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Luo Y, Huang W. Base-mediated carboxylation of C-nucleophiles with CO 2. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8628-8641. [PMID: 37860946 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01367g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an available, abundant, and renewable C1 resource, which could be converted into value-added chemicals. Due to its inherent thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness, it is difficult to realize its efficient utilization. Nevertheless, many elegant strategies for the utilization of CO2 have been developed using Lewis bases, frustrated Lewis pairs, hydroxyl-containing compounds, amino-group-containing compounds or transition metal catalysis. Among them, base-mediated carboxylation of C-nucleophiles is an environmentally friendly strategy for CO2 conversion, which is operationally simple, using low-toxicity bases and economical available promoters, without the use of complex ligands or cocatalysts. This review summarizes related work on the base-mediated carboxylation of C-nucleophiles with CO2, based on the effects of nucleophiles, promoters, additives, and solvents. The types of pronucleophile are categorized as follows: hydrocarbon with C(sp3)-H, C(sp2)-H or C(sp)-H bonds, organosilanes, organotin, organoboron, and N-tosylhydrazones. Typical mechanisms and applications of these carboxylation reactions are also depicted. Moreover, mechanistic comprehension of CO2 activation and conversion at a molecular level aims to further expand the repertoire of carboxylation transformations mediated by bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China.
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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2
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Sun Y, Gao K. Aminoguanidine-Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization of o-Phenylenediamines with CO 2 in the Presence of Triethoxysilane. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37126855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
An inexpensive and efficient aminoguanidine-catalyzed reductive cyclization of o-phenylenediamines with CO2 in the presence of triethoxysilane is described. Various functionalized benzimidazoles, benzoxazole, and benzothiazole were synthesized in high yields. Mechanistic studies indicate that formic acid as a cocatalyst promotes the cyclization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Sun
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ke Gao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
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3
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Franceschi P, Rossin E, Goti G, Scopano A, Vega-Peñaloza A, Natali M, Singh D, Sartorel A, Dell'Amico L. A Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Strategy to the Redox-Neutral Photocatalytic CO 2 Fixation. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6454-6464. [PMID: 36760023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report our study on the design and development of a novel photocarboxylation method. We have used an organic photoredox catalyst (PC, 4CzIPN) and differently substituted dihydropyridines (DHPs) in combination with an organic base (1,5,7-triazabicyclodec-5-ene, TBD) to access a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) based manifold. In depth mechanistic investigations merging experimental analysis (NMR, IR, cyclic voltammetry) and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the key activity of a H-bonding complex between the DHP and the base. The thermodynamic and kinetic benefits of the PCET mechanism allowed the implementation of a redox-neutral fixation process leading to synthetically relevant carboxylic acids (18 examples with isolated yields up to 75%) under very mild reaction conditions. Finally, diverse product manipulations were performed to demonstrate the synthetic versatility of the obtained products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Franceschi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Rossin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulio Goti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Angelo Scopano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Vega-Peñaloza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Deepak Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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4
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Cavalleri M, Damiano C, Manca G, Gallo E. Protonated Porphyrins: Bifunctional Catalysts for the Metal-Free Synthesis of N-Alkyl-Oxazolidinones. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202729. [PMID: 36194105 PMCID: PMC10100137 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The protonation of commercially available porphyrin ligands yields a class of bifunctional catalysts able to promote the synthesis of N-alkyl oxazolidinones by CO2 cycloaddition to corresponding aziridines. The catalytic system does not require the presence of any Lewis base or additive, and shows interesting features both in terms of cost effectiveness and eco-compatibility. The metal-free methodology is active even with a low catalytic loading of 1 % mol, and the chemical stability of the protonated porphyrin allowed it to be recycled three times without any decrease in performance. In addition, a DFT study was performed in order to suggest how a simple protonated porphyrin can mediate CO2 cycloaddition to aziridines to yield oxazolidinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cavalleri
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MilanVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanItaly
| | - Caterina Damiano
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MilanVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanItaly
| | - Gabriele Manca
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetalliciICCOM-CNRVia Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Emma Gallo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of MilanVia C. Golgi 1920133MilanItaly
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5
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Isfeld KA, Killeen C, Konowalchuk DJ, Davis RL. Exploring the catalytic role of the guanidine TBD in carboxylative cyclizations. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5730-5734. [PMID: 35852820 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01012g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Employing a combination of mechanistic, kinetic and computational studies we have examined the mechanism of the TBD-catalyzed carboxylative cyclization of indole derivatives. Our studies provide insight into the role of the guanidine superbase TBD in catalyzing C-C bond formation between indole derivatives and CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin A Isfeld
- Chemistry Department, University of Manitoba, 360 Parker Building, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2.
| | - Charles Killeen
- Chemistry Department, University of Manitoba, 360 Parker Building, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2.
| | - Dawson J Konowalchuk
- Chemistry Department, University of Manitoba, 360 Parker Building, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2.
| | - Rebecca L Davis
- Chemistry Department, University of Manitoba, 360 Parker Building, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2.
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6
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You Y, Kanna W, Takano H, Hayashi H, Maeda S, Mita T. Electrochemical Dearomative Dicarboxylation of Heterocycles with Highly Negative Reduction Potentials. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3685-3695. [PMID: 35189683 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The dearomative dicarboxylation of stable heteroaromatics using CO2 is highly challenging but represents a very powerful method for producing synthetically useful dicarboxylic acids, which can potentially be employed as intermediates of biologically active molecules such as natural products and drug leads. However, these types of transformations are still underdeveloped, and concise methodologies with high efficiency (e.g., high yield and high selectivity for dicarboxylations) have not been reported. We herein describe a new electrochemical protocol using the CO2 radical anion (E1/2 of CO2 = -2.2 V in DMF and -2.3 V in CH3CN vs SCE) that produces unprecedented trans-oriented 2,3-dicarboxylic acids from N-Ac-, Boc-, and Ph-protected indoles that exhibit highly negative reduction potentials (-2.50 to -2.94 V). On the basis of the calculated reduction potentials, N-protected indoles with reduction potentials up to -3 V smoothly undergo the desired dicarboxylation. Other heteroaromatics, including benzofuran, benzothiophene, electron-deficient furans, thiophenes, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran, and N-Boc-pyrazole, also exhibit reduction potentials more positive than -3 V and served as effective substrates for such dicarboxylations. The dicarboxylated products thus obtained can be derivatized into useful synthetic intermediates for biologically active compounds in few steps. We also show how the dearomative monocarboxylation can be achieved selectively by choice of the electrolyte, solvent, and protic additive; this strategy was then applied to the synthesis of an octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid (Oic) derivative, which is a useful proline analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong You
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Wataru Kanna
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takano
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.,Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mita
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,JST, ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery Project, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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7
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Guanidine-Amide-Catalyzed Aza-Henry Reaction of Isatin-Derived Ketimines: Origin of Selectivity and New Catalyst Design. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071965. [PMID: 33807341 PMCID: PMC8037019 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate the mechanism and the enantioselectivity of the aza-Henry reaction of isatin-derived ketimine catalyzed by chiral guanidine–amide catalysts at the M06-2X-D3/6-311+G(d,p)//M06-2X-D3/6-31G(d,p) (toluene, SMD) theoretical level. The catalytic reaction occurred via a three-step mechanism: (i) the deprotonation of nitromethane by a chiral guanidine–amide catalyst; (ii) formation of C–C bonds; (iii) H-transfer from guanidine to ketimine, accompanied with the regeneration of the catalyst. A dual activation model was proposed, in which the protonated guanidine activated the nitronate, and the amide moiety simultaneously interacted with the ketimine substrate by intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The repulsion of CPh3 group in guanidine as well as N-Boc group in ketimine raised the Pauli repulsion energy (∆EPauli) and the strain energy (∆Estrain) of reacting species in the unfavorable si-face pathway, contributing to a high level of stereoselectivity. A new catalyst with cyclopropenimine and 1,2-diphenylethylcarbamoyl as well as sulfonamide substituent was designed. The strong basicity of cyclopropenimine moiety accelerated the activation of CH3NO2 by decreasing the energy barrier in the deprotonation step. The repulsion between the N-Boc group in ketimine and cyclohexyl group as well as chiral backbone in the new catalyst raised the energy barrier in C–C bond formation along the si-face attack pathway, leading to the formation of R-configuration product. A possible synthetic route for the new catalyst is also suggested.
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8
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Unprecedented cooperative DBU-CuCl2 catalysis for the incorporation of carbon dioxide into homopropargylic amines leading to 6-methylene-1,3-oxazin-2-ones. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Hong J, Li M, Zhang J, Sun B, Mo F. C-H Bond Carboxylation with Carbon Dioxide. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:6-39. [PMID: 30381905 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide is a nontoxic, renewable, and abundant C1 source, whereas C-H bond functionalization represents one of the most important approaches to the construction of carbon-carbon bonds and carbon-heteroatom bonds in an atom- and step-economical manner. Combining the chemical transformation of CO2 with C-H bond functionalization is of great importance in the synthesis of carboxylic acids and their derivatives. The contents of this Review are organized according to the type of C-H bond involved in carboxylation. The primary types of C-H bonds are as follows: C(sp)-H bonds of terminal alkynes, C(sp2 )-H bonds of (hetero)arenes, vinylic C(sp2 )-H bonds, the ipso-C(sp2 )-H bonds of the diazo group, aldehyde C(sp2 )-H bonds, α-C(sp3 )-H bonds of the carbonyl group, γ-C(sp3 )-H bonds of the carbonyl group, C(sp3 )-H bonds adjacent to nitrogen atoms, C(sp3 )-H bonds of o-alkyl phenyl ketones, allylic C(sp3 )-H bonds, C(sp3 )-H bonds of methane, and C(sp3 )-H bonds of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons. In addition, multicomponent reactions, tandem reactions, and key theoretical studies related to the carboxylation of C-H bonds are briefly summarized. Transition-metal-free, organocatalytic, electrochemical, and light-driven methods are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Hong
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No.5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No.5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No.5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Beiqi Sun
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No.5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Fanyang Mo
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, No.5 Yiheyuan Road Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, PR China
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10
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Wang S, Xi C. Recent advances in nucleophile-triggered CO2-incorporated cyclization leading to heterocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:382-404. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00281a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CO2, as a sustainable, feasible, abundant one-carbon synthon, has been utilized in carboxylative cyclization, carbonylative cyclization, and reductive cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Chanjuan Xi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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Cherubini-Celli A, Mateos J, Bonchio M, Dell'Amico L, Companyó X. Transition Metal-Free CO 2 Fixation into New Carbon-Carbon Bonds. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:3056-3070. [PMID: 29882632 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
CO2 is the ultimate renewable carbon source on Earth and the essential C1 building block for carbohydrate biosynthesis in photosynthetic organisms. Modern synthetic chemistry is facing the key challenge of developing fundamental transformations, such as C-C bond formation, in a sustainable and efficient manner from renewable sources. In this Minireview, the most significant methods recently reported for CO2 fixation under transition metal-free conditions are summarized, organized into three different chapters according to the nature of the chemical transformation that forges the new C-C bond. The focus is on the mechanistic aspects of the different CO2 activation modes, with specific attention to those systems that operate under catalytic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cherubini-Celli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ITM-CNR UoS of Padova, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Javier Mateos
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ITM-CNR UoS of Padova, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ITM-CNR UoS of Padova, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ITM-CNR UoS of Padova, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Xavier Companyó
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ITM-CNR UoS of Padova, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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12
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Organic Base-Catalyzed C–S Bond Construction from CO2: A New Route for the Synthesis of Benzothiazolones. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8070271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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13
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Direct Carboxylation of C(sp3)-H and C(sp2)-H Bonds with CO2 by Transition-Metal-Catalyzed and Base-Mediated Reactions. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7120380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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