. We examined 13 candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have a well-documented association with systemic sclerosis to determine whether these SNPs are also associated with the risk of sclerotic GVHD. The study cohort included 847 consecutive patients who were diagnosed with chronic GVHD. Genotyping was performed using microarrays, followed by imputation of unobserved SNPs. The donor rs10516487 (BANK1: B-cell scaffold protein with ankyrin repeats 1) TT genotype was associated with lower risk of sclerotic GVHD (hazard ratio [HR], 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21-0.87; P = .02). Donor and recipient rs2056626 (CD247: T-cell receptor ζ subunit) GG or GT genotypes were associated with higher risk of sclerotic GVHD (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.13-2.18; P = .007 and HR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.19-2.32; P = .003, respectively). Donor and recipient rs987870 (5'-flanking region of HLA-DPA1) CC genotypes were associated with higher risk of sclerotic GVHD (HR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.22-5.11; P = .01 and HR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.00-4.54; P = .05, respectively). In further analyses, the recipient DPA1*01:03∼DPB1*04:01 haplotype and certain amino acid substitutions in the recipient P1 peptide-binding pocket of the HLA-DP heterodimer were associated with risk of sclerotic GVHD. Genetic components associated with systemic sclerosis are also associated with sclerotic GVHD. HLA-DP-mediated antigen presentation, T-cell response, and B-cell activation have important roles in the pathogenic mechanisms of both diseases.
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Wu YY, Kumar R, Iida R, Bagavant H, Alarcón-Riquelme ME. BANK1 Regulates IgG Production in a Lupus Model by Controlling TLR7-Dependent STAT1 Activation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156302. [PMID: 27228057 PMCID: PMC4882053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to investigate the effects of the adaptor Bank1 in TLR7 signaling using the B6.Sle1.yaa mouse, a lupus model that develops disease through exacerbated TLR7 expression. Crosses of B6.Sle1.yaa with Bank1-/- mice maintained several B and myeloid cell phenotypes close to normal wild-type levels. Most striking was the reduction in total serum IgG antibodies, but not of IgM, and reduced serum levels of autoantibodies, IL-6, and BAFF. Bank1 deficiency did modify numbers of MZ B cells and total B cell numbers, as well as expression of CXCR4 by follicular helper T cells. Other T cell changes were not observed. Bank1 deficiency did not modify numbers of germinal center B cells or plasma cells or clinical disease outcomes. Purified B cells from Bank1 deficient mice had strongly reduced Ifnb, Ifna4, Irf7, Aicda and Stat1 gene expression following TLR7 agonist stimulation. Interestingly, phosphorylation of Tyr701, but not of Ser727 of STAT1, was impaired in splenic B cells from B6.Sle1.yaa.Bank1-/- mice, as was the nuclear translocation of IRF7 in response to TLR7 agonist stimulation. Further, Bank1 deficiency in B6.Sle1.yaa mice reduced the production of IgG2c after in vitro TLR7 agonist stimulation. Our results demonstrate that Bank1 controls TLR7-mediated type I interferon production. Combined with the control of the nuclear translocation of IRF7, the modulation of STAT1 transcription and phosphorylation, Bank1 contributes to IgG production during development of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yu Wu
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Ryuji Iida
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Harini Bagavant
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
| | - Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, United States of America
- Department of Medical Genomics, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Government Center for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), 18016, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud (PTS), Granada, Spain
- * E-mail: ; ;
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Murdaca G, Contatore M, Gulli R, Mandich P, Puppo F. Genetic factors and systemic sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:427-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sanges S, Guerrier T, Launay D, Lefèvre G, Labalette M, Forestier A, Sobanski V, Corli J, Hauspie C, Jendoubi M, Yakoub-Agha I, Hatron PY, Hachulla E, Dubucquoi S. Role of B cells in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Rev Med Interne 2016; 38:113-124. [PMID: 27020403 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an orphan disease characterized by progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Aside from vasculopathy and fibrotic processes, its pathogenesis involves an aberrant activation of immune cells, among which B cells seem to play a significant role. Indeed, B cell homeostasis is disturbed during SSc: the memory subset is activated and displays an increased susceptibility to apoptosis, which is responsible for their decreased number. This chronic loss of B cells enhances bone marrow production of the naïve subset that accounts for their increased number in peripheral blood. This permanent activation state can be explained mainly by two mechanisms: a dysregulation of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling, and an overproduction of B cell survival signals, B cell activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). These disturbances of B cell homeostasis induce several functional anomalies that participate in the inflammatory and fibrotic events observed during SSc: autoantibody production (some being directly pathogenic); secretion of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines (interleukin-6); direct cooperation with other SSc-involved cells [fibroblasts, through transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, and T cells]. These data justify the evaluation of anti-B cell strategies as therapeutic options for SSc, such as B cell depletion or blockage of B cell survival signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sanges
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département de médecine interne et immunologie clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre national de référence maladies systémiques et auto-immunes rares (sclérodermie systémique), 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
| | - T Guerrier
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, Centre de biologie-pathologie-génétique, institut d'Immunologie, 59000 Lille, France
| | - D Launay
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département de médecine interne et immunologie clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre national de référence maladies systémiques et auto-immunes rares (sclérodermie systémique), 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - G Lefèvre
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département de médecine interne et immunologie clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre national de référence maladies systémiques et auto-immunes rares (sclérodermie systémique), 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, Centre de biologie-pathologie-génétique, institut d'Immunologie, 59000 Lille, France
| | - M Labalette
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, Centre de biologie-pathologie-génétique, institut d'Immunologie, 59000 Lille, France
| | - A Forestier
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département de médecine interne et immunologie clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre national de référence maladies systémiques et auto-immunes rares (sclérodermie systémique), 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
| | - V Sobanski
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département de médecine interne et immunologie clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre national de référence maladies systémiques et auto-immunes rares (sclérodermie systémique), 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
| | - J Corli
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département de rhumatologie, 59000 Lille, France
| | - C Hauspie
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, Centre de biologie-pathologie-génétique, institut d'Immunologie, 59000 Lille, France
| | - M Jendoubi
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France
| | - I Yakoub-Agha
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département des maladies du sang, 59000 Lille, France
| | - P-Y Hatron
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département de médecine interne et immunologie clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre national de référence maladies systémiques et auto-immunes rares (sclérodermie systémique), 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
| | - E Hachulla
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département de médecine interne et immunologie clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre national de référence maladies systémiques et auto-immunes rares (sclérodermie systémique), 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
| | - S Dubucquoi
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, Centre de biologie-pathologie-génétique, institut d'Immunologie, 59000 Lille, France
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Tochimoto A, Kawaguchi Y, Yamanaka H. Genetic Susceptibility to Interstitial Lung Disease Associated with Systemic Sclerosis. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CIRCULATORY RESPIRATORY AND PULMONARY MEDICINE 2016; 9:135-40. [PMID: 26997879 PMCID: PMC4791172 DOI: 10.4137/ccrpm.s23312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease that is characterized by tissue fibrosis, microvasculopathy, and autoimmunity. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common complication of SSc and is one of the frequent causes of mortality in SSc. Although the exact etiology of SSc remains unknown, clinical and experimental investigations have suggested that genetic and environmental factors are relevant to the pathogenesis of SSc and SSc-ILD. More than 30 genes have been identified as susceptibility loci for SSc, most of which are involved in immune regulation and inflammation. It is thought that the key pathogenesis of SSc-ILD is caused by the release of profibrotic mediators such as transforming growth factor β1 and connective tissue growth factor from lung cells induced by a persistent damage. This review presents the genetic susceptibility to SSc-ILD, including human leukocyte antigen and non-human leukocyte antigen genes, especially focusing on connective tissue growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Tochimoto
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Yamanaka
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Wei P, Yang Y, Guo X, Hei N, Lai S, Assassi S, Liu M, Tan F, Zhou X. Identification of an Association of TNFAIP3 Polymorphisms With Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression in Fibroblasts in an Integrative Study of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Genetic and Environmental Factors. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:749-60. [PMID: 26474180 PMCID: PMC4767670 DOI: 10.1002/art.39476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a fibrotic disease attributed to both genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. This study was undertaken to investigate the associations between SSc-associated genetic variants and the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes in human fibroblasts stimulated with silica particles in time-course and dose-response experiments. METHODS A total of 200 fibroblast strains were examined for ECM gene expression after stimulation with silica particles. The fibroblasts were genetically profiled using Immunochip assays and then subjected to whole-genome genotype imputation. Associations of genotypes and gene expression were first analyzed in a Caucasian cohort and then validated in a meta-analysis combining the results from Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic subjects. A linear mixed model for longitudinal data analysis was used to identify genetic variants associated with the expression of ECM genes, and the associations were validated by using a haplotype-based longitudinal association test on regions that included the loci identified. RESULTS The single-nucleotide polymorphism rs58905141 in TNFAIP3 was consistently associated with time-course and/or dose-response expression of MMP3 and MMP1 in the fibroblasts stimulated with silica particles in both the analysis of Caucasian subjects only and the meta-analysis. Results of the haplotype-based analysis validated the association signals. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that a genetic variant of TNFAIP3 is strongly associated with the silica-induced profibrotic response of fibroblasts. In silico functional analysis based on the ENCODE database revealed that rs58905141 might affect the binding activities of the transcription factors for TNFAIP3. This is the first genome-wide study of interactions between genetic and environmental factors in a complex SSc fibroblast model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wei
- Human Genetics Center and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Yang Yang
- Human Genetics Center and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xinjian Guo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Nainan Hei
- Human Genetics Center and Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Syeling Lai
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Shervin Assassi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Filemon Tan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
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Xu Y, Wang W, Tian Y, Liu J, Yang R. Polymorphisms in STAT4 and IRF5 increase the risk of systemic sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Int J Dermatol 2015; 55:408-16. [PMID: 26712637 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is the most severe connective tissue disorder. Recent studies have demonstrated that genetic factors may play a role in the development of SSc. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) rs7574865 and interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) rs2004640 polymorphisms with risk of SSc. METHODS Case-control studies were obtained from the electronic database of PubMed, Medline, Embase, and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) up to December 2013. The association between STAT4 and IRF5 polymorphisms and SSc susceptibility was assessed by pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Six related studies, including 4746 SSc cases and 7399 healthy controls, were pooled in this meta-analysis. For STAT4 polymorphism, we observed a statistically significant positive association between risk factor T allele carriers and SSc susceptibility (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.27-1.48, P < 0.00001) in the overall population. The presence of limited cutaneous (lcSSc) and diffuse cutaneous (dcSSc) scleroderma also showed a significant association with each of the genetic models (P < 0.00001). For IRF5 polymorphism, the T allele was shown to be strongly associated with increased SSc risk (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.17-1.39, P < 0.00001). No significant heterogeneity between studies was found. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that STAT4 rs7574865 and IRF5 rs2004640G/T substitution are associated with a susceptibility to SSc, and they may serve as the SSc genetic susceptibility factor. These data confirmed that genetic polymorphisms may play a role in the development of SSc and have provided new insight into the pathogenesis of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing, China
| | - Wenling Wang
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Tian
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing, China
| | - Rongya Yang
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Significant advances have been made in understanding the genetic basis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) in recent years. Genomewide association and other large-scale genetic studies have identified 30 largely immunity-related genes which are significantly associated with SSc. We review these studies, along with genomewide expression studies, proteomic studies, genetic mouse models, and insights from rare sclerodermatous diseases. Collectively, these studies have begun to identify pathways that are relevant to SSc pathogenesis. The findings presented in this review illustrate how both genetic and genomic aberrations play important roles in the development of SSc. However, despite these recent discoveries, there remain major gaps between current knowledge of SSc, a unified understanding of pathogenesis, and effective treatment. To this aim, we address the important issue of SSc heterogeneity and discuss how future research needs to address this in order to develop a clearer understanding of this devastating and complex disease.
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Bossini-Castillo L, López-Isac E, Martín J. Immunogenetics of systemic sclerosis: Defining heritability, functional variants and shared-autoimmunity pathways. J Autoimmun 2015. [PMID: 26212856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a clinically heterogeneous connective tissue disorder of complex etiology. The development of large-scale genetic studies, such as genome-wide association studies (GWASs) or the Immunochip platform, has achieved remarkable progress in the knowledge of the genetic background of SSc. Herein, we provide an updated picture SSc genetic factors, offering an insight into their role in pathogenic mechanisms that characterize the disease. We review the most recent findings in the HLA region and the well-established non-HLA loci. Up to 18 non-HLA risk factors fulfilled the selected criteria and they were classified according to their role in the innate or adaptive immune response, in apoptosis, autophagy or fibrosis. Additionally, SSc heritability has remained as a controversial question since twin studies provided low SSc heritability estimates. However, we have recalculated the lower bond of narrow sense SSc heritability using GWAS data. Remarkably, our results suggest a greater influence of genetics on SSc than previously reported. Furthermore, we also offer a functional classification of SSc-associated SNPs and their proxies, based on annotated data, to provide clues for the identification of causal variants in these loci. Finally, we explore the genetic overlap between SSc and other autoimmune diseases (ADs). The vast majority of SSc risk loci are shared with at least one additional AD, being the overlap between SSc and systemic lupus erythematous the largest. Nevertheless, we found that an important portion of SSc risk factors are also common to rheumatoid arthritis or primary biliary cirrhosis. Considering all these evidences, we are confident that future research will be successful in understanding the relevant altered pathways in SSc and in identifying new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Bossini-Castillo
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de La Salud (PTS), Granada, Spain.
| | - Elena López-Isac
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de La Salud (PTS), Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Martín
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPBLN-CSIC), Parque Tecnológico de La Salud (PTS), Granada, Spain.
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Pattanaik D, Brown M, Postlethwaite BC, Postlethwaite AE. Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:272. [PMID: 26106387 PMCID: PMC4459100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic scleroderma (SSc) is one of the most complex systemic autoimmune diseases. It targets the vasculature, connective tissue-producing cells (namely fibroblasts/myofibroblasts), and components of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Clinical and pathologic manifestations of SSc are the result of: (1) innate/adaptive immune system abnormalities leading to production of autoantibodies and cell-mediated autoimmunity, (2) microvascular endothelial cell/small vessel fibroproliferative vasculopathy, and (3) fibroblast dysfunction generating excessive accumulation of collagen and other matrix components in skin and internal organs. All three of these processes interact and affect each other. The disease is heterogeneous in its clinical presentation that likely reflects different genetic or triggering factor (i.e., infection or environmental toxin) influences on the immune system, vasculature, and connective tissue cells. The roles played by other ubiquitous molecular entities (such as lysophospholipids, endocannabinoids, and their diverse receptors and vitamin D) in influencing the immune system, vasculature, and connective tissue cells are just beginning to be realized and studied and may provide insights into new therapeutic approaches to treat SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debendra Pattanaik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Monica Brown
- Section of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Bradley C Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Arnold E Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, Division of Connective Tissue Diseases, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Memphis, TN , USA
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Genetics of systemic sclerosis. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:443-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune disease that occurs in a genetically susceptible host. Genetic studies performed so far reveal that multiple genetic loci contribute to disease susceptibility in SSc. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current knowledge of genetics in SSc by exploring the observational evidence, the different genetic studies, and their modalities as well as the most relevant genes discovered by these. The importance of gene expression variation and the different mechanisms that govern it, including the recently discovered field of epigenetics, are also explored, with an emphasis on microRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Salazar
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 5.270, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maureen D Mayes
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 5.270, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by a chronic and frequently progressive course and by extensive patient-to-patient variability. Like other autoimmune diseases, systemic sclerosis occurs more frequently in women, with a peak of onset in the fifth decade of life. The exact cause of systemic sclerosis remains elusive but is likely to involve environmental factors in a genetically primed individual. Pathogenesis is dominated by vascular changes; evidence of autoimmunity with distinct autoantibodies and activation of both innate and adaptive immunity; and fibrosis of the skin and visceral organs that results in irreversible scarring and organ failure. Intractable progression of vascular and fibrotic organ damage accounts for the chronic morbidity and high mortality. Early and accurate diagnosis and classification might improve patient outcomes. Screening strategies facilitate timely recognition of life-threatening complications and initiation of targeted therapies to halt their progression. Effective treatments of organ-based complications are now within reach. Discovery of biomarkers - including autoantibodies that identify patient subsets at high risk for particular disease complications or rapid progression - is a research priority. Understanding the key pathogenetic pathways, cell types and mediators underlying disease manifestations opens the door for the development of targeted therapies with true disease-modifying potential. For an illustrated summary of this Primer, visit: http://go.nature.com/lchkcA.
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Update on etiopathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2015; 53:516-24. [PMID: 24477730 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease of multifactorial etiology, triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Its varied clinical expression results from the complex physiopathogenic interaction of three main elements: proliferative vasculopathy, immune dysregulation and abnormal deposition and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), of which the characteristic disease fibrosis is the result. Early physiopathogenic events appear to be endothelial injury and imbalance in vascular repair with the activation of endothelial cells, the immune system and platelets, with the release of multiple mediators such as TH2 proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors, triggering a sequence of simultaneous or cascading events that involve several intracellular signaling pathways. The most important result of these events is the hyperactivation of fibroblasts, the main effector cells of fibrosis, which will then produce large amounts of ECM constituents and secrete multiple growth factors and cytokines that perpetuate the process. In this article we review the main factors potentially involved in the etiology of SSc and reexamine the current knowledge about the most important mechanisms involved in the development of lesions that are characteristic of the disease. A better understanding of these physiopathogenic mechanisms will help identify potential therapeutic targets, which may result in advances in the management of this complex and debilitating disease.
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Hobeika E, Nielsen PJ, Medgyesi D. Signaling mechanisms regulating B-lymphocyte activation and tolerance. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:143-58. [PMID: 25627575 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming more and more accepted that, in addition to producing autoantibodies, B lymphocytes have other important functions that influence the development of autoimmunity. For example, autoreactive B cells are able to produce inflammatory cytokines and activate pathogenic T cells. B lymphocytes can react to extracellular signals with a range of responses from anergy to autoreactivity. The final outcome is determined by the relative contribution of signaling events mediated by activating and inhibitory pathways. Besides the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), several costimulatory receptors expressed on B cells can also induce B cell proliferation and survival, or regulate antibody production. These include CD19, CD40, the B cell activating factor receptor, and Toll-like receptors. Hyperactivity of these receptors clearly contributes to breaking B-cell tolerance in several autoimmune diseases. Inhibitors of these activating signals (including protein tyrosine phosphatases, deubiquitinating enzymes and several adaptor proteins) are crucial to control B-cell activation and maintain B-cell tolerance. In this review, we summarize the inhibitory signaling mechanisms that counteract B-cell activation triggered by the BCR and the coreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Hobeika
- BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg and Department for Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Jin J, Chou C, Lima M, Zhou D, Zhou X. Systemic Sclerosis is a Complex Disease Associated Mainly with Immune Regulatory and Inflammatory Genes. Open Rheumatol J 2014; 8:29-42. [PMID: 25328554 PMCID: PMC4200700 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901408010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a fibrotic and autoimmune disease characterized clinically by skin and internal organ fibrosis and vascular damage, and serologically by the presence of circulating autoantibodies. Although etiopathogenesis is not yet well understood, the results of numerous genetic association studies support genetic contributions as an important factor to SSc. In this paper, the major genes of SSc are reviewed. The most recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are taken into account along with robust candidate gene studies. The literature search was performed on genetic association studies of SSc in PubMed between January 2000 and March 2014 while eligible studies generally had over 600 total participants with replication. A few genetic association studies with related functional changes in SSc patients were also included. A total of forty seven genes or specific genetic regions were reported to be associated with SSc, although some are controversial. These genes include HLA genes, STAT4, CD247, TBX21, PTPN22, TNFSF4, IL23R, IL2RA, IL-21, SCHIP1/IL12A, CD226, BANK1, C8orf13-BLK, PLD4, TLR-2, NLRP1, ATG5, IRF5, IRF8, TNFAIP3, IRAK1, NFKB1, TNIP1, FAS, MIF, HGF, OPN, IL-6, CXCL8, CCR6, CTGF, ITGAM, CAV1, MECP2, SOX5, JAZF1, DNASEIL3, XRCC1, XRCC4, PXK, CSK, GRB10, NOTCH4, RHOB, KIAA0319, PSD3 and PSOR1C1. These genes encode proteins mainly involved in immune regulation and inflammation, and some of them function in transcription, kinase activity, DNA cleavage and repair. The discovery of various SSc-associated genes is important in understanding the genetics of SSc and potential pathogenesis that contribute to the development of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiao Jin
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA ; Duke University, USA
| | - Chou Chou
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA
| | - Maria Lima
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA ; Rice University, USA
| | - Danielle Zhou
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, USA ; Washington University, USA
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Dumoitier N, Lofek S, Mouthon L. Pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis: state of the art in 2014. Presse Med 2014; 43:e267-78. [PMID: 25179277 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Major work has been done in order to improve the understanding of systemic sclerosis (SSc) pathogenesis. A number of new experimental models have been set up, that should help to understand the disease pathogenesis and test new therapeutic targets. Reactive oxygen species represent a hallmark of the pathogenesis of SSc, both at the fibroblast and at the endothelial cell levels. Although a large number of genetic studies have been conducted, it is still difficult to identify a genetic background specific to SSc, and the major progress in this setting is probably the identification of an interferon signature. Besides endothelial cells and fibroblasts, major development has been made in the understanding of the role of B cells and autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of SSc. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells seem to play a major role in the pathogenesis of SSc through the secretion of CXCL4, although these data will need to be confirmed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dumoitier
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 8, rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Lofek
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 8, rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Luc Mouthon
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 8, rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France; Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), hôpital Cochin, centre de référence pour les vascularites nécrosantes et la sclérodermie systémique, service de médecine interne, Université Paris Descartes, 75014 Paris, France.
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Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune disease of unclear aetiology. A multitude of genetic studies, ranging from candidate-gene studies to genome-wide association studies, have identified a large number of genetic susceptibility factors for SSc and its clinical phenotypes, but the contribution of these factors to disease susceptibility is only modest. However, in an endeavour to explore how the environment might affect genetic susceptibility, epigenetic research into SSc is rapidly expanding. Orchestrated by environmental factors, epigenetic modifications can drive genetically predisposed individuals to develop autoimmunity, and are thought to represent the crossroads between the environment and genetics in SSc. Therefore, in addition to providing a comprehensive description of the current understanding of genetic susceptibility underlying SSc, this Review describes the involvement of epigenetic phenomena, including DNA methylation patterns, histone modifications and microRNAs, in SSc.
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Muhali FS, Zhou-jiao Z, Wang Y, Wang Q, Shi XH, Jiang WJ, Xiao L, Li DF, He ST, Xu J, Zhang JA. Lack of association of IRF5 gene polymorphisms with autoimmune thyroid disease: a case-control study. IRF5 gene and AITD. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2014; 75:19-24. [PMID: 24582590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies support a link between autoimmunity and interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) gene polymorphisms. We have taken the opportunity to examine association of the autoimmune disease risk gene, the interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) to survey its susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disease. "A total of 667 patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases and 301 healthy controls were genotyped for rs10954213, rs2004640, rs3807306, rs752637 and rs7808907 of IRF5 gene polymorphisms". We further investigated the association between BANK1 gene and IRF5 gene in AITD patients. RESULTS For IRF5 gene, both in allele and genotype frequencies from both GD and HT patients were not significantly different from those of controls. Association between rs7808907C allele and Graves' disease showed trend towards significance (P=0.067). Haplotype results in IRF5 represented in the same block, without significant association. No significant association was found between all IRF5 SNPs and ophthalmopathy in Graves' patients. Additive interaction analysis revealed no interactions between IRF5 and BANK1 gene in AITD patients. CONCLUSION Our data fail to reveal IRF5 as a susceptibility gene to AITD and do not support additive effect of IRF5 to BANK1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatuma-Said Muhali
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 West Yanta Road, 710061 Xi'an, China; Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, 201508 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Zhou-jiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 West Yanta Road, 710061 Xi'an, China; Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, 201508 Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 West Yanta Road, 710061 Xi'an, China; Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, 201508 Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 West Yanta Road, 710061 Xi'an, China; Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, 201508 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-hong Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, 201508 Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-juan Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, 201508 Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, 201508 Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-feng Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, 201508 Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang-tao He
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, 201508 Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, 201508 Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-an Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, 201508 Shanghai, China.
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Wu M, Assassi S. The role of type 1 interferon in systemic sclerosis. Front Immunol 2013; 4:266. [PMID: 24046769 PMCID: PMC3764426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma, SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by vasculopathy, inflammation, and fibrosis that can lead to loss of organ function. Type I interferons (IFNs) are family of cytokines that mitigate the deleterious effects of viral and bacterial infections in the innate immunity system. Past several years, research efforts have been focused on the role of type I IFN and IFN-inducible genes in the pathogenesis of SSc. Polymorphisms in the Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-5, IRF7, and IRF8 are associated with SSc, Similarly, polymorphism of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)-4, has been established as a genetic risk factor of SSc. IRFs and STAT4 proteins are key activators of type I IFN signaling pathways. An IFN signature (increased expression and activation of IFN-regulated genes) has been observed in the peripheral blood and skin biopsy samples of patients with SSc. Furthermore, a plasma IFN-inducible chemokine score correlated with markers of disease severity and autoantibody subtypes in SSc. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the role of type I IFNs and IFN-inducible genes in the pathogenesis of SSc and their potential role as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Wu
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
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