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Agarwal HK, Janicek R, Chi SH, Perry JW, Niggli E, Ellis-Davies GCR. Calcium Uncaging with Visible Light. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:3687-93. [PMID: 26974387 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have designed a nitroaromatic photochemical protecting group that absorbs visible light in the violet-blue range. The chromophore is a dinitro derivative of bisstyrylthiophene (or BIST) that absorbs light very effectively (ε440 = 66,000 M(-1) cm(-1) and two-photon cross section of 350 GM at 775 nm). We developed a "caged calcium" molecule by conjugation of BIST to a Ca(2+) chelator that upon laser flash photolysis rapidly releases Ca(2+) in <0.2 ms. Using the patch-clamp method the optical probe, loaded with Ca(2+), was delivered into acutely isolated mouse cardiac myocytes, where either one- and two-photon uncaging of Ca(2+) induced highly local or cell-wide physiological Ca(2+) signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh K Agarwal
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Radoslav Janicek
- Department of Physiology, University of Bern , Bern CH 3012, Switzerland
| | - San-Hui Chi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Joseph W Perry
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ernst Niggli
- Department of Physiology, University of Bern , Bern CH 3012, Switzerland
| | - Graham C R Ellis-Davies
- Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York, New York 10029, United States
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Goody RS, Schlichting I, Pai EF. Eine neue Dimension in der Proteinkristallographie. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/nadc.19900380706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ellis-Davies GCR. Caged compounds: photorelease technology for control of cellular chemistry and physiology. Nat Methods 2007; 4:619-28. [PMID: 17664946 PMCID: PMC4207253 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 710] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Caged compounds are light-sensitive probes that functionally encapsulate biomolecules in an inactive form. Irradiation liberates the trapped molecule, permitting targeted perturbation of a biological process. Uncaging technology and fluorescence microscopy are 'optically orthogonal': the former allows control, and the latter, observation of cellular function. Used in conjunction with other technologies (for example, patch clamp and/or genetics), the light beam becomes a uniquely powerful tool to stimulate a selected biological target in space or time. Here I describe important examples of widely used caged compounds, their design features and synthesis, as well as practical details of how to use them with living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham C R Ellis-Davies
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA.
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Abstract
Several caged calciums have been synthesized since 1986, and three are commercially available: DM-nitrophen, NP-EGTA, and nitr-5. Each of these caged compounds has uniquely useful properties, making the choice of which cage to use dependent on the specific experiment (i.e., the cell type and divalent cation requirements of the experiments within purview). Significantly, methods have been developed for all three cages that permit their quantitative use inside many cell types, including those with some of the most demanding of requirements for experiments with caged calcium, namely, in relating presynaptic [Ca] to postsynaptic function. The success of such experiments using DM-nitrophen and NP-EGTA suggests that caged calcium is now a mature tool for cellular physiology and neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham C R Ellis-Davies
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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Scheidig AJ, Burmester C, Goody RS. Use of caged nucleotides to characterize unstable intermediates by X-ray crystallography. Methods Enzymol 1998; 291:251-64. [PMID: 9661153 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(98)91017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Scheidig
- Abteilung Physikalische Biochemie, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
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Veigel C, v Maydell RD, Wiegand-Steubing R, Goody R, Fink HA. The influence of ionic strength upon relaxation from rigor induced by flash photolysis of caged-ATP in skinned murine skeletal muscle fibres. Pflugers Arch 1995; 430:994-1003. [PMID: 8594553 DOI: 10.1007/bf01837414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The influence of ionic strength upon relaxation kinetics from rigor in skinned murine extensor digitorum longus (EDL) skeletal muscle fibres was examined using photolysis of caged-ATP at low Ca2+. The ionic strength was adjusted with either KMeSO3 or ethylene glycolbis-(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, dipotassium salt (K2EGTA) in the range of tau /2 = 65-215mM, or I.E. 49-194mM, where I.E. denotes ionic equivalent. Following rigor development at a tau /2 of 165-215mM (I.E. 144-194mM), the liberation of approximately 0.5mM ATP resulted in an initial 6-to 10-ms detachment phase with a decline in force of approximately 10-20% followed by a 10-to 30-ms reattachment with up to a 60% increase compared to the corresponding rigor level and a final detachment leading to complete relaxation. Interestingly, when similar ATP concentrations were liberated at lower ionic strengths between a tau /2 of 65mM and 110mM (I.E. 60-100mM), the initial detachment phase was shortened and force decreased by only approximately 5-10%, while the following reattachment phase was lengthened and led to an increased steady-state force of approximately 20-80% without final relaxation. ATP-induced detachment and subsequent reattachment were mainly determined by the currently present ionic strength and were relatively independent of the preceding rigor state which had been developed at higher or lower ionic strengths. The effects of phosphate and apyrase on the force transient suggest that reattachment of ADP- binding crossbridges may contribute to the increase in tension at high and even more at low ionic strengths. The study shows that the kinetics of initial fast relaxation and subsequent redevelopment of force following flash photolysis of similar ATP concentrations are markedly modified by the ionic strength in the narrow range of between 65mM and 215mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Veigel
- II. Institute of Physiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Schröder RR, Hofmann W, Menetret JF, Holmes KC, Goody RS. Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified muscle samples. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY REVIEWS 1992; 5:171-92. [PMID: 1730075 DOI: 10.1016/0892-0354(92)90009-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A great deal of information on the 3-dimensional structure of the protein assemblies involved in muscle contraction has been obtained using conventional transmission electron microscopy. In recent years, developments in cryo-electron microscopy have facilitated work with fully hydrated, non-chemically fixed specimens. It is shown how this technique can be used to visualize muscle sarcomere filaments in quasi-native conditions, to access hitherto inaccessible states of the crossbridge cycle, and to obtain new high resolution structural information on their 3-dimensional protein structure. A short introduction to the crossbridge cycle and its biochemically accessible states illustrates the problems amenable to studies using the electron microscope, as well as the possibilities offered by cryo-microscopy on vitrified samples. Work on vitrified cryo-sections and myosin filament suspensions demonstrates the accessibility of crossbridge states and gives implications on the gross structural features of myosin filaments. Recent studies on actin filaments and myosin (S1) decorated actin filaments provide the first high resolution data on vitrified samples. The use of photolabile nucleotide precursors allows the trapping of short lived states in the millisecond time range, thereby visualizing intermediate states of the crossbridge cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Schröder
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Department of Biophysics, Heidelberg F.R.G
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Ménétret JF, Hofmann W, Schröder RR, Rapp G, Goody RS. Time-resolved cryo-electron microscopic study of the dissociation of actomyosin induced by photolysis of photolabile nucleotides. J Mol Biol 1991; 219:139-44. [PMID: 2038049 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(91)90554-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The rapid release of a substrate or other ligand from photolabile precursors in a thin layer suspension of biological specimens followed by rapid freezing provides a method of trapping and visualizing short-lived states in a dynamic system. We demonstrate here the first successful application of this method to study the interaction of actin filaments with myosin subfragment 1 (S1) after release of nucleotides. The results obtained suggest that structural changes in actin filaments occur as a result of interaction with S1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Ménétret
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Biophysics, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Rapp G, Güth K, Maeda Y, Poole KJ, Goody RS. Time-resolved X-ray diffraction studies on stretch-activated insect flight muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 1991; 12:208-15. [PMID: 2061413 DOI: 10.1007/bf01774040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The specific feature of stretch activation of the indirect flight muscle of the tropical waterbug Lethocerus was used to correlate mechanical and structural aspects of muscle contraction. The time courses of the changes in intensities of the strongest equatorial reflections, the (10) and (20) and of the first meridional reflection at 14.5 nm-1 were monitored using synchrotron radiation as a high intensity X-ray source. The ratio of the intensities of the equatorial reflections, (I20/I10), which reflects the mass distribution within the filament lattice array, increases by about 10% relative to the Ca(2+)-activated level when a rapid stretch is imposed, compared with a 200% change seen when fibres change from the relaxed to the rigor state, while the spacing of the lattice planes decreases by about 1%. The intensity of the first meridional reflection at 14.5 nm-1 decreases by about 35% during stretch activation with a slightly faster time course than the delayed tension increase. The results suggest that the average structure of cycling crossbridges is different from that present in the rigor state.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rapp
- EMBL Outstation, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
A brief review is given on the principles and methods used to investigate structural phase transitions in phospholipid supramolecular structures. The conceptual differences of approaches close to and far from equilibrium are addressed, and the consequences in terms of the limits of interpretation for different types of methods, in particular referring to jump-relaxation and steady-state techniques, are surveyed. With the emphasis on connecting dynamic and structural information, the results obtained so far from different techniques are reviewed, and the open questions addressed. The more recent advances by millisecond time-resolved X-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation and their main results obtained for transitions triggered by IR-laser temperature jumps are summarized. As a major novel aspect in the field, the necessity of considering martensitic, diffusionless transformation mechanisms and the occurrence of intermediate structures is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Laggner
- Institut für Röntgenfeinstrukturforschung, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz
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Menetret JF, Schröder RR, Hofmann W. Cryo-electron microscopic studies of relaxed striated muscle thick filaments. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 1990; 11:1-11. [PMID: 2351744 DOI: 10.1007/bf01833321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electron micrograph images of rapidly frozen suspensions of thick filaments from four different muscle types are presented. Their optical and computer transforms are compared with images and diffraction patterns of negatively stained filaments and with X-ray data from the same muscles. We conclude that myosin head arrangement can be preserved on rapid freezing and that the images produced can be analysed by image processing techniques to give new information on thick filament structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Menetret
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Biophysics, Heidelberg, West Germany
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