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Lucas KDA, Kassab S, de Souza RG, Inpanbutr N, Pereira-Sampaio MA, Carvalho YK. Three-dimensional models of physeal fractures in the femur for the teaching of veterinary medicine. Acta Cir Bras 2024; 39:e395424. [PMID: 39109784 PMCID: PMC11299386 DOI: 10.1590/acb395424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and assess three-dimensional models of physeal fractures in dog femurs (3D MPFDF) using radiographic imaging. METHODS The study was conducted in three phases: development of 3D MPFDF; radiographic examination of the 3D MPFDF; and comparative analysis of the anatomical and radiographic features of the 3D MPFDF. RESULTS The base model and the 3D MPFDF achieved high fidelity in replicating the bone structures, accurately maintaining the morphological characteristics and dimensions such as length, width, and thickness, closely resembling natural bone. The radiographs of the 3D MPFDF displayed distinct radiopaque and radiolucent areas, enabling clear visualization of the various anatomical structures of the femur. However, in these radiographs, it was challenging to distinguish between the cortical and medullary regions due to the use of 99% internal padding in the printing process. Despite this limitation, the radiographs successfully demonstrated the representation of the Salter-Harris classification. CONCLUSIONS This paper presents a pioneering project focused on technological advancement aimed at developing a method for the rapid and cost-effective production of three-printed models and radiographs of physeal fractures in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleber dos Anjos Lucas
- Universidade Federal do Acre – Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza – Rio Branco (AC) – Brazil
| | - Siham Kassab
- Universidade Federal do Acre – Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza – Rio Branco (AC) – Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gomes de Souza
- Universidade Federal do Acre – Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza – Rio Branco (AC) – Brazil
| | - Nongnuch Inpanbutr
- The Ohio State University – Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences – Columbus (OH) – United States of America
| | - Marco Aurélio Pereira-Sampaio
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – Urogenital Research Unit – Rio de Janeiro (RJ) – Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense – Department of Morphology – Niterói (RJ) – Brazil
| | - Yuri Karaccas Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Acre – Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza – Rio Branco (AC) – Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense – Department of Pathology and Veterinary Clinic – Niterói (RJ) – Brazil
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Jiang N, Jiang Z, Huang Y, Sun M, Sun X, Huan Y, Li F. Application of augmented reality models of canine skull in veterinary anatomical education. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2024; 17:546-557. [PMID: 38238283 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Veterinary anatomy plays a crucial role in the curriculum for veterinary medicine and surgery. The integration of modern information technology in veterinary education can greatly benefit from innovative tools such as augmented reality (AR) applications. The aim of this study was to develop an accurate and interactive three-dimensional (3D) digital model of an animal skull using AR technology, aiming to enhance the learning of skull anatomy in veterinary anatomy education. In this study, a canine skull specimen was isolated, and the skull bones were scanned using a structured light scanner to create a 3D digital model of the canine skull, which was found to be indistinguishable from the original specimen by measurement of skull proportions. Furthermore, the interactive AR model of the canine skull, displayed using Unity3D, was subjected to testing and evaluation by 60 first-year veterinary medical students attending the gross anatomy of the animal. The students were divided into two groups: the traditional group and AR group. Both groups completed an objective test and a questionnaire. The evaluation of learning effectiveness in the test revealed no significant difference between the traditional group (which learned using textbooks and a canine skull specimen) and AR group (which learned using AR tools). However, in the questionnaire, students displayed high enthusiasm and interest in using the AR tool. Therefore, the application of AR tools can improve students' motivation for learning and enhance the comprehension of anatomical structures in three dimensions. Furthermore, this study exemplifies the use of AR as an auxiliary tool for teaching and learning in veterinary anatomy education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongling Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingju Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejing Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Huan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangzheng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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Kapoor K. 3D visualization and printing: An "Anatomical Engineering" trend revealing underlying morphology via innovation and reconstruction towards future of veterinary anatomy. Anat Sci Int 2024; 99:159-182. [PMID: 38236439 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-023-00755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The amalgamation of veterinary anatomy, technology and innovation has led to development of latest technological advancement in the field of veterinary medicine, i.e., three-dimensional (3D) imaging and reconstruction. 3D visualization technique followed by 3D reconstruction has been proven to enhance non-destructive 3D visualization grossly or microscopically, e.g., skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, ligaments, cartilage, connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymph nodes, and glands. The core aim of this manuscript is to document non-invasive 3D visualization methods being adopted currently in veterinary anatomy to reveal underlying morphology and to reconstruct them by 3D softwares followed by printing, its applications, current challenges, trends and future opportunities. 3D visualization methods such as MRI, CT scans and micro-CT scans are utilised in revealing volumetric data and underlying morphology at microscopic levels as well. This will pave a way to transform and re-invent the future of teaching in veterinary medicine, in clinical cases as well as in exploring wildlife anatomy. This review provides novel insights into 3D visualization and printing as it is the future of veterinary anatomy, thus making it spread to become the plethora of opportunities for whole veterinary science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritima Kapoor
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 141004, Punjab, India.
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Trębacz P, Frymus J, Pawlik M, Barteczko A, Kurkowska A, Czopowicz M, Antonowicz M, Kajzer W. Comparison of the Visibility of Canine Menisci before and after Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy: 3D-Printed Model Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:65. [PMID: 38200797 PMCID: PMC10778292 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the degree of visibility of the lateral and medial menisci before and after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) on 3D-printed models created after laser scanning of the right tibia with menisci derived from a fresh cadaver of a 4-year-old adult male golden retriever. The models were produced of white polylactic acid, and the menisci were filled with light-curing red resin. The models showed a similar conformation as the natural specimen harvested from the cadaver, maintaining the same length and width, in addition to reproducing the anatomical structures. From the pre- and post-TPLO radiographs, it was possible to identify the anatomical structures corresponding to the tibial plateau. The preoperative tibial plateau angle was 26.2°, and the postoperative one ranged between 4.0° and 5.3° (4.6 ± 0.4°). In the bird's-eye photo, the total number of red pixels in the lateral and the medial meniscus was 2,053,995 and 2,140,939, respectively. Before TPLO, only between 14% and 19% of the entire area of the menisci was visible, and the unhidden part of the entire area of the meniscus before TPLO did not differ significantly between the lateral (16.2 ± 1.6%) and the medial (16.4 ± 1.6%) meniscus (p = 0.351). The visible part of the entire meniscus area increased significantly after TPLO both in the lateral and medial menisci (p < 0.001)-mean difference ± SD of 30.3 ± 4.3% (CI 95%: 27.9%, 32.6%) and 36.4 ± 6.4% (CI 95%: 32.9%, 40.0%), respectively. In conclusion, the intraoperative examination and treatment of dog menisci are easier after TPLO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Trębacz
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Small Animals, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Frymus
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Small Animals, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Pawlik
- CABIOMEDE Ltd., Karola Olszewskiego 21, 25-663 Kielce, Poland; (M.P.); (A.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Barteczko
- CABIOMEDE Ltd., Karola Olszewskiego 21, 25-663 Kielce, Poland; (M.P.); (A.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Kurkowska
- CABIOMEDE Ltd., Karola Olszewskiego 21, 25-663 Kielce, Poland; (M.P.); (A.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Antonowicz
- Department of Biomaterials and Medical Devices Engineering, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (M.A.); (W.K.)
| | - Wojciech Kajzer
- Department of Biomaterials and Medical Devices Engineering, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Roosevelta 40, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (M.A.); (W.K.)
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Litavec H. A novel method for sorting and reassociating commingled human remains using deviation analysis. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:1780-1791. [PMID: 37452736 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study provides an innovative and novel method for sorting commingled human remains at the sacroiliac joint using deviation analyses. Virtual models were created at the University of Tennessee-Knoxville Donated Skeletal Collection from 69 os coxae and 66 sacra using an EinScan-Pro 2× + Handheld Surface Scanner. The shape of the auricular surfaces was analyzed in Geomagic Wrap 2017, and the congruency of the two auricular surfaces was measured using a deviation analysis. ROC curves were performed on a reference sample composed of 200 commingled and non-commingled joint pairs to identify threshold values that could help sort the commingled remains. A validation sample of 225 pairs was subsequently analyzed to demonstrate the efficacy of this new method on a sample of unknown individuals. Statistical analyses demonstrated that the deviation analysis values from sacroiliac joints of commingled pairs were significantly larger than those from non-commingled individuals (p < 0.0001). Based on the selected threshold values, 98%-100% of pairs were correctly sorted and reassociated. This novel and objective technique improves upon previously subjective strategies for sorting commingled remains and, in the future, will be applied to additional joint surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Litavec
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
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Marturello DM, James JC, Perry KL, Déjardin LM. Accuracy of anatomic 3-dimensionally printed canine humeral models. Vet Surg 2023; 52:116-126. [PMID: 36134757 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy of various three-dimensional print (3DP) technologies using morphometric measurements. STUDY DESIGN Experimental. SAMPLE POPULATION Cadaveric canine humeri and size-matched 3DP models. METHODS Fiduciary radiopaque markers were affixed to canine humeri of three different sizes (4, 13, 29 kg) at predetermined anatomical landmarks. 3DP models were created using one of three printers; desktop printers Form 3L and Ultimaker 5S, and industrial printer Objet Connex (n = 5/group/printer). Marker based morphometric dimensions between cadavers and 3DP models were statistically compared using 2-factor repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test (p < .05). RESULTS Bone size and printer type both significantly affected 3DP accuracy, with size having the larger effect (p < .0001 and p < .02, respectively). Regardless of printing technology, model size was smaller than native bone in most cases. At the humeral condylar level, the best accuracy was seen in the medium-sized humerus with the Ultimaker printer ([0.09 mm], p < .03). Accuracy was reduced in the proximal humerus in all groups. CONCLUSION Desktop printers were overall more accurate than the industrial printer. Although significant differences were identified between models of different sizes, the submillimetric magnitude of these differences is unlikely to be clinically relevant. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE While preoperative planning using 3DP models is becoming mainstream, accurate representation of the actual bone is critical. This study demonstrates that common desktop printers are suitable for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Marturello
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jordan C James
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Karen L Perry
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Loïc M Déjardin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Zhang H, Fu G, Su Y, Yue Y, Zhu W, Zhang C, Lu Y. Safety Study of High-Speed Collisions between Trains and Live Intruder. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8824. [PMID: 36433420 PMCID: PMC9695322 DOI: 10.3390/s22228824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the safety of train collisions with live intruders under high-speed operation, a new 3D finite element laminated model of live intruder filling was constructed based on reconstruction using physical 3D scanning, with three outer layers of the model simulating the skin, three inner layers simulating bone, and internal filling simulating internal organs. The model was simulated in LS-DYNA with pendulum side collision, and the force-time and force-displacement curves of the collision between the pendulum and the living intruder were obtained, which were consistent with the curve trend of the results of the cadaver pendulum collision test by Viano in 1989, and the accuracy of the finite element model of the intruder was verified. Through the simulation calculation of high-speed collision between the train and two kinds of living intrusions, the maximum acceleration of the train body, the maximum lifting of the wheel pair, the deformation of the cowcatcher, and the maximum central load on the cowcatcher during the collision can be obtained. The results of the study show that at a collision speed of 110 km/h and different collision positions, the collision risk factor between the train and heavier organisms is relatively high, and the risk arising from frontal collisions is generally greater than that of offset collisions; despite this, all the indicators such as the maximum acceleration of the train, the maximum lift of the wheel pairs, the reduction in the length of the cowcatcher discharge per 5 m of space, and the maximum central load borne by the cowcatcher discharge are lower than the EN15227 standard. Additionally, the safety of the train is not affected and the components can work reliably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Conveyance and Equipment of the Ministry of Education of China, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Gengzhe Fu
- Key Laboratory of Conveyance and Equipment of the Ministry of Education of China, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Yongzhang Su
- CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Heavy Duty AC Drive Electric Locomotive Systems Integration, Zhuzhou 412001, China
| | - Yixin Yue
- CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Heavy Duty AC Drive Electric Locomotive Systems Integration, Zhuzhou 412001, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Heavy Duty AC Drive Electric Locomotive Systems Integration, Zhuzhou 412001, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Conveyance and Equipment of the Ministry of Education of China, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Yuxiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Conveyance and Equipment of the Ministry of Education of China, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
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Borgeat K, Shearn AIU, Payne JR, Hezzell M, Biglino G. Three-Dimensional Printed Models of the Heart Represent an Opportunity for Inclusive Learning. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 49:346-352. [PMID: 33950795 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2020-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printed models of anatomic structures offer an alternative to studying manufactured, "idealized" models or cadaveric specimens. The utility of 3D printed models of the heart for clinical veterinary students learning echocardiographic anatomy is unreported. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and utility of 3D printed models of the canine heart as a supplementary teaching aid in final-year vet students. We hypothesized that using 3D printed cardiac models would improve test scores and feedback when compared with a control group. Students (n = 31) were randomized to use either a video guide to echocardiographic anatomy alongside 3D printed models (3DMs) or video only (VO). Prior to a self-directed learning session, students answered eight extended matching questions as a baseline knowledge assessment. They then undertook the learning session and provided feedback (Likert scores and free text). Students repeated the test within 1 to 3 days. Changes in test scores and feedback were compared between 3DM and VO groups, and between track and non-track rotation students. The 3DM group had increased test scores in the non-track subgroup. Track students' test scores in the VO group increased, but not in the 3DM group. Students in the 3DM group had a higher completion rate, and more left free-text feedback. Feedback from 3DM was almost universally positive, and students believed more strongly that these should be used for future veterinary anatomy teaching. In conclusion, these pilot data suggest that 3D printed canine cardiac models are feasible to produce and represent an inclusive learning opportunity, promoting student engagement.
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da Silveira EE, da Silva Lisboa Neto AF, Carlos Sabino Pereira H, Ferreira JS, Dos Santos AC, Siviero F, da Fonseca R, de Assis Neto AC. Canine Skull Digitalization and Three-Dimensional Printing as an Educational Tool for Anatomical Study. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 48:649-655. [PMID: 33226900 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2019-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article aims to standardize 3D scanning and printing of dog skulls for educational use and evaluate the effectiveness of these anatomical printed models for a veterinary anatomy course. Skulls were selected for scanning and creating 3D-printed models through Fused Deposition Modeling using acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene. After a lecture on skull anatomy, the 3D-printed and real skull models were introduced during the practical bone class to 140 students. A bone anatomy practical test was conducted after a month; it consisted in identifying previously marked anatomical structures of the skull bones. The students were divided into two groups for the exam; the first group of students took the test on the real skulls, whereas the second group of students took the test on 3D-printed skulls. The students' performance was evaluated using similar practical examination questions. At the end of the course, these students were asked to answer a brief questionnaire about their individual experiences. The results showed that the anatomical structures of the 3D-printed skulls were similar to the real skulls. There was no significant difference between the test scores of the students that did their test using the real skulls and those using 3D prints. In conclusion, it was possible to construct a dynamic and printed digital 3D collection for studies of the comparative anatomy of canine skull species from real skulls, suggesting that 3D-digitalized and-printed skulls can be used as tools in veterinary anatomy teaching.
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da Silveira EE, da Silva AF, Neto L, Sabino Pereira HC, Santos Ferreira J, Cesar Dos Santos A, Siviero F, da Fonseca R, de Assis Neto AC. Digitalização e Impressão Tridimensional de Crânio Canino como Ferramenta Educacional para Estudo Anatômico. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 48:774-780. [PMID: 34898395 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2019-0132.pt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Este trabalho teve como objetivo padronizar a digitalização e impressão 3D de crânios de cães para uso educacional e avaliar a eficácia de modelos anatômicos impressos na disciplina de anatomia do curso de medicina veterinária. Os crânios foram selecionados para escaneamento e criação dos modelos impressos 3D modelados por fusão de deposição (FDM) utilizando acrilonitrila butadieno estireno. Após uma aula teórica sobre anatomia do crânio os modelos impressos 3D e os modelos reais do crânio de cães foram apresentados aos 140 alunos durante a aula prática de ossos. Uma avaliação prática de osteologia foi realizada após um mês que consistiu na identificação de estruturas anatômicas dos ossos do crânio identificados por alfinetes. Os alunos foram divididos em duas turmas para a realização da avaliação; o primeiro grupo fez os testes usando os crânios reais, enquanto o segundo grupo os crânios impressos 3D. O desempenho dos alunos foi avaliado conforme as suas performances no exame prático. No final da disciplina, eles foram convidados a responder a um breve questionário sobre suas experiências individuais. Os resultados do estudo demonstram que as estruturas anatômicas dos crânios impressos 3D eram semelhantes aos crânios reais. Não houve diferença significativa quando se analisou o grau de acertos e erros durante a realização do exame entre aqueles que identificaram as estruturas nos crânios reais ou nos impressos 3D. Conclui-se que é possível construir um acervo dinâmico digital e impresso tridimensional (3D) para estudos da anatomia comparada da espécie canina a partir de crânios reais, e que os crânios 3D podem ser usados como uma excelente ferramenta alternativa ao ensino na anatomia veterinária.
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XU LIN, TAN JIA, WEI PINGOU, LUO XIANG, TAN HAITAO, MUDGAL CHAITANYASHAMSUNDER. CLINICAL APPLICATION OF 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY FOR PREOPERATIVE PLANNING OF THUMB RECONSTRUCTION. ACTA ORTOPEDICA BRASILEIRA 2021; 29:211-218. [PMID: 34566481 PMCID: PMC8443019 DOI: 10.1590/1413-785220212904235492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to explore the clinical application of preoperative precise design for 3D printing and thumb reconstruction, which could help manage the patients with thumb defect and achieve better function and appearance. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 20 patients who underwent the surgery of harvesting toe transplant and thumb reconstruction between January 2015 and December 2016. The 3D model of the thumb defect was created and printed. The dimensions of skin and bones from donor site were precisely designed as reference for surgical operation. The surgery was performed according to the model. Results: Perfect repair of defects was achieved with satisfying appearance and function. The reconstructed thumbs all survived (survival rate of 100%). Follow-up was 3-9 months. The maximum dorsiflexion was 8-30° and the maximum flexion was 38-58°. The two-point sensory discrimination was 9-11 mm. In total, 17 patients reposted “Excellent” satisfaction and three “Good”, each for the reconstructed thumb and hand function, respectively. The satisfaction rate was 85%. Conclusion: Preoperative digital design and 3D printing according to the donor and recipient sites allowed a tailored operation. The operation was more precise, the appearance of the reconstructed thumb was good. Level of Evidence II, Retrospective Study.
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Affiliation(s)
- LIN XU
- Guigang City People’s Hospital, China
| | - JIA TAN
- Guangzhou Medical University First Clinical Medical College, China
| | | | - XIANG LUO
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Digital Medicine and 3D Printing, China
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12
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Rodrigues KEM, Lucas KDA, Cordeiro ALL, Silva RPM, Santos FGDA, de Carvalho YK. 3D models of nonunion fractures in long bones as education tools. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021; 43:e114820. [PMID: 35749084 PMCID: PMC9179198 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm114820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of fracture complications can present itself as a difficult scenario in a veterinarian's practice, and it can be difficult to diagnose and have a poor prognosis. The recognition of the different types of nonunion fractures can enable quick guidance on the best way to act, thus reducing the cost of treatment and the patient's suffering. The objective of this study was to create 3D models of nonunion fractures in long bones (3D NUFs). The study was carried out in three stages: 1) creating biscuit models from representations of nonunion fractures; 2) scanning the biscuit models of nonunion fractures and 3D modeling; and 3) printing and finishing the 3D models of nonunion fractures (hereafter, 3D NUFs). The creation of biscuit prototypes and the respective digitalization were decisive in producing 3D NUFs, which reproduced the main characteristics of each type of nonunion fracture classification described in the literature. It took 31.1 hours to create and print all 3D NUFs using 95.66 grams of filament (ABS) for a total cost of $3.73. The creation of 3D NUFs from the biscuit dough presented a new way of obtaining didactic models for the teaching of veterinary medicine. The 3D NUFs represent the different forms of low-cost manifestations that characterize this disease, which can be used as a possible teaching-learning tool for veterinary education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katriny Elifelina Monteiro Rodrigues
- Undergraduate in Veterinary Medicine, Centro de Ciência Biológicas e da Natureza (CCBN), Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, AC, Brasil
| | - Kleber dos Anjos Lucas
- Undergraduate in Veterinary Medicine, Centro de Ciência Biológicas e da Natureza (CCBN), Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, AC, Brasil
| | - Andrey Luiz Lopes Cordeiro
- Veterinarian, MSc. Programa de Pós-Graduação Sanidade e Produção Animal Sustentável na Amazônia Ocidental (PPGESPA), CCBN, UFAC, Rio Branco, AC, Brasil
| | - Romeu Paulo Martins Silva
- Physical educator, DSc., Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Catalão (UFCAT), Catalão, GO, Brasil
| | | | - Yuri Karaccas de Carvalho
- Veterinarian, DSc., CCBN, UFAC, Rio Branco, AC, Brasil
- Correspondence Yuri Karaccas de Carvalho Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre - UFAC Rodovia BR 364, Km 04, Distrito Industrial CEP 69920-900 - Rio Branco (AC), Brasil E-mail:
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Oberoi G, Eberspächer-Schweda MC, Hatamikia S, Königshofer M, Baumgartner D, Kramer AM, Schaffarich P, Agis H, Moscato F, Unger E. 3D Printed Biomimetic Rabbit Airway Simulation Model for Nasotracheal Intubation Training. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:587524. [PMID: 33330714 PMCID: PMC7728614 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.587524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit inhalation anesthesia by endotracheal intubation involves a higher risk among small animals owing to several anatomical and physiological features, which is pathognomonic to this species of lagomorphs. Rabbit-specific airway devices have been designed to prevent misguided intubation attempts. However, it is believed that expert anesthetic training could be a boon in limiting the aftermaths of this procedure. Our research is aimed to develop a novel biomimetic 3D printed rabbit airway model with representative biomechanical material behavior and radiodensity. Imaging data were collected for two sacrificed rabbit heads using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and micro-magnetic resonance imaging for the first head and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for the second head. Imaging-based life-size musculoskeletal airway models were printed using polyjet technology with a combination of hard and soft materials in replicates of three. The models were evaluated quantitatively for dimensional accuracy and radiodensity and qualitatively using digital microscopy and endoscopy for technical, tactic, and visual realism. The results displayed that simulation models printed with polyjet technology have an overall surface representation of 93% for μCT-based images and 97% for CBCT-based images within a range of 0.0-2.5 mm, with μCT showing a more detailed reproduction of the nasotracheal anatomy. Dimensional discrepancies can be caused due to inadequate support material removal and due to the limited reconstruction of microstructures from the imaging on the 3D printed model. The model showed a significant difference in radiodensities in hard and soft tissue regions. Endoscopic evaluation provided good visual and tactile feedback, comparable to the real animal. Overall, the model, being a practical low-cost simulator, comprehensively accelerates the learning curve of veterinary nasotracheal intubation and paves the way for 3D simulation-based image-guided interventional procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunpreet Oberoi
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M. C. Eberspächer-Schweda
- Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sepideh Hatamikia
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Center for Medical Innovation and Technology, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Markus Königshofer
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Baumgartner
- Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Peter Schaffarich
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francesco Moscato
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ewald Unger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Johnson KL, Hespel AM, Price JM, de Swarte M. Use of color-coded, three-dimensional-printed equine carpus models is preferred by students but does not result in statistically different academic performance. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 62:76-83. [PMID: 33231352 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiology can be a challenging subject for students and finding new techniques that help improve their understanding could have positive effects in their clinical practice. The purpose of this prospective experimental study was to implement the use of color-coded, three-dimensional-printed, handheld equine carpus models into a radiographic anatomy course and evaluate the impact objectively and subjectively using quizzes and student response surveys. A first-year veterinary class was randomly divided into two similarly sized groups (groups A and B) for an equine normal radiographic anatomy laboratory. Both groups experienced the same laboratory structure; however, each student in group B received a handheld three-dimensional-printed equine carpus. Both groups received a quiz at the end of their laboratory consisting of 10 multiple-choice questions related to the equine carpus. An anonymous survey regarding the laboratory was emailed to students after the laboratory. One week later, the same 10 questions in randomized order were administered via a pop-quiz. Students believed both quizzes would count toward their final course grade. There was no statistically significant difference in grades between groups on either quiz (P > .05). However, based on survey responses, group B students felt the carpus made the laboratory more enjoyable and improved their comprehension of the material, whereas group A students felt the carpus would have increased their enjoyment and improved their comprehension. The implementation of three-dimensional-printed anatomic models may be useful to enhance enjoyment and perceived comprehension of veterinary students; however, there is currently insufficient evidence to suggest these models improve academic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kryssa L Johnson
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Adrien-Maxence Hespel
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Joshua M Price
- Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Marie de Swarte
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
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Neves ECD, Pelizzari C, Oliveira RSD, Kassab S, Lucas KDA, Carvalho YKD. 3D anatomical model for teaching canine lumbosacral epidural anesthesia. Acta Cir Bras 2020; 35:e202000608. [PMID: 32667587 PMCID: PMC7357831 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020200060000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop a 3D anatomical model for teaching canine epidural anesthesia (3DMEA) and to assess its efficacy for teaching and learning prior to the use of live animals. Methods The creation of 3DMEA was based on 3D optical scanning and 3D printing of canine bone pieces of the fifth to the seventh lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and pelvis. A total of 20 male dogs were scheduled for castration. 20 veterinary students watched a video showing epidural anesthesia in dogs before the clinical attempt and were assigned to control or 3DMEA groups. Students in the 3DMEA group trained in the model after the video. For the clinical trial, the epidural procedure was performed by students under the veterinary supervision. When observed the absence of response to nociceptive stimuli, the epidural was considered successful. Then, all students answered a questionnaire evaluating the main difficulty founded in the technique and its degree of difficulty. Results The 3DMEA group reported a lower degree of difficulty to perform the epidural anesthesia technique when compared with the control group (p=0.0037). The 3DMEA reproduced the anatomical structures, allowing the perception of the distance of needle in relation to the iliac prominences during epidural anesthesia. Its mobility allowed simulation of the animal in standing position and sternal recumbency. Conclusion The use of 3DMEA demonstrated greater efficacy in the execution of the technique, being effective in the teaching and learning process before the epidural anesthesia in live animals.
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Hatamikia S, Oberoi G, Unger E, Kronreif G, Kettenbach J, Buschmann M, Figl M, Knäusl B, Moscato F, Birkfellner W. Additively Manufactured Patient-Specific Anthropomorphic Thorax Phantom With Realistic Radiation Attenuation Properties. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:385. [PMID: 32457883 PMCID: PMC7225309 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional medical imaging phantoms are limited by simplified geometry and radiographic skeletal homogeneity, which confines their usability for image quality assessment and radiation dosimetry. These challenges can be addressed by additive manufacturing technology, colloquially called 3D printing, which provides accurate anatomical replication and flexibility in material manipulation. In this study, we used Computed Tomography (CT)-based modified PolyJetTM 3D printing technology to print a hollow thorax phantom simulating skeletal morphology of the patient. To achieve realistic heterogenous skeletal radiation attenuation, we developed a novel radiopaque amalgamate constituting of epoxy, polypropylene and bone meal powder in twelve different ratios. We performed CT analysis for quantification of material radiodensity (in Hounsfield Units, HU) and for identification of specific compositions corresponding to the various skeletal structures in the thorax. We filled the skeletal structures with their respective radiopaque amalgamates. The phantom and isolated 3D printed rib specimens were rescanned by CT for reproducibility tests regarding verification of radiodensity and geometry. Our results showed that structural densities in the range of 42–705HU could be achieved. The radiodensity of the reconstructed phantom was comparable to the three skeletal structures investigated in a real patient thorax CT: ribs, ventral vertebral body and dorsal vertebral body. Reproducibility tests based on physical dimensional comparison between the patient and phantom CT-based segmentation displayed 97% of overlap in the range of 0.00–4.57 mm embracing the anatomical accuracy. Thus, the additively manufactured anthropomorphic thorax phantom opens new vistas for imaging- and radiation-based patient care in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Hatamikia
- Austrian Center for Medical Innovation and Technology, Wiener Neustadt, Austria.,Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunpreet Oberoi
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ewald Unger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Kronreif
- Austrian Center for Medical Innovation and Technology, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Joachim Kettenbach
- Institute of Diagnostic, Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Martin Buschmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Figl
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Knäusl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francesco Moscato
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Birkfellner
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Nunez R, Albuquerque L, Pereira R, Silva R, Peruquetti P, Carvalho Y. 3D printing of canine hip dysplasia: anatomic models and radiographs. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Canine Hip Dysplasia (CHD) is a highly prevalent articular pathological condition. In this sense, radiography becomes an important diagnostic method to determine the presence and severity of the disease. The objective was to create 3D models and their respective radiographs representing the CHD (3D AMCHD). The research was carried out in the Laboratory of 3D Educational Technologies of UFAC, under no. 23107.007273/2017-49 (CEUA/UFAC). A canine skeleton (hip bone, femurs and patellae) was used without anatomical deformities compatible with DCF (pelvis, femurs and patella), which were scanned in order to obtain the files of the base model. In these files the deformations representing the different degrees of CHD were performed. Subsequently, the 3D AMCHD files were printed, mounted and X-rayed. The 3D AMCHD represented the bone deformations of the different degrees of CHD. In the radiographs of the 3D AMCHD it was possible to observe and determine each of the bones that constituted the hip joints. This allowed to reproduce the correct positioning to represent the CHD diagnosis and establish the precise points to determine the Norberg angle. In this way, it was evidenced that the 3D AMCHD can be a possible tool to be used in the Teaching of Veterinary Medicine.
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Li QY, Zhang Q, Yan C, He Y, Phillip M, Li F, Pan AH. Evaluating phone camera and cloud service-based 3D imaging and printing of human bones for anatomical education. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e034900. [PMID: 32041863 PMCID: PMC7044880 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility of a phone camera and cloud service-based workflow to image bone specimens and print their three-dimensional (3D) models for anatomical education. DESIGN The images of four typical human bone specimens, photographed by a phone camera, were aligned and converted into digital images for incorporation into a digital model through the Get3D website and submitted to an online 3D printing platform to obtain the 3D printed models. The fidelity of the 3D digital, printed models relative to the original specimens, was evaluated through anatomical annotations and 3D scanning. SETTING The Morphologic Science Experimental Center, Central South University, China. PARTICIPANTS Specimens of four typical bones-the femur, rib, cervical vertebra and skull-were used to evaluate the feasibility of the workflow. OUTCOME MEASURES The gross fidelity of anatomical features within the digital models and 3D printed models was evaluated first using anatomical annotations in reference to Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy. The measurements of the deviation were quantised and visualised for analysis in Geomagic Control 2015. RESULTS All the specimens were reconstructed in 3D and printed using this workflow. The overall morphology of the digital and 3D printed models displayed a large extent of similarity to the corresponding specimens from a gross anatomical perspective. A high degree of similarity was also noticed in the quantitative analysis, with distance deviations ≤2 mm present among 99% of the random sampling points that were tested. CONCLUSION The photogrammetric digitisation workflow adapted in the present study demonstrates fairly high precision with relatively low cost and fewer equipment requirements. This workflow is expected to be used in morphological/anatomical science education, particularly in institutions and schools with limited funds or in certain field research projects involving the fast acquisition of 3D digital data on human/animal bone specimens or on other remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yun Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Morphologic Science Experimental Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Class of 2020, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Morphologic Science Experimental Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chun Yan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Morphologic Science Experimental Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ye He
- Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mukuze Phillip
- Class of 2020, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Morphologic Science Experimental Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ai-Hua Pan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Morphologic Science Experimental Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Lima ADS, Machado M, Pereira RDCR, Carvalho YKD. Printing 3D models of canine jaw fractures for teaching undergraduate veterinary medicine. Acta Cir Bras 2019; 34:e201900906. [PMID: 31826098 PMCID: PMC6907882 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020190090000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop 3D anatomical models, and corresponding radiographs, of canine jaw fractures. Methods A base model was generated from a mandibular bone scan. With this model it was possible to perform fracture planning according to the anatomical location. Results The 3D base model of the canine mandible was similar in conformation to the natural bone, demonstrating structures such as canine tooth crowns, premolars and molars, mental foramina, body of the mandible, ramus of the mandible, masseteric fossa, the coronoid process, condylar process, and angular process. It was not possible to obtain detail of the crown of the incisor teeth, mandibular symphysis, and the medullary channel. Production of the 3D CJF model took 10.6 h, used 150.1 g of filament (ABS) and cost US$5.83. Conclusion The 3D canine jaw fractures models, which reproduced natural canine jaw fractures, and their respective radiographic images, are a possible source of educational material for the teaching of veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes de Souza Lima
- M.Sc., Postgraduate Program in Health and Animal Production, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco-AC, Brazil. Acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data; manuscript preparation and writing
| | - Marcello Machado
- D.Sc., Department of Anatomy, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba-PR, Brazil. Scientific and intellectual content of the study
| | | | - Yuri Karaccas de Carvalho
- D.Sc., Biological and Natural Sciences Center, UFAC, Rio Branco-AC, Brazil. Manuscript writing, critical revision, final approval
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de Alcântara Leite Dos Reis D, Gouveia BLR, Júnior JCR, de Assis Neto AC. Comparative assessment of anatomical details of thoracic limb bones of a horse to that of models produced via scanning and 3D printing. 3D Print Med 2019; 5:13. [PMID: 31375944 PMCID: PMC6743042 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-019-0050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three-dimensional (3D) scanning and printing for the production of models is an innovative tool that can be used in veterinary anatomy practical classes. Ease of access to this teaching material can be an important aspect of learning the anatomy of domestic animals. In this study, a scanner was used to capture 3D images and a 3D printer that performs die-cast printing was used to produce skeletal models of the thoracic limb of a horse. Methods Bones from a horse were selected for scanning and creation of 3D-printed models. The printer used a filamentous thermoplastic material (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene [ABS]) which was deposited together with a support resin. Comparisons of the anatomical characteristics (measurements from the original and printed bone) were analyzed to determine the p-value. Results Bones from the thoracic limb: scapula, humerus, radius and ulna, carpus and phalanges were used to produce digital and physical models for 3D impressions. Then the anatomical characteristics of the 3D printed models were compared with those of the original bones. The p-value was measured to be 0.9126, indicative of a strong evidence of similarity between the 3D-printed models and specimens. Thus, there was no significant statistical difference between the models and the original anatomical parts. Conclusions The anatomical characteristics were successfully identified in the 3D-printed copies, demonstrating that models of animal bones can be reproduced using 3D printing technology for use in veterinary education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela de Alcântara Leite Dos Reis
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques, 77, ZC, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Laura Rojas Gouveia
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques, 77, ZC, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Rosa Júnior
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques, 77, ZC, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Antônio Chaves de Assis Neto
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques, 77, ZC, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil.
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