1
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Kania MJ, Reyes A, Neufeldt SR. Oxidative Addition of (Hetero)aryl (Pseudo)halides at Palladium(0): Origin and Significance of Divergent Mechanisms. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19249-19260. [PMID: 38959060 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Two limiting mechanisms are possible for oxidative addition of (hetero)aryl (pseudo)halides at Pd(0): a 3-centered concerted and a nucleophilic displacement mechanism. Until now, there has been little understanding about when each mechanism is relevant. Prior investigations to distinguish between these pathways were limited to a few specific combinations of the substrate and ligand. Here, we computationally evaluated over 180 transition structures for oxidative addition in order to determine mechanistic trends based on substrate, ligand(s), and coordination number. Natural abundance 13C kinetic isotope effects provide experimental results consistent with computational predictions. Key findings include that (1) differences in highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) symmetries dictate that, although 12e- PdL is strongly biased toward a 3-centered concerted mechanism, 14e- PdL2 often prefers a nucleophilic displacement mechanism; (2) ligand electronics and sterics, including ligand bite angle, influence the preferred mechanism of the reaction at PdL2; (3) phenyl triflate always reacts through a displacement mechanism regardless of the catalyst structure due to the stability of a triflate anion and the inability of oxygen to effectively donate electron density to Pd; and (4) the high reactivity of C-X bonds adjacent to nitrogen in pyridine substrates relates to stereoelectronic stabilization of a nucleophilic displacement transition state. This work has implications for controlling rate and selectivity in catalytic couplings, and we demonstrate application of the mechanistic insight toward chemodivergent cross-couplings of bromochloroheteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kania
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Albert Reyes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Sharon R Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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2
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Luo Z, Shehzad A. Advances in Naked Metal Clusters for Catalysis. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300715. [PMID: 38450926 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The properties of sub-nano metal clusters are governed by quantum confinement and their large surface-to-bulk ratios, atomically precise compositions and geometric/electronic structures. Advances in metal clusters lead to new opportunities in diverse aspects of sciences including chemo-sensing, bio-imaging, photochemistry, and catalysis. Naked metal clusters having synergic multiple active sites and coordinative unsaturation and tunable stability/activity enable researchers to design atomically precise metal catalysts with tailored catalysis for different reactions. Here we summarize the progress of ligand-free naked metal clusters for catalytic applications. It is anticipated that this review helps to better understand the chemistry of small metal clusters and facilitates the design and development of new catalysts for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixun Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Aamir Shehzad
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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3
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Gan W, Huang B, Cui C, Hansen K, Luo Z. Weak Interactions Initiate C-H and C-C Bond Dissociation of Ethane on Nb n + Clusters. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200530. [PMID: 36807961 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of ethane into value-added chemicals under ambient conditions has attracted much attention but the mechanisms remain not fully understood. Here we report a study on the reaction of ethane with thermalized Nbn + clusters based on a multiple-ion laminar flow tube reactor combined with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MIFT-TQMS). It is found that ethane reacts with Nbn + clusters to form both products of dehydrogenation and methane-removal (odd-carbon products). Combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we studied the reaction mechanisms of the C-C bond activation and C-H bond cleavage on the Nbn + clusters. It is unveiled that hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) initiates the reaction process, giving rise to the formation of Nb-C bonds and an elongated C-C distance in the HNbn + CH2 CH3 motif. Subsequent reactions allow for C-C bond activation and a competitive HAT process which is associated with CH4 removal or H2 release, resulting in the production of the observed carbides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Gan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of, Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Benben Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of, Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chaonan Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of, Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Klavs Hansen
- Center for Joint Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of, Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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4
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Sun X, Hansen T, Poater J, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Rational design of iron catalysts for C-X bond activation. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:495-505. [PMID: 35137432 PMCID: PMC10078697 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We have quantum chemically studied the iron-mediated CX bond activation (X = H, Cl, CH3 ) by d8 -FeL4 complexes using relativistic density functional theory at ZORA-OPBE/TZ2P. We find that by either modulating the electronic effects of a generic iron-catalyst by a set of ligands, that is, CO, BF, PH3 , BN(CH3 )2 , or by manipulating structural effects through the introduction of bidentate ligands, that is, PH2 (CH2 )n PH2 with n = 6-1, one can significantly decrease the reaction barrier for the CX bond activation. The combination of both tuning handles causes a decrease of the CH activation barrier from 10.4 to 4.6 kcal mol-1 . Our activation strain and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital analyses reveal that the electronic tuning works via optimizing the catalyst-substrate interaction by introducing a strong second backdonation interaction (i.e., "ligand-assisted" interaction), while the mechanism for structural tuning is mainly caused by the reduction of the required activation strain because of the pre-distortion of the catalyst. In all, we present design principles for iron-based catalysts that mimic the favorable behavior of their well-known palladium analogs in the bond-activation step of cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Hansen
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Friedrich Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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5
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Moloto BP, Vermeeren P, Tiezza MD, Bouwens T, Esterhuysen C, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Palladium-catalyzed activation of H nA–AH n bonds (AH n = CH 3, NH 2, OH, F). PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2022-1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have quantum chemically studied activation of HnA–AHn bonds (AHn = CH3, NH2, OH, F) by PdLn catalysts with Ln = no ligand, PH3, (PH3)2, using relativistic density functional theory at ZORA-BLYP/TZ2P. The activation energy associated with the oxidative addition step decreases from H3C–CH3 to H2N–NH2 to HO–OH to F–F, where the activation of the F–F bond is barrierless. Activation strain and Kohn–Sham molecular orbital analyses reveal that the enhanced reactivity along this series of substrates originates from a combination of (i) reduced activation strain due to a weaker HnA–AHn bond; (ii) decreased Pauli repulsion as a result of a difference in steric shielding of the HnA–AHn bond; and (iii) enhanced backbonding interaction between the occupied 4d atomic orbitals of the palladium catalyst and σ* acceptor orbital of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Phuti Moloto
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands , URL:
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland , Stellenbosch , 7602 , South Africa
| | - Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands , URL:
| | - Marco Dalla Tiezza
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands , URL:
| | - Tessel Bouwens
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands , URL:
| | - Catharine Esterhuysen
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland , Stellenbosch , 7602 , South Africa
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands , URL:
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam , The Netherlands , URL:
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen , The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Johannesburg , Auckland Park , Johannesburg 2006 , South Africa
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6
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Moloto BP, Vermeeren P, Dalla Tiezza M, Esterhuysen C, Bickelhaupt FM, Hamlin TA. Palladium‐Catalyzed Activation of Carbon–Halogen Bonds: Electrostatics‐Controlled Reactivity. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam NETHERLANDS
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7
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Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Chemical reactivity from an activation strain perspective. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5880-5896. [PMID: 34075969 PMCID: PMC8204247 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02042k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemical reactions are ubiquitous in the universe, they are at the core of life, and they are essential for industrial processes. The drive for a deep understanding of how something occurs, in this case, the mechanism of a chemical reaction and the factors controlling its reactivity, is intrinsically valuable and an innate quality of humans. The level of insight and degree of understanding afforded by computational chemistry cannot be understated. The activation strain model is one of the most powerful tools in our arsenal to obtain unparalleled insight into reactivity. The relative energy of interacting reactants is evaluated along a reaction energy profile and related to the rigidity of the reactants' molecular structure and the strength of the stabilizing interactions between the deformed reactants: ΔE(ζ) = ΔEstrain(ζ) + ΔEint(ζ). Owing to the connectedness between the activation strain model and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital theory, one is able to obtain a causal relationship between both the sterics and electronics of the reactants and their mutual reactivity. Only when this is accomplished one can eclipse the phenomenological explanations that are commonplace in the literature and textbooks and begin to rationally tune and optimize chemical transformations. We showcase how the activation strain model is the ideal tool to elucidate fundamental organic reactions, the activation of small molecules by metallylenes, and the cycloaddition reactivity of cyclic diene- and dipolarophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. and Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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8
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Sun X, J. Rocha MV, Hamlin TA, Poater J, Bickelhaupt FM. Understanding the differences between iron and palladium in cross-coupling reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9651-9664. [PMID: 30847454 PMCID: PMC8610147 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07671e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We aim at developing design principles, based on quantum chemical analyses, for a novel type of iron-based catalysts that mimic the behavior of their well-known palladium analogs in the bond activation step of cross coupling reactions. To this end, we have systematically explored C-X bond activation via oxidative addition of CH3X substrates (X = H, Cl, CH3) to model catalysts mFe(CO)4q (q = 0, -2; m = singlet, triplet) and, for comparison, Pd(PH3)2 and Pd(CO)2, using relativistic density functional theory at the ZORA-OPBE/TZ2P level. We find that the neutral singlet iron catalyst 1Fe(CO)4 activates all three C-X bonds via barriers that are lower than those for Pd(PH3)2 and Pd(CO)2. This is a direct consequence of the capability of the iron complex to engage not only in π-backdonation, but also in comparably strong σ-donation. Interestingly, whereas the palladium complexes favor C-Cl activation, 1Fe(CO)4 shows a strong preference for activating the C-H bond, with a barrier as low as 10.4 kcal mol-1. Our results suggest a high potential for iron to feature in palladium-type cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), VU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marcus V. J. Rocha
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), VU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute of Chemistry – Departament of Physical Chemistry, Fluminense Federal UniversityOuteiro De São João Baptista24020-141 NiteroiRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), VU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 2308010 BarcelonaSpain
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), VU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 10831081 HV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University NijmegenHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJ NijmegenThe Netherlands
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9
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Arylic C-X Bond Activation by Palladium Catalysts: Activation Strain Analyses of Reactivity Trends. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10729. [PMID: 30013049 PMCID: PMC6048108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28998-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have quantum chemically explored arylic carbon-substituent bond activation via oxidative insertion of a palladium catalyst in C6H5X + PdLn model systems (X = H, Cl, CH3; Ln = no ligand, PH3, (PH3)2, PH2C2H4PH2) using relativistic density functional theory at ZORA-BLYP/TZ2P. Besides exploring reactivity trends and comparing them to aliphatic C-X activation, we aim at uncovering the physical factors behind the activity and selectivity. Our results show that barriers for arylic C-X activation are lower than those for the corresponding aliphatic C-X bonds. However, trends along bonds or upon variation of ligands are similar. Thus, bond activation barriers increase along C-Cl < C-H < C-C and along Pd < Pd(PH3) or Pd(PH2C2H4PH2) < Pd(PH3)2. Activation strain analyses in conjunction with quantitative molecular orbital theory trace these trends to the rigidity and bonding capability of the various C-X bonds, model catalysts, and ligands.
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10
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Bickelhaupt FM, Houk KN. Das Distortion/Interaction‐Activation‐Strain‐Modell zur Analyse von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry und Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam Niederlande
- Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM) Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry und Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
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11
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Bickelhaupt FM, Houk KN. Analyzing Reaction Rates with the Distortion/Interaction-Activation Strain Model. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10070-10086. [PMID: 28447369 PMCID: PMC5601271 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 966] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation strain or distortion/interaction model is a tool to analyze activation barriers that determine reaction rates. For bimolecular reactions, the activation energies are the sum of the energies to distort the reactants into geometries they have in transition states plus the interaction energies between the two distorted molecules. The energy required to distort the molecules is called the activation strain or distortion energy. This energy is the principal contributor to the activation barrier. The transition state occurs when this activation strain is overcome by the stabilizing interaction energy. Following the changes in these energies along the reaction coordinate gives insights into the factors controlling reactivity. This model has been applied to reactions of all types in both organic and inorganic chemistry, including substitutions and eliminations, cycloadditions, and several types of organometallic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
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12
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Castiñeira Reis M, López CS, Kraka E, Cremer D, Faza ON. Rational Design in Catalysis: A Mechanistic Study of β-Hydride Eliminations in Gold(I) and Gold(III) Complexes Based on Features of the Reaction Valley. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:8636-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Silva López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University (SMU), 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Dieter Cremer
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University (SMU), 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Olalla Nieto Faza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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13
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Bansal D, Pandey S, Hundal G, Gupta R. Heterometallic coordination polymers: syntheses, structures and heterogeneous catalytic applications. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Heterometallic coordination polymers function as heterogeneous catalysts for various organic transformation reactions via preferential interaction with the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Bansal
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi, 110 007
- India
| | - Saurabh Pandey
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi, 110 007
- India
| | - Geeta Hundal
- Department of Chemistry
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar–143 005
- India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- Delhi, 110 007
- India
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