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Lin J(C, Hwang S(W, Luo H, Mohamud Y. Double-Edged Sword: Exploring the Mitochondria-Complement Bidirectional Connection in Cellular Response and Disease. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:431. [PMID: 38927311 PMCID: PMC11200454 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria serve an ultimate purpose that seeks to balance the life and death of cells, a role that extends well beyond the tissue and organ systems to impact not only normal physiology but also the pathogenesis of diverse diseases. Theorized to have originated from ancient proto-bacteria, mitochondria share similarities with bacterial cells, including their own circular DNA, double-membrane structures, and fission dynamics. It is no surprise, then, that mitochondria interact with a bacterium-targeting immune pathway known as a complement system. The complement system is an ancient and sophisticated arm of the immune response that serves as the body's first line of defense against microbial invaders. It operates through a complex cascade of protein activations, rapidly identifying and neutralizing pathogens, and even aiding in the clearance of damaged cells and immune complexes. This dynamic system, intertwining innate and adaptive immunity, holds secrets to understanding numerous diseases. In this review, we explore the bidirectional interplay between mitochondrial dysfunction and the complement system through the release of mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns. Additionally, we explore several mitochondria- and complement-related diseases and the potential for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei (Carly) Lin
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Sinwoo (Wendy) Hwang
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
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Jearn LH, Kim TY. The limitation of flowcytometry is ignored in the assessment of antimitochondrial antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: comment on the article by Moore et al. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024; 76:488-489. [PMID: 37818724 DOI: 10.1002/art.42729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- La-He Jearn
- Hanyang University Medical Center, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Think-You Kim
- Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Moore R, Wang T, Macêdo MB, Lood C. Reply. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024; 76:489-490. [PMID: 37830244 DOI: 10.1002/art.42727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ting Wang
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Pelletier M, Breton Y, Allaeys I, Becker Y, Benson T, Boilard E. Platelet extracellular vesicles and their mitochondrial content improve the mitochondrial bioenergetics of cellular immune recipients. Transfusion 2023; 63:1983-1996. [PMID: 37642274 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria play a critical role in the production of cell energy and the regulation of cell death. Therefore, mitochondria orchestrate numerous cell effector functions, including fine-tuning the immune system. While mitochondria are mainly found intracellularly, they can escape the confine of the cell during the process of extracellular vesicle release. Platelets patrol blood vessels to ensure vasculature integrity and to support the immune system. In blood, platelets are the primary source of circulating mitochondria. Activated platelets produce extracellular vesicles, including a subset of mitochondria-containing vesicles. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We characterized mitochondrial functions in platelet-derived extracellular vesicles, and examined whether they could impact the bioenergetics of cellular immune recipients using an extracellular flux analyzer to measure real-time bioenergetics. RESULTS We validated that extracellular vesicles derived from activated platelets contain the necessary mitochondrial machinery to respirate and generate energy. Moreover, neutrophils and monocytes efficiently captured platelet-derived extracellular vesicles, enhancing their mitochondrial fitness. This process required functional mitochondria from donor platelets, as it was abolished by the inactivation of extracellular mitochondria using mitochondrial poison. DISCUSSION Together, the data suggest that extracellular mitochondria produced by platelets may support other metabolic functions through transcellular bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pelletier
- Infectious and Immune Diseases Axis, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche ARThrite - Arthrite, Recherche, Traitements, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Yann Breton
- Infectious and Immune Diseases Axis, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche ARThrite - Arthrite, Recherche, Traitements, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Allaeys
- Infectious and Immune Diseases Axis, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche ARThrite - Arthrite, Recherche, Traitements, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Yann Becker
- Infectious and Immune Diseases Axis, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche ARThrite - Arthrite, Recherche, Traitements, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Tom Benson
- Mitrix Bio Inc., Pleasanton, California, USA
| | - Eric Boilard
- Infectious and Immune Diseases Axis, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche ARThrite - Arthrite, Recherche, Traitements, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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Moore RE, Wang T, Duvvuri B, Feser ML, Deane KD, Solomon JJ, Lee Nelson J, Demoruelle MK, Lood C. Prediction of Erosive Disease Development by Antimitochondrial Antibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:890-899. [PMID: 36580020 PMCID: PMC10238559 DOI: 10.1002/art.42428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitochondria are found in the extracellular space in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, whether mitochondria are a source of autoantigens in RA has not been carefully addressed. Thus, we undertook this study to investigate the presence and significance of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) in patients with RA. METHODS AMAs were measured in serum samples from 3 cross-sectional cohorts of RA patients (n = 95, n = 192, and n = 117) and healthy individuals (n = 38, n = 72, and n = 50) using a flow cytometry-based assay. Further, AMAs were detected using an anti-mitofusin-1 (anti-MFN-1) IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis. A longitudinal inception cohort, followed up for a median of 8 years, was used to study disease progression. RESULTS AMA levels were elevated in RA patients from all 3 cohorts as compared to healthy individuals (P < 0.001, P < 0.05, and P < 0.01), with a range of 14-26% positivity. Levels of anti-MFN-1 antibodies correlated with AMA levels (r = 0.31, P = 0.006) and were elevated in RA patients as compared to healthy individuals (P < 0.001). The presence of AMAs was associated with erosive disease (P < 0.05) and interstitial lung disease (P < 0.01). Further, AMA levels were found to predict erosive disease (odds ratio [OR] 4.59, P = 0.006) and joint space narrowing (OR 3.08, P = 0.02) independent of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. Finally, anti-MFN-1 antibodies identified seronegative patients developing erosive disease (OR 9.33; P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the presence of novel autoantibodies targeting mitochondria in the setting of RA. AMAs were used to stratify patients based on disease phenotype and to predict development of erosive disease, including in patients with seronegative disease. Our results highlight the essential role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of RA and suggest a possible benefit of therapies targeting mitochondrial-mediated inflammation and clearance in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Moore
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bhargavi Duvvuri
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marie L. Feser
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kevin D. Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joshua J. Solomon
- Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - J. Lee Nelson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Christian Lood
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Blanco LP, Kaplan MJ. Metabolic alterations of the immune system in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002084. [PMID: 37098006 PMCID: PMC10128981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases are characteristically associated with aberrant autoreactive innate and adaptive immune responses that lead to tissue damage and increased morbidity and mortality. Autoimmunity has been linked to alterations in the metabolic functions of immune cells (immunometabolism) and, more specifically, to mitochondrial dysfunction. Much has been written about immunometabolism in autoimmunity in general, so this Essay focuses on recent research into the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity that is characteristic of systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Enhancing the understanding of mitochondrial dysregulation in autoimmunity will hopefully contribute to accelerating the development of immunomodulatory treatments for these challenging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz P Blanco
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Gómez-Bañuelos E, Fava A, Andrade F. An update on autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2023; 35:61-67. [PMID: 36695053 PMCID: PMC9881844 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Autoantibodies are cornerstone biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody-mediated tissue damage. Autoantibodies can inform about disease susceptibility, clinical course, outcomes and the cause of SLE. Identifying pathogenic autoantibodies in SLE, however, remains a significant challenge. This review summarizes recent advances in the field of autoantibodies in SLE. RECENT FINDINGS High-throughput technologies and innovative hypothesis have been applied to identify autoantibodies linked to pathogenic pathways in SLE. This work has led to the discovery of functional autoantibodies targeting key components is SLE pathogenesis (e.g. DNase1L3, cytokines, extracellular immunoregulatory receptors), as well as the identification of endogenous retroelements and interferon-induced proteins as sources of autoantigens in SLE. Others have reinvigorated the study of mitochondria, which has antigenic parallels with bacteria, as a trigger of autoantibodies in SLE, and identified faecal IgA to nuclear antigens as potential biomarkers linking gut permeability and microbial translocation in SLE pathogenesis. Recent studies showed that levels of autoantibodies against dsDNA, C1q, chromatin, Sm and ribosomal P may serve as biomarkers of proliferative lupus nephritis, and identified novel autoantibodies to several unique species of Ro52 overexpressed by SLE neutrophils. SUMMARY Autoantibodies hold promise as biomarkers of pathogenic mechanisms in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Gómez-Bañuelos
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Baltimore, MD, 21224. U.S.A
| | - Andrea Fava
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Baltimore, MD, 21224. U.S.A
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Baltimore, MD, 21224. U.S.A
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Becker YLC, Duvvuri B, Fortin PR, Lood C, Boilard E. The role of mitochondria in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2022; 18:621-640. [PMID: 36175664 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-022-00834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is an intracellular organelle thought to originate from endosymbiosis between an ancestral eukaryotic cell and an α-proteobacterium. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, and can control several important processes within the cell, such as cell death. Conversely, dysregulation of mitochondria possibly contributes to the pathophysiology of several autoimmune diseases. Defects in mitochondria can be caused by mutations in the mitochondrial genome or by chronic exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines, including type I interferons. Following the release of intact mitochondria or mitochondrial components into the cytosol or the extracellular space, the bacteria-like molecular motifs of mitochondria can elicit pro-inflammatory responses by the innate immune system. Moreover, antibodies can target mitochondria in autoimmune diseases, suggesting an interplay between the adaptive immune system and mitochondria. In this Review, we discuss the roles of mitochondria in rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. An understanding of the different contributions of mitochondria to distinct rheumatic diseases or manifestations could permit the development of novel therapeutic strategies and the use of mitochondria-derived biomarkers to inform pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann L C Becker
- Centre de Recherche ARThrite-Arthrite, Recherche et Traitements, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Bhargavi Duvvuri
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul R Fortin
- Centre de Recherche ARThrite-Arthrite, Recherche et Traitements, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Québec, QC, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Lood
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Eric Boilard
- Centre de Recherche ARThrite-Arthrite, Recherche et Traitements, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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Boilard E, Bellio M. Platelet extracellular vesicles and the secretory interactome join forces in health and disease. Immunol Rev 2022; 312:38-51. [PMID: 35899405 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound vesicles released by cells under various conditions. They are found in the extracellular milieu in all biological fluids. As the concentrations, contents, and origin of EVs can change during inflammation, the assessment of EVs can be used as a proxy of cellular activation. Here, we review the literature regarding EVs, more particularly those released by platelets and their mother cells, the megakaryocytes. Their cargo includes cytokines, growth factors, organelles (mitochondria and proteasomes), nucleic acids (messenger and non-coding RNA), transcription factors, and autoantigens. EVs may thus contribute to intercellular communication by facilitating exchange of material between cells. EVs also interact with other molecules secreted by cells. In autoimmune diseases, EVs are associated with antibodies secreted by B cells. By definition, EVs necessarily comprise a phospholipid moiety, which is thus the target of secreted phospholipases also abundantly expressed in the extracellular milieu. We discuss how platelet-derived EVs, which represent the majority of the circulating EVs, may contribute to immunity through the activity of their cargo or in combination with the secretory interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Boilard
- Département de microbiologie-immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Axe maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie Bellio
- Département de microbiologie-immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Axe maladies infectieuses et immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche ARThrite, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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