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Wagener I, Jungen M, von Hörsten S, Stephan M, Schmiedl A. Postnatal morphological lung development of wild type and CD26/DPP4 deficient rat pups in dependency of LPS exposure. Ann Anat 2019; 229:151423. [PMID: 31654734 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.151423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodents are born with morphological immature lungs and an intact surfactant system. CD26/DPP4 is a multifactorial transmembrane integral type II protein, which is involved in physiological and pathophysiological processes and is already expressed during development. CD26/DPP4, called CD26 in the following, is able to enhance or dampen differently triggered inflammation. LPS exposure often used to simulate perinatal infection delays lung development. OBJECTIVE A perinatal LPS rat model was used to test the hypothesis that CD26 deficiency modulates LPS-induced retardation in morphological lung development. METHODS New born Fischer CD26 positive (CD26+) and deficient (CD26-) rats were exposed to LPS on postnatal day (day post partum, dpp) 3 and 5. Morphological parameters of lung development were determined stereologically. Lung development was analysed in 7, 10 14 and 21day old rats. RESULTS Compared to controls LPS application resulted (1) in a mild inflammation independent of the strain, (2) in significantly lower total surface and volume of alveolar septa combined with significantly higher total volume of airspaces and alveolar size on dpp 7 in both substrains. However, compared to controls in LPS treated CD26- rats significant lower values of total septal surface and volume combined with higher values of total parenchymal airspaces and alveolar size were found until the end of classical alveolarization (dpp14). In LPS treated CD26+ rat pups the retardation was abolished already on dpp 10. CONCLUSION In absence of CD26, LPS enhances the delay of morphological lung development. Morphological recovery was slower after the end of LPS exposure in CD26 deficient lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Wagener
- Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Meike Jungen
- Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Franz-Penzoldt-Centre, Experimental Therapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Michael Stephan
- Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Clinic for Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schmiedl
- Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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2
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Akram KM, Yates LL, Mongey R, Rothery S, Gaboriau DCA, Sanderson J, Hind M, Griffiths M, Dean CH. Time-lapse Imaging of Alveologenesis in Mouse Precision-cut Lung Slices. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3403. [PMID: 33654904 PMCID: PMC7853931 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveoli are the gas-exchange units of lung. The process of alveolar development, alveologenesis, is regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways that act on various cell types including alveolar type I and II epithelial cells, fibroblasts and the vascular endothelium. Dysregulated alveologenesis results in bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonates and in adults, disrupted alveolar regeneration is associated with chronic lung diseases including COPD and pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, visualizing alveologenesis is critical to understand lung homeostasis and for the development of effective therapies for incurable lung diseases. We have developed a technique to visualize alveologenesis in real-time using a combination of widefield microscopy and image deconvolution of precision-cut lung slices. Here, we describe this live imaging technique in step-by-step detail. This time-lapse imaging technique can be used to capture the dynamics of individual cells within tissue slices over a long time period (up to 16 h), with minimal loss of fluorescence or cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khondoker M. Akram
- Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laura L. Yates
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Róisín Mongey
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Rothery
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Facility for Imaging by Light Microscopy, NHLI, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David C. A. Gaboriau
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Facility for Imaging by Light Microscopy, NHLI, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Matthew Hind
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit at the Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Mark Griffiths
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Peri-Operative Medicine Department, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Charlotte H. Dean
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
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3
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Live imaging of alveologenesis in precision-cut lung slices reveals dynamic epithelial cell behaviour. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1178. [PMID: 30862802 PMCID: PMC6414680 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to alveoli, the gas-exchanging region of the lungs, is a component of many chronic and acute lung diseases. In addition, insufficient generation of alveoli results in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a disease of prematurity. Therefore visualising the process of alveolar development (alveologenesis) is critical for our understanding of lung homeostasis and for the development of treatments to repair and regenerate lung tissue. Here we show live alveologenesis, using long-term, time-lapse imaging of precision-cut lung slices. We reveal that during this process, epithelial cells are highly mobile and we identify specific cell behaviours that contribute to alveologenesis: cell clustering, hollowing and cell extension. Using the cytoskeleton inhibitors blebbistatin and cytochalasin D, we show that cell migration is a key driver of alveologenesis. This study reveals important novel information about lung biology and provides a new system in which to manipulate alveologenesis genetically and pharmacologically. The process of alveologenesis is incompletely understood, partly due to the lack of applicable real-time imaging methods. Here the authors describe the process of alveologenesis and the behaviour of epithelial cells in real-time, using widefield microscopy and image deconvolution in precision-cut lung slices, revealing the dominant role of epithelial cell migration.
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4
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Whitsett JA, Kalin TV, Xu Y, Kalinichenko VV. Building and Regenerating the Lung Cell by Cell. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:513-554. [PMID: 30427276 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique architecture of the mammalian lung is required for adaptation to air breathing at birth and thereafter. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling its morphogenesis provides the framework for understanding the pathogenesis of acute and chronic lung diseases. Recent single-cell RNA sequencing data and high-resolution imaging identify the remarkable heterogeneity of pulmonary cell types and provides cell selective gene expression underlying lung development. We will address fundamental issues related to the diversity of pulmonary cells, to the formation and function of the mammalian lung, and will review recent advances regarding the cellular and molecular pathways involved in lung organogenesis. What cells form the lung in the early embryo? How are cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation regulated during lung morphogenesis? How do cells interact during lung formation and repair? How do signaling and transcriptional programs determine cell-cell interactions necessary for lung morphogenesis and function?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Tanya V Kalin
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yan Xu
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Vladimir V Kalinichenko
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio
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5
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Reicherzer T, Häffner S, Shahzad T, Gronbach J, Mysliwietz J, Hübener C, Hasbargen U, Gertheiss J, Schulze A, Bellusci S, Morty RE, Hilgendorff A, Ehrhardt H. Activation of the NF-κB pathway alters the phenotype of MSCs in the tracheal aspirates of preterm infants with severe BPD. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L87-L101. [PMID: 29644893 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00505.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are released into the airways of preterm infants following lung injury. These cells display a proinflammatory phenotype and are associated with development of severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We aimed to characterize the functional properties of MSCs obtained from tracheal aspirates of 50 preterm infants who required invasive ventilation. Samples were separated by disease severity. The increased proliferative capacity of MSCs was associated with longer duration of mechanical ventilation and higher severity of BPD. Augmented growth depended on nuclear accumulation of NFκBp65 and was accompanied by reduced expression of cytosolic α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). The central role of NF-κB signaling was confirmed by inhibition of IκBα phosphorylation. The combined score of proliferative capacity, accumulation of NFκBp65, and expression of α-SMA was used to predict the development of severe BPD with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.847. We mimicked the clinical situation in vitro, and stimulated MSCs with IL-1β and TNF-α. Both cytokines induced similar and persistent changes as was observed in MSCs obtained from preterm infants with severe BPD. RNA interference was employed to investigate the mechanistic link between NFκBp65 accumulation and alterations in phenotype. Our data indicate that determining the phenotype of resident pulmonary MSCs represents a promising biomarker-based approach. The persistent alterations in phenotype, observed in MSCs from preterm infants with severe BPD, were induced by the pulmonary inflammatory response. NFκBp65 accumulation was identified as a central regulatory mechanism. Future preclinical and clinical studies, aimed to prevent BPD, should focus on phenotype changes in pulmonary MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Reicherzer
- Division of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Perinatal Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Campus Grosshadern, Munich , Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Asklepios Hospital, and Helmholtz Center Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Susanne Häffner
- Division of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Perinatal Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Campus Grosshadern, Munich , Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Asklepios Hospital, and Helmholtz Center Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Tayyab Shahzad
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Justus-Liebig-University and Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL) , Giessen , Germany
| | - Judith Gronbach
- Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Justus-Liebig-University and Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL) , Giessen , Germany
| | - Josef Mysliwietz
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Christoph Hübener
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatal Center, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich , Germany
| | - Uwe Hasbargen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perinatal Center, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich , Germany
| | - Jan Gertheiss
- Institute of Applied Stochastics and Operations Research, Research Group Applied Statistics, Clausthal University of Technology , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
| | - Andreas Schulze
- Division of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Perinatal Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Campus Grosshadern, Munich , Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine II , Giessen , Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Lung Center (DZL) , Bad Nauheim , Germany
| | - Anne Hilgendorff
- Division of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Perinatal Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Campus Grosshadern, Munich , Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Asklepios Hospital, and Helmholtz Center Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Harald Ehrhardt
- Division of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Perinatal Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Campus Grosshadern, Munich , Germany.,Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Justus-Liebig-University and Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL) , Giessen , Germany
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6
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Gouveia L, Betsholtz C, Andrae J. PDGF-A signaling is required for secondary alveolar septation and controls epithelial proliferation in the developing lung. Development 2018; 145:145/7/dev161976. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.161976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGF-A) signaling through PDGF receptor α is essential for alveogenesis. Previous studies have shown that Pdgfa−/− mouse lungs have enlarged alveolar airspace with absence of secondary septation, both distinctive features of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. To study how PDGF-A signaling is involved in alveogenesis, we generated lung-specific Pdgfa knockout mice (Pdgfafl/−; Spc-cre) and characterized their phenotype postnatally. Histological differences between mutant mice and littermate controls were visible after the onset of alveogenesis and maintained until adulthood. Additionally, we generated Pdgfafl/−; Spc-cre; PdgfraGFP/+ mice in which Pdgfra+ cells exhibit nuclear GFP expression. In the absence of PDGF-A, the number of PdgfraGFP+ cells was significantly decreased. In addition, proliferation of PdgfraGFP+ cells was reduced. During alveogenesis, PdgfraGFP+ myofibroblasts failed to form the α-smooth muscle actin rings necessary for alveolar secondary septation. These results indicate that PDGF-A signaling is involved in myofibroblast proliferation and migration. In addition, we show an increase in both the number and proliferation of alveolar type II cells in Pdgfafl/−; Spc-cre lungs, suggesting that the increased alveolar airspace is not caused solely by deficient myofibroblast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Gouveia
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Karolinska Institute, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Johanna Andrae
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Medal RM, Im AM, Yamamoto Y, Lakhdari O, Blackwell TS, Hoffman HM, Sahoo D, Prince LS. The innate immune response in fetal lung mesenchymal cells targets VEGFR2 expression and activity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L861-L872. [PMID: 28336813 PMCID: PMC5495951 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00554.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In preterm infants, soluble inflammatory mediators target lung mesenchymal cells, disrupting airway and alveolar morphogenesis. However, how mesenchymal cells respond directly to microbial stimuli remains poorly characterized. Our objective was to measure the genome-wide innate immune response in fetal lung mesenchymal cells exposed to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). With the use of Affymetrix MoGene 1.0st arrays, we showed that LPS induced expression of unique innate immune transcripts heavily weighted toward CC and CXC family chemokines. The transcriptional response was different between cells from E11, E15, and E18 mouse lungs. In all cells tested, LPS inhibited expression of a small core group of genes including the VEGF receptor Vegfr2 Although best characterized in vascular endothelial populations, we demonstrated here that fetal mouse lung mesenchymal cells express Vegfr2 and respond to VEGF-A stimulation. In mesenchymal cells, VEGF-A increased cell migration, activated the ERK/AKT pathway, and promoted FOXO3A nuclear exclusion. With the use of an experimental coculture model of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, we also showed that VEGFR2 inhibition prevented formation of three-dimensional structures. Both LPS and tyrosine kinase inhibition reduced three-dimensional structure formation. Our data suggest a novel mechanism for inflammation-mediated defects in lung development involving reduced VEGF signaling in lung mesenchyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Medal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; and
| | - Amanda M Im
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Developmental and Cell Biology, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yasutoshi Yamamoto
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Developmental and Cell Biology, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Omar Lakhdari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; and
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Developmental and Cell Biology, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hal M Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; and
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; and
| | - Lawrence S Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; and
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8
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Sucre JMS, Wilkinson D, Vijayaraj P, Paul M, Dunn B, Alva-Ornelas JA, Gomperts BN. A three-dimensional human model of the fibroblast activation that accompanies bronchopulmonary dysplasia identifies Notch-mediated pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L889-98. [PMID: 26968771 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00446.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a leading complication of premature birth and occurs primarily in infants delivered during the saccular stage of lung development. Histopathology shows decreased alveolarization and a pattern of fibroblast proliferation and differentiation to the myofibroblast phenotype. Little is known about the molecular pathways and cellular mechanisms that define BPD pathophysiology and progression. We have developed a novel three-dimensional human model of the fibroblast activation associated with BPD, and using this model we have identified the Notch pathway as a key driver of fibroblast activation and proliferation in response to changes in oxygen. Fetal lung fibroblasts were cultured on sodium alginate beads to generate lung organoids. After exposure to alternating hypoxia and hyperoxia, the organoids developed a phenotypic response characterized by increased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and other genes known to be upregulated in BPD and also demonstrated increased expression of downstream effectors of the Notch pathway. Inhibition of Notch with a γ-secretase inhibitor prevented the development of the pattern of cellular proliferation and α-SMA expression in our model. Analysis of human autopsy tissue from the lungs of infants who expired with BPD demonstrated evidence of Notch activation within fibrotic areas of the alveolar septae, suggesting that Notch may be a key driver of BPD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M S Sucre
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dan Wilkinson
- UCLA Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Preethi Vijayaraj
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Manash Paul
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bruce Dunn
- UCLA Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jackelyn A Alva-Ornelas
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brigitte N Gomperts
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Pulmonary Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California; and Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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9
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Ahlfeld SK, Wang J, Gao Y, Snider P, Conway SJ. Initial Suppression of Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling and Loss of TGFBI Causes Early Alveolar Structural Defects Resulting in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:777-93. [PMID: 26878215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Septation of the gas-exchange saccules of the morphologically immature mouse lung requires regulated timing, spatial direction, and dosage of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling. We found that neonatal hyperoxia acutely initially diminished saccular TGF-β signaling coincident with alveolar simplification. However, sustained hyperoxia resulted in a biphasic response and subsequent up-regulation of TGF-β signaling, ultimately resulting in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Significantly, we found that the TGF-β-induced matricellular protein (TGFBI) was similarly biphasically altered in response to hyperoxia. Moreover, genetic ablation revealed that TGFBI was required for normal alveolar structure and function. Although the phenotype was not neonatal lethal, Tgfbi-deficient lungs were morphologically abnormal. Mutant septal tips were stunted, lacked elastin-positive tips, exhibited reduced proliferation, and contained abnormally persistent alveolar α-smooth muscle actin myofibroblasts. In addition, Tgfbi-deficient lungs misexpressed TGF-β-responsive follistatin and serpine 1, and transiently suppressed myofibroblast platelet-derived growth factor α differentiation marker. Finally, despite normal lung volume, Tgfbi-null lungs displayed diminished elastic recoil and gas exchange efficiency. Combined, these data demonstrate that initial suppression of the TGF-β signaling apparatus, as well as loss of key TGF-β effectors (like TGFBI), underlies early alveolar structural defects, as well as long-lasting functional deficits routinely observed in chronic lung disease of infancy patients. These studies underline the complex (and often contradictory) role of TGF-β and indicate a need to design studies to associate alterations with initial appearance of phenotypical changes suggestive of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn K Ahlfeld
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jian Wang
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yong Gao
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Paige Snider
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Simon J Conway
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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10
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Vuckovic A, Herber-Jonat S, Flemmer AW, Strizek B, Engels AC, Jani JC. Antenatal BAY 41-2272 reduces pulmonary hypertension in the rabbit model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L658-69. [PMID: 26873974 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00178.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) fail to adapt at birth because of persistent pulmonary hypertension (PH), a condition characterized by excessive muscularization and abnormal vasoreactivity of pulmonary vessels. Activation of soluble guanylate cyclase by BAY 41-2272 prevents pulmonary vascular remodeling in neonatal rats with hypoxia-induced PH. By analogy, we hypothesized that prenatal administration of BAY 41-2272 would improve features of PH in the rabbit CDH model. Rabbit fetuses with surgically induced CDH at day 23 of gestation were randomized at day 28 for an intratracheal injection of BAY 41-2272 or vehicle. After term delivery (day 31), lung mechanics, right ventricular pressure, and serum NH2-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were measured. After euthanasia, lungs were processed for biological or histological analyses. Compared with untouched fetuses, the surgical creation of CDH reduced the lung-to-body weight ratio, increased mean terminal bronchial density, and impaired lung mechanics. Typical characteristics of PH were found in the hypoplastic lungs, including increased right ventricular pressure, higher serum NT-proBNP levels, thickened adventitial and medial layers of pulmonary arteries, reduced capillary density, and lower levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. A single antenatal instillation of BAY 41-2272 reduced mean right ventricular pressure and medial thickness of small resistive arteries in CDH fetuses. Capillary density, endothelial cell proliferation, and transcripts of endothelial nitric oxide synthase increased, whereas airway morphometry, lung growth, and mechanics remained unchanged. These results suggest that pharmacological activation of soluble guanylate cyclase may provide a new approach to the prenatal treatment of PH associated with CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Vuckovic
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Susanne Herber-Jonat
- Division of Neonatology, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Perinatal Center Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Andreas W Flemmer
- Division of Neonatology, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Perinatal Center Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Brigitte Strizek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexander C Engels
- Division of Neonatology, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Perinatal Center Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Jacques C Jani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Mižíková I, Morty RE. The Extracellular Matrix in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Target and Source. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:91. [PMID: 26779482 PMCID: PMC4688343 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common complication of preterm birth that contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care units. BPD results from life-saving interventions, such as mechanical ventilation and oxygen supplementation used to manage preterm infants with acute respiratory failure, which may be complicated by pulmonary infection. The pathogenic pathways driving BPD are not well-delineated but include disturbances to the coordinated action of gene expression, cell-cell communication, physical forces, and cell interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM), which together guide normal lung development. Efforts to further delineate these pathways have been assisted by the use of animal models of BPD, which rely on infection, injurious mechanical ventilation, or oxygen supplementation, where histopathological features of BPD can be mimicked. Notable among these are perturbations to ECM structures, namely, the organization of the elastin and collagen networks in the developing lung. Dysregulated collagen deposition and disturbed elastin fiber organization are pathological hallmarks of clinical and experimental BPD. Strides have been made in understanding the disturbances to ECM production in the developing lung, but much still remains to be discovered about how ECM maturation and turnover are dysregulated in aberrantly developing lungs. This review aims to inform the reader about the state-of-the-art concerning the ECM in BPD, to highlight the gaps in our knowledge and current controversies, and to suggest directions for future work in this exciting and complex area of lung development (patho)biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Mižíková
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
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Silva DMG, Nardiello C, Pozarska A, Morty RE. Recent advances in the mechanisms of lung alveolarization and the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1239-72. [PMID: 26361876 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00268.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolarization is the process by which the alveoli, the principal gas exchange units of the lung, are formed. Along with the maturation of the pulmonary vasculature, alveolarization is the objective of late lung development. The terminal airspaces that were formed during early lung development are divided by the process of secondary septation, progressively generating an increasing number of alveoli that are of smaller size, which substantially increases the surface area over which gas exchange can take place. Disturbances to alveolarization occur in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which can be complicated by perturbations to the pulmonary vasculature that are associated with the development of pulmonary hypertension. Disturbances to lung development may also occur in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in term newborn infants, as well as in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. These disturbances can lead to the formation of lungs with fewer and larger alveoli and a dysmorphic pulmonary vasculature. Consequently, affected lungs exhibit a reduced capacity for gas exchange, with important implications for morbidity and mortality in the immediate postnatal period and respiratory health consequences that may persist into adulthood. It is the objective of this Perspectives article to update the reader about recent developments in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of alveolarization and the pathogenesis of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo M G Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Claudio Nardiello
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Pozarska
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Ruiz-Camp J, Morty RE. Divergent fibroblast growth factor signaling pathways in lung fibroblast subsets: where do we go from here? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L751-5. [PMID: 26342090 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00298.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung fibroblasts play a key role in postnatal lung development, namely, the formation of the alveolar gas exchange units, through the process of secondary septation. Although evidence initially highlighted roles for fibroblasts in the production and remodeling of the lung extracellular matrix, more recent studies have described the presence of different fibroblast subsets in the developing lung. These subsets include myofibroblasts and lipofibroblasts and their precursors. These cells are believed to play different roles in alveologenesis and are localized to different regions of the developing septa. The precise roles played by these different fibroblast subsets remain unclear. Understanding the signaling pathways that control the discrete functions of these fibroblast subsets would help to clarify the roles and the regulation of lung fibroblasts during lung development. Here, we critically evaluate a recent report that described divergent fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways in two different subsets of lung fibroblasts that express different levels of green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α promoter. The GFP expression was used as a surrogate for lipofibroblasts (GFP(low)) and myofibroblasts (GFP(high)). It was suggested that Fgf10/Fgf1 and Fgf18/Fgfr3 autocrine pathways may be operative in GFP(low) and GFP(high) cells, respectively, and that these pathways might regulate the proliferation and migration of different fibroblast subsets during alveologenesis. These observations lay important groundwork for the further exploration of FGF function during normal lung development, as well as in aberrant lung development associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ruiz-Camp
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany; and Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
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Möbius MA, Thébaud B. Stem Cells and Their Mediators - Next Generation Therapy for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:50. [PMID: 26284246 PMCID: PMC4520239 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains a major complication of premature birth. Despite great achievements in perinatal medicine over the past decades, there is no treatment for BPD. Recent insights into the biology of stem/progenitor cells have ignited the hope of regenerating damaged organs. Animal experiments revealed promising lung protection/regeneration with stem/progenitor cells in experimental models of BPD and led to first clinical studies in infants. However, these therapies are still experimental and knowledge on the exact mechanisms of action of these cells is limited. Furthermore, heterogeneity of the therapeutic cell populations and missing potency assays currently limit our ability to predict a cell product’s efficacy. Here, we review the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal, endothelial progenitor, and amniotic epithelial cells for BPD. Current knowledge on the mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of stem cells is briefly summarized. Finally, we discuss the obstacles constraining their transition from bench-to-bedside and present potential approaches to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius A Möbius
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany ; DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany ; Regenerative Medicine Program, Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Bernard Thébaud
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada ; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON , Canada
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Abman SH, Conway SJ. Developmental determinants and changing patterns of respiratory outcomes after preterm birth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:127-33. [PMID: 24659395 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Abman
- Pediatric Heart Lung Center, Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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