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Mehta R, Wenndt AJ. Mycotoxins and bone growth: a review of the literature on associations between xenobiotic exposure and bone growth and development. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae032. [PMID: 38578611 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that are known to be associated with linear growth faltering because of their impact on inflammation, intestinal damage, inhibition of protein synthesis, and micronutrient absorption. In this narrative review, we aim to extend this analysis to further explore associations between mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes including deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, and fumonisins) and long-bone growth, particularly during the saltatory periods of development. Linear growth is a direct function of skeletal development and long-bone growth. We therefore explored biological pathways and mechanisms of impact of these toxins in both animal and human studies, in addition to the epidemiology literature (post-2020). Given what is known of the effects of individual and combinations of mycotoxins based on the animal literature, we have identified a need for further research and examination of how these toxins and exposures may be studied in humans to elucidate the downstream impact on bone-related biomarkers and anthropometric indices used to identify and predict stunting in population-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukshan Mehta
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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2
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Francis S, Kortei NK, Sackey M, Richard SA. Aflatoxin B 1 induces infertility, fetal deformities, and potential therapies. Open Med (Wars) 2024; 19:20240907. [PMID: 38283584 PMCID: PMC10818061 DOI: 10.1515/med-2024-0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a subsidiary poisonous metabolite, archetypally spawned by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, which are often isolated in warm or tropical countries across the world. AFB1 is capable of disrupting the functioning of several reproductive endocrine glands by interrupting the enzymes and their substrates that are liable for the synthesis of various hormones in both males and females. In men, AFB1 is capable of hindering testicular development, testicular degeneration, and reduces reproductive capabilities. In women, a direct antagonistic interaction of AFB1 with steroid hormone receptors influencing gonadal hormone production of estrogen and progesterone was responsible for AFB1-associated infertility. AFB1 is potentially teratogenic and is responsible for the development of malformation in humans and animals. Soft-tissue anomalies such as internal hydrocephalus, microphthalmia, cardiac defects, augmented liver lobes, reproductive changes, immune modifications, behavioral changes and predisposition of animals and humans to neoplasm development are AFB1-associated anomalies. Substances such as esculin, selenium, gynandra extract, vitamins C and E, oltipraz, and CDDO-Im are potential therapies for AFB1. Thus, this review elucidates the pivotal pathogenic roles of AFB1 in infertility, fetal deformities, and potential therapies because AFB1 toxicity is a key problem globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sullibie Francis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ho Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box MA-374, Ho, Ghana
| | - Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Marian Sackey
- Department of Pharmacy, Ho Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box MA-374, Ho, Ghana
| | - Seidu A. Richard
- Department of Medicine, Princefield University, P. O. Box MA128, Ho, Ghana
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3
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Zhao Y, Zeng R, Wang Q, Chen P, Liu X, Wang X. Aflatoxin B 1 and sterigmatocystin: method development and occurrence in tea. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2021; 15:31-37. [PMID: 34596493 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2021.1984316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tea is one of the most popular beverage in the world and may be contaminated by fungi and mycotoxins during processing. To analyse aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and sterigmatocystin (STC) in three types of tea, a simple, fast, sensitive and reliable method of these two myxotoxins was developed. Recoveries obtained ranged from 95.9% to 118.0% and the RSDs were between 0.3% and 11.2%. The range of LODs was 0.2-0.45 µg/kg for AFB1 and 0.04-0.12 µg/kg for STC. The range of LOQs was 0.67-1.73 µg/kg for AFB1 and 0.13-0.40 µg/kg for STC. The optimised procedure was applied to analyse 126 tea samples randomly collected from different markets in China. AFB1 was not detected, but STC was determined in 17 samples with concentrations ranging from 0.13 to 4.48 µg/kg. The detection rate of STC was 5%, 8.9% and 33.3% in black tea, green tea and Oolong tea, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-product (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-product (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiongshan Wang
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peirong Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-product (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangxiang Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-product (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-product (Guangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Chen J, Wei Z, Wang Y, Long M, Wu W, Kuca K. Fumonisin B 1: Mechanisms of toxicity and biological detoxification progress in animals. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149:111977. [PMID: 33428988 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.111977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by the Fusarium molds that can contaminate food and feed. It has been found that FB1 can cause systemic toxicity, including neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and mammalian cytotoxicity. This review addresses the toxicity studies carried out on FB1 and outlines the probable mechanisms underlying its immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, joint toxicity, apoptosis, and autophagy. In the present work, the research progress of FB1 detoxification in recent years is reviewed, which provides reference for controlling and reducing the toxicity of FB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Zhen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Wenda Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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5
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Lauer JM, Natamba BK, Ghosh S, Webb P, Wang JS, Griffiths JK. Aflatoxin exposure in pregnant women of mixed status of human immunodeficiency virus infection and rate of gestational weight gain: a Ugandan cohort study. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25:1145-1154. [PMID: 32623795 PMCID: PMC7539974 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To examine the association between aflatoxin (AF) exposure during pregnancy and rate of gestational weight gain (GWG) in a sample of pregnant women of mixed HIV status in Gulu, northern Uganda. Methods 403 pregnant women were included (133 HIV‐infected on antiretroviral therapy (ART), 270 HIV‐uninfected). Women’s weight, height and socio‐demographic characteristics were collected at baseline (~19 weeks’ gestation); weight was assessed at each follow‐up visit. Serum was collected at baseline and tested for aflatoxin B1‐lysine adduct (AFB‐lys) levels using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Linear mixed‐effects models were used to examine the association between AFB‐lys levels and rate of GWG. Results AFB‐lys levels (detected in 98.3% of samples) were higher among HIV‐infected pregnant women than HIV‐uninfected pregnant women [median (interquartile range): 4.8 (2.0, 15.0) vs. 3.5 (1.6, 6.1) pg/mg of albumin, P < 0.0001]. Adjusting for HIV status, a one‐log increase in aflatoxin levels was associated with a 16.2 g per week lower rate of GWG (P = 0.028). The association between AFB‐lys and the rate of GWG was stronger and significant only among HIV‐infected women on ART [−25.7 g per week per log (AFB‐lys), P = 0.009 for HIV‐infected women vs. −7.5 g per week per log (AFB‐lys), P = 0.422 for HIV‐uninfected women]. Conclusions Pregnant women with higher levels of AF exposure had lower rates of GWG. The association was stronger for HIV‐infected women on ART, suggesting increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Lauer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barnabas K Natamba
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Noncommunicable Diseases Theme, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Shibani Ghosh
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Webb
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Nutrition, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Griffiths
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Sarron E, Pérot M, Barbezier N, Delayre-Orthez C, Gay-Quéheillard J, Anton PM. Early exposure to food contaminants reshapes maturation of the human brain-gut-microbiota axis. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:3145-3169. [PMID: 32684732 PMCID: PMC7336325 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i23.3145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood growth and development is conditioned by the consecutive events belonging to perinatal programming. This critical window of life will be very sensitive to any event altering programming of the main body functions. Programming of gut function, which is starting right after conception, relates to a very well-established series of cellular and molecular events associating all types of cells present in this organ, including neurons, endocrine and immune cells. At birth, this machinery continues to settle with the establishment of extra connection between enteric and other systemic systems and is partially under the control of gut microbiota activity, itself being under the densification and the diversification of microorganisms' population. As thus, any environmental factor interfering on this pre-established program may have a strong incidence on body functions. For all these reasons, pregnant women, fetuses and infants will be particularly susceptible to environmental factors and especially food contaminants. In this review, we will summarize the actual understanding of the consequences of repeated low-level exposure to major food contaminants on gut homeostasis settlement and on brain/gut axis communication considering the pivotal role played by the gut microbiota during the fetal and postnatal stages and the presumed consequences of these food toxicants on the individuals especially in relation with the risks of developing later in life non-communicable chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Sarron
- Transformations and Agroressources (EA 7519), Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, Beauvais 60026, France
| | - Maxime Pérot
- Transformations and Agroressources (EA 7519), Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, Beauvais 60026, France
| | - Nicolas Barbezier
- Transformations and Agroressources (EA 7519), Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, Beauvais 60026, France
| | - Carine Delayre-Orthez
- Transformations and Agroressources (EA 7519), Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, Beauvais 60026, France
| | - Jérôme Gay-Quéheillard
- Périnatalité et risques Toxiques, UMR-I-01, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens 80000, France
| | - Pauline M Anton
- Transformations and Agroressources (EA 7519), Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, Beauvais 60026, France
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7
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Wu TS, Lin YT, Huang YT, Yu FY, Liu BH. Ochratoxin A triggered intracerebral hemorrhage in embryonic zebrafish: Involvement of microRNA-731 and prolactin receptor. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125143. [PMID: 31675585 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin widely found in foodstuffs, reportedly damages multiple brain regions in developing rodents, but the corresponding mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this study, zebrafish embryos at 6 h post fertilization (hpf) were exposed to various concentrations of OTA and the phenomenon associated with intracerebral hemorrhage was observed at 72 hpf. Exposure of embryos to OTA significantly increased their hemorrhagic rate in a dose-dependent manner. Large numbers of extravagated erythrocytes were observed in the midbrain/hindbrain areas of Tg(fli-1a:EGFP; gata1:DsRed) embryos following exposure to OTA. OTA also disrupted the vascular patterning, especially the arch-shaped central arteries (CtAs), in treated embryos. Histological analysis revealed a cavity-like pattern in their hindbrain ventricles, implying the possibility of cerebral edema. OTA-induced intracerebral hemorrhage and CtA vessel defects were partially reversed by the presence of miR-731 antagomir or the overexpression of prolactin receptor a (prlra); prlra is a downstream target of miR-731. These results suggest that exposure to OTA has a negative effect on cerebral vasculature development by interfering with the miR-731/PRLR axis in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Shuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Lin
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Tzu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yih Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Biing-Hui Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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8
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Rager JE, Bangma J, Carberry C, Chao A, Grossman J, Lu K, Manuck TA, Sobus JR, Szilagyi J, Fry RC. Review of the environmental prenatal exposome and its relationship to maternal and fetal health. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 98:1-12. [PMID: 32061676 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental chemicals comprise a major portion of the human exposome, with some shown to impact the health of susceptible populations, including pregnant women and developing fetuses. The placenta and cord blood serve as important biological windows into the maternal and fetal environments. In this article we review how environmental chemicals (defined here to include man-made chemicals [e.g., flame retardants, pesticides/herbicides, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances], toxins, metals, and other xenobiotic compounds) contribute to the prenatal exposome and highlight future directions to advance this research field. Our findings from a survey of recent literature indicate the need to better understand the breadth of environmental chemicals that reach the placenta and cord blood, as well as the linkages between prenatal exposures, mechanisms of toxicity, and subsequent health outcomes. Research efforts tailored towards addressing these needs will provide a more comprehensive understanding of how environmental chemicals impact maternal and fetal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Rager
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; The Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Curriculum in Toxicology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Jacqueline Bangma
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Celeste Carberry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alex Chao
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Participant, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Curriculum in Toxicology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tracy A Manuck
- The Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jon R Sobus
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - John Szilagyi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; The Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Curriculum in Toxicology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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9
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Benkerroum N. Chronic and Acute Toxicities of Aflatoxins: Mechanisms of Action. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E423. [PMID: 31936320 PMCID: PMC7013914 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There are presently more than 18 known aflatoxins most of which have been insufficiently studied for their incidence, health-risk, and mechanisms of toxicity to allow effective intervention and control means that would significantly and sustainably reduce their incidence and adverse effects on health and economy. Among these, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been by far the most studied; yet, many aspects of the range and mechanisms of the diseases it causes remain to be elucidated. Its mutagenicity, tumorigenicity, and carcinogenicity-which are the best known-still suffer from limitations regarding the relative contribution of the oxidative stress and the reactive epoxide derivative (Aflatoxin-exo 8,9-epoxide) in the induction of the diseases, as well as its metabolic and synthesis pathways. Additionally, despite the well-established additive effects for carcinogenicity between AFB1 and other risk factors, e.g., hepatitis viruses B and C, and the hepatotoxic algal microcystins, the mechanisms of this synergy remain unclear. This study reviews the most recent advances in the field of the mechanisms of toxicity of aflatoxins and the adverse health effects that they cause in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreddine Benkerroum
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry MacDonald Campus, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
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10
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Alsayyah A, ElMazoudy R, Al-Namshan M, Al-Jafary M, Alaqeel N. Chronic neurodegeneration by aflatoxin B1 depends on alterations of brain enzyme activity and immunoexpression of astrocyte in male rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109407. [PMID: 31279280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 poses the greatest risk among the mycotoxins to target-organisms particularly human, however, no studies addressed the neurotoxicity of chronic exposure of aflatoxin. The oral dose level 1/600th of LD50 for 30, 60, and 90 days was used for three aflatoxin groups, respective to negative and vehicle control groups. Activity levels of brain antioxidants viz: superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase significantly decreased in the three experimental durations in time-dependent trend, in contrast, lipid peroxidation showed a significant increase compared to controls. Significantly, chronic-dependent increase trend was noticed in the AF60 and AF90 group for acid phosphatase (16.1%, 35.2%), alkaline phosphatase (32.1%, 50.8%), aspartate aminotransferase (38.7%, 120.0%) and lactate dehydrogenase (30.6%, 42.1%) activities, respectively. However, a significant 23.7% decrease in the brain creatine kinase activity following 90 days of AFB1administration. Chronic administration of aflatoxin also causes alterations in activities of protein carbonyl with a maximum increase (twofold) after 90 days. Further, histopathological and immunohistochemical results confirmed time-related vasodilation, necrosis and astrocytes gliosis by high glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostaining in response to AFB1. These findings infer that long-term exposure to AFB1 results in several pathophysiological circumstances in a duration-dependent manner concerning neurodegeneration especially Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alsayyah
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box.2208, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda ElMazoudy
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box.1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia; Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mashael Al-Namshan
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box.1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia; Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meneerah Al-Jafary
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box.1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia; Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alaqeel
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box.1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia; Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Huang CH, Wang FT, Chan WH. Prevention of ochratoxin A-induced oxidative stress-mediated apoptotic processes and impairment of embryonic development in mouse blastocysts by liquiritigenin. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:573-584. [PMID: 30698892 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin constituent of a range of food commodities, including coffee, wine, beer, grains, and spices, exerts toxicological and pathological effects in vivo, such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. In a previous report, we highlighted the potential of OTA to induce apoptosis via reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in mouse blastocysts that led to impaired preimplantation and postimplantation embryo development in vitro and in vivo. Here, we have shown that liquiritigenin (LQ), a type of flavonoid isolated from Glycyrrhiza radix, effectively protects against OTA-mediated apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation in mouse blastocysts. Preincubation of blastocysts with LQ clearly prevented OTA-triggered impairment of preimplantation and postimplantation embryonic development and fetal weight loss, both in vitro and in vivo. Detailed investigation of regulatory mechanisms revealed that OTA mediated apoptosis and embryotoxicity through ROS generation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, which were effectively prevented by LQ. The embryotoxic effects of OTA were further validated in an animal model in vivo. Intravenous injection of dams with OTA (3 mg/kg/day) led to apoptosis of blastocysts, impairment of embryonic development from zygote to blastocyst stage and decrease in day 18 fetal weight. Notably, preinjection of dams with LQ (5 mg/kg/day) effectively prevented OTA-induced apoptosis and toxic effects on embryo development. Our collective results clearly demonstrate that OTA exposure via injection has the potential to damage preimplantation and postimplantation embryonic development against which LQ has a protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsun Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Ting Wang
- Rehabilitation and Technical Aid Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiung Chan
- Department of Bioscience Technology and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
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12
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TiO 2 nanoparticles induce omphalocele in chicken embryo by disrupting Wnt signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4756. [PMID: 29555972 PMCID: PMC5859020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are among abundantly used metal oxide NPs but their interactions with biomolecules and subsequent embryonic toxicity in higher vertebrates is not extensively reported. Physicochemical interactions of TiO2 NPs with egg albumen reveals that lower doses of TiO2 NPs (10 and 25 µg/ml) accounted for higher friccohesity and activation energy but an increment in molecular radii was recorded at higher doses (50 and 100 µg/ml). FTIR analysis revealed conformational changes in secondary structure of egg albumen as a result of electrostratic interactions between egg albumen and TiO2 NPs. The morphometric data of chicken embryo recorded a reduction at all the doses of TiO2 NPs, but toxicity and developmental deformity (omphalocele and flexed limbs) were recorded at lower doses only. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) confirmed presence of Ti in chicken embryos. mRNA levels of genes involved in canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling were lowered following TiO2 NPs treatment resulting in free radical mediated disruption of lateral plate mesoderm and somite myogenesis. Conformational changes in egg albumen and subsequent developmental deformity in chicken embryo following TiO2 NPs treatment warrants detailed studies of NP toxicity at lower doses prior to their biomedical applications.
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Bogen KT. Linear-No-Threshold Default Assumptions are Unwarranted for Cytotoxic Endpoints Independently Triggered by Ultrasensitive Molecular Switches. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2017; 37:1808-1816. [PMID: 28437864 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Crump's response in this issue to my critique of linear-no-threshold (LNT) default assumptions for noncancer and nongenotoxic cancer risks (Risk Analysis 2016; 36(3):589-604) is rebutted herein. Crump maintains that distinguishing between a low-dose linear dose response and a threshold dose response on the basis of dose-response data is impossible even for endpoints involving increased cytotoxicity. My rebuttal relies on descriptions and specific illustrations of two well-characterized ultrasensitive molecular switches that govern two key cytoprotective responses to cellular stress-heat shock response and antioxidant response element activation, respectively-each of which serve to suppress stress-induced apoptotic cell death unless overwhelmed. Because detailed dose-response data for each endpoint is shown to be J- or inverted-J-shaped with high confidence, and because independent pathways can explain background rates of apoptosis, LNT assumptions for this cytotoxic endpoint are unwarranted, at least in some cases and perhaps generally.
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Elsayed MAE, Hatab MH, Elaroussi MA. Toxic Effects of Ochratoxin A on Calcium Metabolism during Chick Embryo Developmentand in Hatched Chicks. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lee HJ, Ryu D. Worldwide Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Cereals and Cereal-Derived Food Products: Public Health Perspectives of Their Co-occurrence. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7034-7051. [PMID: 27976878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grains and their processed food products are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins. Among many, five major mycotoxins of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone are of significant public health concern as they can cause adverse effects in humans. Being airborne or soilborne, the cosmopolitan nature of mycotoxigenic fungi contribute to the worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins. On the basis of the global occurrence data reported during the past 10 years, the incidences and maximum levels in raw cereal grains were 55% and 1642 μg/kg for aflatoxins, 29% and 1164 μg/kg for ochratoxin A, 61% and 71,121 μg/kg for fumonisins, 58% and 41,157 μg/kg, for deoxynivalenol, and 46% and 3049 μg/kg for zearalenone. The concentrations of mycotoxins tend to be lower in processed food products; the incidences varied depending on the individual mycotoxins, possibly due to the varying stability during processing and distribution of mycotoxins. It should be noted that more than one mycotoxin, produced by a single or several fungal species, may occur in various combinations in a given sample or food. Most studies reported additive or synergistic effects, suggesting that these mixtures may pose a significant threat to public health, particularly to infants and young children. Therefore, information on the co-occurrence of mycotoxins and their interactive toxicity is summarized in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lee
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2312, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - Dojin Ryu
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2312, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
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Smith LE, Prendergast AJ, Turner PC, Humphrey JH, Stoltzfus RJ. Aflatoxin Exposure During Pregnancy, Maternal Anemia, and Adverse Birth Outcomes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:770-776. [PMID: 28500823 PMCID: PMC5392618 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women and their developing fetuses are vulnerable to multiple environmental insults, including exposure to aflatoxin, a mycotoxin that may contaminate as much as 25% of the world food supply. We reviewed and integrated findings from studies of aflatoxin exposure during pregnancy and evaluated potential links to adverse pregnancy outcomes. We identified 27 studies (10 human cross-sectional studies and 17 animal studies) assessing the relationship between aflatoxin exposure and adverse birth outcomes or anemia. Findings suggest that aflatoxin exposure during pregnancy may impair fetal growth. Only one human study investigated aflatoxin exposure and prematurity, and no studies investigated its relationship with pregnancy loss, but animal studies suggest aflatoxin exposure may increase risk for prematurity and pregnancy loss. The fetus could be affected by maternal aflatoxin exposure through direct toxicity as well as indirect toxicity, via maternal systemic inflammation, impaired placental growth, or elevation of placental cytokines. The cytotoxic and systemic effects of aflatoxin could plausibly mediate maternal anemia, intrauterine growth restriction, fetal loss, and preterm birth. Given the widespread exposure to this toxin in developing countries, longitudinal studies in pregnant women are needed to provide stronger evidence for the role of aflatoxin in adverse pregnancy outcomes, and to explore biological mechanisms. Potential pathways for intervention to reduce aflatoxin exposure are urgently needed, and this might reduce the global burden of stillbirth, preterm birth, and low birthweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Smith
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Paul C Turner
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Jean H Humphrey
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Huang FJ, Chan WH. Effects of ochratoxin a on mouse oocyte maturation and fertilization, and apoptosis during fetal development. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:724-735. [PMID: 25504763 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin found in many foods worldwide, causes nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and immunotoxicity, and is a risk factor for abnormal embryonic development. More specifically, OTA triggers apoptotic processes in the inner cell mass of mouse blastocysts, decreasing cell viability and embryonic development. In the current study, we investigated the deleterious effects of OTA on mouse oocyte maturation, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and subsequent pre- and postimplantation development both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, OTA significantly impaired mouse oocyte maturation, decreased IVF rates, and inhibited subsequent embryonic development in vitro. Preincubation of oocytes with OTA during in vitro maturation increased postimplantation embryonic resorption and decreased mouse fetal weight. In an in vivo animal model, provision of 1-10 μM OTA in the drinking water or intravenous injection of 1 or 2 mg/kg body weight of OTA decreased oocyte maturation and IVF, and had deleterious effects on early embryonic development. Importantly, preincubation of oocytes with a caspase-3-specific inhibitor effectively blocked these OTA-triggered deleterious effects, suggesting that the embryonic injury induced by OTA is mediated via a caspase-dependent apoptotic mechanism. Furthermore, OTA upregulated the levels of p53 and p21 in blastocyst cells derived from OTA-pretreated oocytes, indicating that such cells undergo apoptosis via p53-, p21-, and caspase-3-dependent regulatory mechanisms. This could have deleterious effects on embryonic implantation and fetal survival rates, as seen in our animal models. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 724-735, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jen Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiung Chan
- Department of Bioscience Technology and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li, Taiwan
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li, Taiwan
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Tanaka T, Mizukami S, Hasegawa-Baba Y, Onda N, Sugita-Konishi Y, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Developmental exposure of aflatoxin B1 reversibly affects hippocampal neurogenesis targeting late-stage neural progenitor cells through suppression of cholinergic signaling in rats. Toxicology 2015; 336:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Raiola A, Tenore GC, Manyes L, Meca G, Ritieni A. Risk analysis of main mycotoxins occurring in food for children: An overview. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:169-80. [PMID: 26327433 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi contaminating the food chain that are toxic to animals and humans. Children up to 12 years old are recognized as a potentially vulnerable subgroup with respect to consumption of these contaminants. Apart from having a higher exposure per kg body weight, they have a different physiology from that of adults. Therefore they may be more sensitive to neurotoxic, endocrine and immunological effects. For these reasons, a specific and up-to-date risk analysis for this category is of great interest. In this review, an accurate analysis of the main mycotoxins occurring in food intended for children (deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins, ochratoxins, patulin and fumonisins) is presented. In particular, known mechanisms of toxicity and levels of exposure and bioaccessibility in children are shown. In addition, recent discoveries about the strategies of mycotoxins managing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Raiola
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Universitá 100, 80055, Portici, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lara Manyes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avenue Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avenue Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
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Straumfors A, Uhlig S, Eriksen G, Heldal K, Eduard W, Krska R, Sulyok M. Mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites in grain dust from Norwegian grain elevators and compound feed mills. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Employees at grain elevators and compound feed mills are exposed to large amounts of grain dust during work, frequently leading to airway symptoms and asthma. Although the exposure to grain dust, microorganisms, β-1→3-glucans and endotoxins has been extensively studied, the focus on the mycotoxin content of grain dust has previously been limited to one or few mycotoxins. Our objective was therefore to screen settled grain dust from grain elevators and compound feed mills for fungal metabolites by LC/MS-MS and explore differences between work places, seasons and climatic zones. Seventy fungal metabolites and two bacterial metabolites were detected. Trichothecenes, depsipeptides, ergot alkaloids, and other metabolites from Fusarium, Claviceps, Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and other fungi were represented. The prevalence of individual metabolites was highly variable, and the concentration of each metabolite varied considerably between samples. The prevalence and concentration of most metabolites were higher in grain elevators compared to compound feed mills. Differences between seasons and climatic zones were inconclusive. All samples contained multiple mycotoxins, indicating a highly complex pattern of possible inhalational exposure. A mean exposure of 20 ng/m3 of fungal metabolites was estimated, whereas a worst case scenario estimated as much as 10 ?g/m3. Although many of these compounds may be linked to toxicological and immunological effects through experimental or epidemiological studies, it still remains to be determined whether the detected concentrations implicate adverse health outcomes when inhaled.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Straumfors
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - S. Uhlig
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
- Section for Chemistry and Toxicology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - G.S. Eriksen
- Section for Chemistry and Toxicology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - K.K. Heldal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - W. Eduard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - R. Krska
- Centre for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA, Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - M. Sulyok
- Centre for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA, Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Corcuera LA, Vettorazzi A, Arbillaga L, Pérez N, Gil AG, Azqueta A, González-Peñas E, García-Jalón JA, López de Cerain A. Genotoxicity of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A after simultaneous application of the in vivo micronucleus and comet assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 76:116-24. [PMID: 25530104 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) are genotoxic mycotoxins that can contaminate a variety of foodstuffs, the liver and the kidney being their target organs, respectively. The micronucleus (MN) assay (bone marrow) and the comet assay (liver and kidney) were performed simultaneously in F344 rats, treated with AFB1 (0.25 mg/kg b.w.), OTA (0.5 mg/kg b.w.) or both mycotoxins. After AFB1 treatment, histopathology and biochemistry analysis showed liver necrosis, focal inflammation and an increase in Alanine Aminotransferase and Aspartate Aminotransferase. OTA alone did not cause any alteration. The acute hepatotoxic effects caused by AFB1 were less pronounced in animals treated with both mycotoxins. With regard to the MN assay, after 24 h, positive results were obtained for AFB1 and negative results were obtained for OTA, although both toxins caused bone marrow toxicity. In the combined treatment, OTA reduced the toxicity and the number of MN produced by AFB1. In the comet assay, after 3 h, positive results were obtained for AFB1 in the liver and for OTA in the kidney. The combined treatment reduced DNA damage in the liver and had no influence in the kidney. Altogether, these results may be indicative of an antagonistic relationship regarding the genotoxicity of both mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Ana Corcuera
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leire Arbillaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Gloria Gil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio García-Jalón
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Zaragoza, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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Bensassi F, Gallerne C, Sharaf el dein O, Rabeh Hajlaoui M, Bacha H, Lemaire C. Combined effects of alternariols mixture on human colon carcinoma cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 25:56-62. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.985354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Wei W, Li R, He L, Wang X, Ji X, Zhou Y. Evaluation of toxicological impacts on Sprague-Dawley rat by successively low dose of aflatoxin B1. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:3017-3022. [PMID: 24615760 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of potent mycotoxins that frequently pollute agro-products and animal feeds. For complex reasons, the regulatory limits of AFs differ from nation to nation. In this study, feedstuffs contaminated with various concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) corresponding to AF regulatory limits of major agro-product importing and exporting nations were tested in Sprague-Dawley rats, and the toxicological results were evaluated. RESULTS During the trial period, no poisoning behavior was observed and no animals died. No significant differences in body weight were observed between AFB1-contaminated and control rats. However, various negative impacts on liver and kidney functions were observed in AFB1-contaminated groups, and these negative impacts were positively correlated with AFB1 concentrations. At concentrations of 4-50 µg kg(-1) , AFB1 tolerance was observed for the liver after 15 days of testing, but this tolerance was not observed for the kidney. CONCLUSION Low concentrations of AFB1 still induced obvious toxicological impacts on Sprague-Dawley rats, and the negative effects were aggravated by increasing the AFB1 dose and feeding time. Therefore strict AF regulatory limits are suggested for food safety administration, especially for the low-income nations with higher hepatitis B virus prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest Control, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Food Safety, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
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Kimmel CA, Garry MR, DeSesso JM. Relationship between bent long bones, bent scapulae, and wavy ribs: malformations or variations? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:379-92. [PMID: 25250905 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shortened and bent long bones and bent scapulae are sometimes reported in fetuses with wavy ribs (Carney and Kimmel, ). Wavy ribs are typically seen in the presence of maternal and developmental toxicity, are transient and reversible postnatally, and are considered to be variations rather than malformations. METHODS We further assessed the literature cited in Kimmel and Carney () as well as papers published since then to determine under what conditions bent long bones in the absence of gross limb defects and bent scapulae were reported and whether information was available on the transient or permanent nature of these effects. RESULTS Long bone and/or scapular changes almost always occurred at a lower incidence than wavy ribs. In every case, maternal and fetal toxicity occurred at the same dose levels. In a few studies, pups were followed sequentially after birth and bent long bones and scapulae were transient in nature and appeared normal by the time of weaning. Rabbits were much less likely to show wavy ribs or long bone and scapular changes at birth, even in the presence of severe maternal and fetal toxicity. This species difference may be due in part to the great increase in bone mass and remodeling that occurs during the first few postnatal weeks in rodents, but which takes place during the longer fetal period in rabbits. CONCLUSION Our conclusion from this review is that bent long bones and scapulae, like wavy ribs, appear to be secondary to maternal and developmental toxicity, are transient, and like wavy ribs should be considered variations rather than malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole A Kimmel
- Exponent, Inc, Toxicology and Mechanistic Biology, Alexandria, Virginia
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S. MEN, H. MI, E. AM, A. RG. Effects of Aflatoxin B1 on the skeletal system of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) fetuses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5897/jcab2014.0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Stoffmonographie Ochratoxin A. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-014-1939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Malir F, Ostry V, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Novotna E. Ochratoxin A: developmental and reproductive toxicity-an overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 98:493-502. [PMID: 24395216 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, reprotoxic, embryotoxic, teratogenic, neurotoxic, immunotoxic, and carcinogenic for laboratory and farm animals. Male and female reproductive health has deteriorated in many countries during the last few decades. A number of toxins in environment are suspected to affect reproductive system in male and female. OTA is one of them. OTA has been found to be teratogenic in several animal models including rat, mouse, hamster, quail, and chick, with reduced birth weight and craniofacial abnormalities being the most common signs. The presence of OTA also results in congenital defects in the fetus. Neither the potential of OTA to cause malformations in human nor its teratogenic mode of action is known. Exposure to OTA leads to increased embryo lethality manifested as resorptions or dead fetuses. The mechanism of OTA transfer across human placenta (e.g., which transporters are involved in the transfer mechanism) is not fully understood. Some of the toxic effects of OTA are potentiated by other mycotoxins or other contaminants. Therefore, OTA exposure of pregnant women should be minimized. OTA has been shown to be an endocrine disruptor and a reproductive toxicant, with abilities of altering sperm quality. Other studies have shown that OTA is a testicular toxin in animals. Thus, OTA is a biologically plausible cause of testicular cancer in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Rhouati A, Yang C, Hayat A, Marty JL. Aptamers: a promosing tool for ochratoxin A detection in food analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1988-2008. [PMID: 24196457 PMCID: PMC3847711 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5111988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins has become an increasingly serious problem. Mycotoxins represent a major risk to human and animal health, as well as economics. Herein, we focus on Ochratoxin A (OTA), which is one of the most common mycotoxins contaminating feed and foodstuffs. OTA is a secondary metabolite produced by various Aspergillus and Penicillium strains. Upon ingestion, OTA has a number of acute and chronic toxic effects. It is nephrotoxic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive, and carcinogenic (group 2B). As a consequence, some regulatory limits have been introduced on the levels of OTA in several commodities. The toxic nature of OTA demands highly sensitive and selective monitoring techniques to protect human and animal health. As alternative to traditional analytical techniques, biochemical methods for OTA analysis have attained great interest in the last few decades. They are mainly based on the integration of antibodies or aptamers as biorecognition elements in sensing platforms. However, aptamers have gained more attention in affinity-based assays because of their high affinity, specificity, stability, and their easy chemical synthesis. In this brief review, we present an overview of aptamer-based assays and their applications in OTA purification and detection, appeared in the literature in the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Rhouati
- IMAGES, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex 66860, France; E-Mails: (A.R.); (C.Y.)
| | - Cheng Yang
- IMAGES, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex 66860, France; E-Mails: (A.R.); (C.Y.)
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Jean-Louis Marty
- IMAGES, Université de Perpignan, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex 66860, France; E-Mails: (A.R.); (C.Y.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +33-468662254; Fax: +33-468662223
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In vitro investigation of individual and combined cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin B1 and other selected mycotoxins on the cell line porcine kidney 15. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1149-57. [PMID: 23809186 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the nephrotoxicity of individual mycotoxins and combinations of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisin B1 (FB1) to livestock using porcine kidney 15 cells (PK-15) as a disease model via biochemical approaches. The toxicity of individual mycotoxins on cell viability and cell membrane damage was determined using the MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, respectively. Individual cytotoxicity of mycotoxins in increasing order were FB1<ZEA<AFB1<DON. The MTT results of central composite design (CCD) showed synergetic effects after co-exposure of AFB1+ZEA or AFB1+DON; however, AFB1 and ZEA showed antagonistic effects in the ternary mixtures. AFB1 and DON significantly induced ROS production and apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner, but ZEA (10-40μM) had no effect on cell apoptosis and only slightly induced ROS production. ZEA ameliorated the ROS production caused by 1μM AFB1; however, ZEA and DON displayed synergistic effects in combination with AFB1 at 5 and 10μM. The existence of 10μM ZEA attenuated AFB1-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, AFB1+ZEA or DON showed synergetic effects on cytotoxicity. Low levels of AFB1 were antagonistic to ZEA, but high doses of AFB1 displayed synergistic effects with ZEA or DON on oxidative damage. ZEA also ameliorated AFB1-induced apoptosis. Generally, the combined effects of mycotoxins acted in a concentration-dependent manner.
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Ochratoxin a inhibits mouse embryonic development by activating a mitochondrion-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:935-53. [PMID: 23296271 PMCID: PMC3565299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin found in many foods worldwide, causes nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and immunotoxicity, both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we explored the cytotoxic effects exerted by OTA on the blastocyst stage of mouse embryos, on subsequent embryonic attachment, on outgrowth in vitro, and following in vivo implantation via embryo transfer. Mouse blastocysts were incubated with or without OTA (1, 5, or 10 μM) for 24 h. Cell proliferation and growth were investigated using dual differential staining; apoptosis was measured using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay; and embryo implantation and post-implantation development were assessed by examination of in vitro growth and the outcome of in vivo embryo transfer, respectively. Blastocysts treated with 10 μM OTA displayed a significantly increased level of apoptosis and a reduction in total cell number. Interestingly, we observed no marked difference in implantation success rate between OTA-pretreated and control blastocysts either during in vitro embryonic development (following implantation in a fibronectin-coated culture dish) or after in vivo embryo transfer. However, in vitro treatment with 10 μM OTA was associated with increased resorption of post-implantation embryos by the mouse uterus, and decreased fetal weight upon embryo transfer. Our results collectively indicate that in vitro exposure to OTA triggers apoptosis and retards early post-implantation development after transfer of embryos to host mice. In addition, OTA induces apoptosis-mediated injury of mouse blastocysts, via reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and promotes mitochondrion-dependent apoptotic signaling processes that impair subsequent embryonic development.
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31
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Hasanzadeh S, Amani S. Aflatoxin B1 effects on ovarian follicular growth and atresia in the rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-012-1446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Zahoor-ul-Hassan, Khan MZ, Saleemi MK, Khan A, Javed I, Bhatti SA. Toxico-Pathological Effects of In Ovo Inoculation of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in Chick Embryos and Subsequently in Hatched Chicks. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 40:33-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623311425058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the toxico-pathological effects of in ovo inoculation of ochratoxin A (OTA) in chicken embryos and subsequently in the hatching chicks. Nine hundred fertile white leghorn (WL) layer breeder eggs were divided into eight groups (A–H). Group A was maintained as untreated control, whereas group B was kept as sham control (10 µL of 0.1 M NaHCO3 solution). Before incubation, groups C, D, E, F, G, and H were injected with 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.10, 0.50, and 1.00 µg OTA/egg, respectively. At 53 hrs of incubation, crown to rump length, optic cups, and eye lens diameters were significantly ( p ≤ .05) lower, whereas neural tube closure defects were higher in the OTA-treated embryos. Teratogenic defects (studied at day 9 of incubation) and embryonic mortalities were higher in the groups administered high doses of OTA. A significant increase was noted in the serum concentration of ALT, urea, and creatinine, along with higher weights of liver and kidney, in chicks hatched from OTA-contaminated eggs. These findings suggested that there are teratogenic and substantive toxicological risks in the developing chicken embryos and hatched chicks that could be exposed to OTA in ovo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor-ul-Hassan
- University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur-63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Ahrar Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Javed
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
| | - Sheraz Ahmed Bhatti
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
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33
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Grenier B, Oswald I. Mycotoxin co-contamination of food and feed: meta-analysis of publications describing toxicological interactions. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2011. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most fungi are able to produce several mycotoxins simultaneously; moreover food and feed can be contaminated by several fungi species at the same time. Thus, humans and animals are generally not exposed to one mycotoxin but to several toxins at the same time. Most of the studies concerning the toxicological effect of mycotoxins have been carried out taking into account only one mycotoxin. In the present review, we analysed 112 reports where laboratory or farm animals were exposed to a combination of mycotoxins, and we determined for each parameter measured the type of interaction that was observed. Most of the published papers concern interactions with aflatoxins and other mycotoxins, especially fumonisins, ochratoxin A and trichothecenes. A few papers also investigated the interaction between ochratoxin A and citrinin, or between different toxins from Fusarium species. Only experiments with a 2×2 factorial design with individual and combined effects of the mycotoxins were selected. Based on the raw published data, we classified the interactions in four different categories: synergistic, additive, less than additive or antagonistic effects. This review highlights the complexity of mycotoxins interactions which varies according to the animal species, the dose of toxins, the length of exposure, but also the parameters measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Grenier
- INRA, UMR 1331 ToxAlim, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - I. Oswald
- INRA, UMR 1331 ToxAlim, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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Abstract
Ventral body wall defects include ectopia cordis, bladder exstrophy, and the abdominal wall malformations gastroschisis and omphalocele. The etiology of ectopia cordis, gastroschisis, and bladder exstrophy is not known, but they may be linked to abnormalities in the lateral body wall folds responsible for closing the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic portions of the ventral body wall. These folds form in the fourth week (postfertilization) of development as a combination of the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm and overlying ectoderm and must move ventrally to meet in the midline. There are differential rates of cell proliferation in the folds and asymmetries in their movement that may be involved in teratogenic effects of toxic factors. Also, the fusion process between the folds is complex, involving cell-to-cell adhesion, cell migration, and cell reorganization and all of these phenomena may be targets for disruption, leading to malformations. In this regard, closure of the ventral body wall is likened to neural tube closure and involves similar processes. It also encompasses a similar time frame during development, such that most neural tube and ventral body wall defects have their origins during the fourth week of development. Omphalocele is a separate entity whose etiology is known. This defect is attributed to a failure of gut loops to return to the body cavity after their normal physiological herniation into the umbilical cord from the 6th to 10th week of development. Thus, the origin of this defect is completely different from that of the ventral body wall malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Sadler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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35
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Jennings-Gee JE, Tozlovanu M, Manderville R, Miller MS, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Schwartz GG. Ochratoxin A: in utero exposure in mice induces adducts in testicular DNA. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1428-44. [PMID: 20648226 PMCID: PMC2905807 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2061428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxin and carcinogen that is associated with Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumors. OTA crosses the placenta and causes adducts in the liver and kidney DNA of newborns. Because the testis and kidney develop from the same embryonic tissue, we reasoned that OTA also may cause adducts transplacentally in the testis. We tested the hypothesis that acute exposure to OTA, via food and via exposure in utero , causes adducts in testicular DNA and that these lesions are identical to those that can be produced in the kidney and testis by the consumption of OTA. Adult mice received a single dose of OTA (from 0–1,056 µg/kg) by gavage. Pregnant mice received a single i.p. injection of OTA (2.5 mg/kg) at gestation day 17. DNA adducts were determined by 32P-postlabeling. Gavage-fed animals sacrificed after 48 hours accumulated OTA in kidney and testis and showed DNA adducts in kidney and testis. Some OTA metabolites isolated from the tissues were similar in both organs (kidney and testis). The litters of mice exposed prenatally to OTA showed no signs of overt toxicity. However, newborn and 1-month old males had DNA adducts in kidney and testis that were chromatographically similar to DNA adducts observed in the kidney and testis of gavage-fed adults. One adduct was identified previously as C8-dG-OTA adduct by LC MS/MS. No adducts were observed in males from dams not exposed to OTA. Our findings that in utero exposure to OTA causes adducts in the testicular DNA of male offspring support a possible role for OTA in testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E. Jennings-Gee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; (J.E.J-G.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Mariana Tozlovanu
- Laboratory Chemical engineering, Department Bioprocess & Microbial System, UMR CNRS/INPT/UPS 5503, ENSA Toulouse, France; (M.T.)
| | - Richard Manderville
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, Canada; (R.M.)
| | - Mark Steven Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; (J.E.J-G.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Annie Pfohl-Leszkowicz
- Laboratory Chemical engineering, Department Bioprocess & Microbial System, UMR CNRS/INPT/UPS 5503, ENSA Toulouse, France; (M.T.)
| | - Gary G. Schwartz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; (J.E.J-G.); (M.S.M.)
- Department of Cancer Biology, Urology, and Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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36
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Ueta E, Kodama M, Sumino Y, Kurome M, Ohta KI, Katagiri RI, Naruse I. Gender-dependent differences in the incidence of ochratoxin A-induced neural tube defects in the Pdn/Pdn mouse. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2010; 50:29-39. [PMID: 20201966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2009.00255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic polydactyly/arhinencephaly mouse embryo, Pdn/Pdn, exhibits suppression of Gli3 gene expression. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a teratogen that causes neural tube defects (NTD) in mice. We investigated gender-dependent differences in the incidence of NTD induced by OTA in the Pdn/Pdn mouse. After administering 2 mg/kg OTA to Pdn/+ female mice, mated with Pdn/+ males, on day 7.5 of gestation, we examined the genotypes, sex and NTD of fetuses on day 18. Non-treated Pdn/Pdn had a 15.8% risk of NTD, and all NTD fetuses were female. When Pdn/Pdn embryos were exposed to OTA, the incidence of NTD increased to 16 (51.6%) of 31 Pdn/Pdn fetuses, and 10 (71.4%) of 14 male Pdn/Pdn fetuses exhibited NTD. From these results, it was speculated that NTD in OTA-treated male Pdn/Pdn were due to the synergistic effect between depressed Gli3 and altered sex-correlated gene expression from OTA treatment. After treatment with OTA, the embryos were recovered on day 9 and gene expressions, which were correlated with Gli3, telencephalic morphogenesis, formation of gonadal anlage, and gender-dependent differentiation were investigated. From real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis results, it was suggested that the manifestation of NTD in the male OTA-treated Pdn/Pdn might be due to the complicated altered gene expressions among Gli3, Wnt7b, Wnt8b, Fez1, Barx1, Lim1, Dmrt1, Igf1, Fog2, Dax1 and Sox9, and in particular, upregulation and gender-dependent difference in Barx1 and gender-dependent difference in Sox9 gene expressions might be noteworthy findings.
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37
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Van Dorp DR, Malleis JM, Sullivan BP, Klein MD. Teratogens inducing congenital abdominal wall defects in animal models. Pediatr Surg Int 2010; 26:127-39. [PMID: 19756655 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-009-2482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Congenital abdominal wall defects are common anomalies which include gastroschisis, omphalocele and umbilical cord hernia. Recent reports indicate that gastroschisis is increasing in prevalence, whereas omphalocele has remained steady, suggesting that environmental factors may play a part in their pathogenesis. The aim of this study is to review animal teratogen studies resulting in abdominal wall defects to investigate their possible causes. Each report was examined not only for the teratogens causing the defects, but also to carefully identify the defect occurring and its correlation with the known clinical anomalies. We found many discrepancies between the nomenclature used by animal teratology investigators and that used by clinicians. We were able to confirm the induction of gastroschisis by 22 teratogens, omphalocele by 9 teratogens and umbilical cord hernia by 8. There is no doubt that environmental factors may be responsible, at least in part, for all three of the clinical abdominal wall defects. Future studies should take care to appreciate the differences between these anomalies and describe them in detail, so that accurate and meaningful conclusions can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Van Dorp
- Departments of Surgery, Wayne State University and Children's Hospital of Michigan, Michigan, USA
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38
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Golli-Bennour EE, Kouidhi B, Bouslimi A, Abid-Essefi S, Hassen W, Bacha H. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and their combination in cultured Vero cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 24:42-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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39
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Diagnosis | Mycotoxin poisoning. Lab Anim (NY) 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/laban0408-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Perazzo JC, Boviez J, Lago N, Diaz SL. Growth and reproductive problems in a colony of laboratory rats. Diagnosis: Mycotoxin poisoning. Lab Anim (NY) 2008; 37:153-5. [PMID: 18356912 DOI: 10.1038/laban0408-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Perazzo
- Cátedra de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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41
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Feldkamp ML, Carey JC, Sadler TW. Development of gastroschisis: review of hypotheses, a novel hypothesis, and implications for research. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:639-52. [PMID: 17230493 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gastroschisis, a ventral body wall defect, is a continuing challenge and concern to researchers, clinicians, and epidemiologists seeking to identify its cause(s) and pathogenesis. Concern has been renewed in recent years because, unlike most other birth defects, rates of gastroschisis are reportedly increasing in many developed and developing countries. No tenable explanation or specific causes have been identified for this trend. Rates of gastroschisis are particularly high among pregnancies of very young women. Such an intriguing association, not observed to this degree with other birth defects, may afford clues to the defect's cause. Understanding the causes of gastroschisis may provide insight to the defect's origin. In pursuing such causal studies, it would be helpful to understand the embryogenesis of gastroschisis. To date, four main embryologic hypotheses have been proposed: (1) Failure of mesoderm to form in the body wall; (2) Rupture of the amnion around the umbilical ring with subsequent herniation of bowel; (3) Abnormal involution of the right umbilical vein leading to weakening of the body wall and gut herniation; and (4) Disruption of the right vitelline (yolk sac) artery with subsequent body wall damage and gut herniation. Although based on embryological phenomena, these hypotheses do not provide an adequate explanation for how gastroschisis would occur. Therefore, we propose an alternative hypothesis, based on well described embryonic events. Specifically, we propose that abnormal folding of the body wall results in a ventral body wall defect through which the gut herniates, leading to the clinical presentation of gastroschisis. This hypothesis potentially explains the origin of gastroschisis as well as that of other developmental defects of the ventral wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia L Feldkamp
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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42
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Katagiri RI, Kurome M, Teshima Y, Ueta E, Naruse I. Prevention of ochratoxin A-induced neural tube defects by folic acid in the genetic polydactyly/arhinencephaly mouse, Pdn/Pdn. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2007; 47:90-6. [PMID: 17688467 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2007.00152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The gene responsible for the polydactyly/arhinencephaly (Pdn/Pdn) mouse, which exhibits polysyndactyly and arhinencephaly and has a 13.2% risk of neural tube defects (NTD), has been identified as Gli3. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a teratogen causing NTD in mice. When Pdn/Pdn embryos were exposed to 2 mg/kg of OTA on day 7.5, the incidence of NTD in Pdn/Pdn fetuses increased to 51.6%. Pre-treatment with folinic acid (FA), metabolically the most active form of folic acid, before OTA-treatment decreased the incidence of NTD to 20.8%. We investigated the effect of OTA and FA on gene expression in day 9 embryos using whole-mount in situ hybridization and real-time PCR. Over-expression of Fgf8 was observed at the anterior neural ridge (ANR) in the non-treated Pdn/Pdn. Over-expression at the ANR expanded in the OTA-treated Pdn/Pdn, and it was ameliorated by pretreatment with FA. Emx2 signal was observed in the dorsal forebrain in the non-treated +/+, but disappeared in the OTA-treated +/+, and was recovered by FA. The Emx2 signal was pale and the expression amount was depressed in the non-treated and OTA-treated Pdn/Pdn embryos. It was suggested that down-regulation of Gli3 induced the over-expression of Fgf8 at the ANR, that OTA treatment accelerated the over-expression, and that pretreatment with FA ameliorated the OTA-induced over-expression of Fgf8 in the Pdn/Pdn. It was also suggested that down-regulation of Gli3 induced the down-regulation of Emx2 in the Pdn/Pdn. It was further speculated that the over-expression of Fgf8 at the ANR and down-regulation of Emx2 in the dorsal forebrain may contribute to NTD induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu-ichi Katagiri
- School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
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43
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Turner PC, Collinson AC, Cheung YB, Gong Y, Hall AJ, Prentice AM, Wild CP. Aflatoxin exposure in utero causes growth faltering in Gambian infants. Int J Epidemiol 2007; 36:1119-25. [PMID: 17576701 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dym122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth faltering in West African children has previously been associated with dietary exposure to aflatoxins, particularly upon weaning. However, in animal studies in utero exposure to low levels of aflatoxin also results in growth faltering. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of in utero aflatoxin exposure on infant growth in the first year of life in The Gambia. METHODS Height and weight were measured for 138 infants at birth and at regular monthly intervals for one year. Aflatoxin-albumin (AF-alb) adduct level was measured in maternal blood during pregnancy, in cord blood and in infants at age 16 weeks. RESULTS The geometric mean AF-alb levels were 40.4 pg/mg (range 4.8-260.8 pg/mg), 10.1 pg/mg (range 5.0-189.6 pg/mg) and 8.7 pg/mg (range 5.0-30.2 pg/mg) in maternal, cord and infant blood, respectively. AF-alb in maternal blood was a strong predictor of both weight (P = 0.012) and height (P = 0.044) gain, with lower gain in those with higher exposure. A reduction of maternal AF-alb from 110 pg/mg to 10 pg/mg would lead to a 0.8 kg increase in weight and 2 cm increase in height within the first year of life. CONCLUSIONS This study shows a strong effect of maternal aflatoxin exposure during pregnancy on growth in the first year of life and thus extends earlier observations of an association between aflatoxin exposure during infancy and growth faltering. The findings imply value in targeting intervention strategies at early life exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Turner
- Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK LS2 9JT
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44
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Vismara C, Di Muzio A, Tarca S, Lucchino M, Foti I, Caloni F. Aflatoxin M1 effects on Xenopus laevis development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 77:234-7. [PMID: 16767754 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The principal Aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) hydroxylated metabolite excreted in milk is Aflatoxin M(1) (AFM(1)) classified in group 2B by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Human exposure to AFM(1) is due to the consumption of contaminated dairy products and partly to endogenous production through AFB(1) liver metabolism. METHODS Since no data are available on AFM(1) embryotoxicity, its lethal and teratogenic potential was investigated using the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX). Stage-8 blastulae were exposed to AFM(1) at 1, 4, 16, 64, and 256 microg/L concentrations until stage 47, free-swimming larva. RESULTS A slight increase of mortality and malformed larva percents was found in AFM(1)-exposed groups but these differences were not statistically significant in comparison with the controls. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, AFM(1) is a non-embryotoxic compound when evaluated with a FETAX model at concentrations under the conditions tested. However, AFM(1) merits further studies using mammals as experimental models to identify a possible risk during human pregnancy.
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45
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Tammer B, Lehmann I, Nieber K, Altenburger R. Combined effects of mycotoxin mixtures on human T cell function. Toxicol Lett 2007; 170:124-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Carney EW, Kimmel CA. Interpretation of skeletal variations for human risk assessment: delayed ossification and wavy ribs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 80:473-96. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Vismara C, Caloni F. Evaluation of aflatoxin B1 embryotoxicity using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus and bio-activation with microsome activation systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 80:183-7. [PMID: 17443695 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus, A. flavus, and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) should be a strong teratogen in hamsters, but its effect in rats is equivocal and extremely limited in mice. Therefore, the AFB1 embryotoxic potential in mammals remains unclear. METHODS Little is known about the AFB1 effects on amphibians, therefore its embryotoxic potential was evaluated using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX). X. laevis blastulae were exposed to: 1) positive controls for bio-activation (4 g/L cyclophosphamide monohydrate, Cy, and 4 g/L Cy+30 mg/L MAS-rat; 4 g/L Cy+30 mg/L MAS-human); 2) positive controls for MAS (30 mg/L MAS-rat and 30 mg/L MAS-human); 3) exposed groups to AFB1 (1 mg/L AFB1); and 4) AFB1 bio-activation (1 mg/L AFB1+30 mg/L MAS-rat and 1 mg/L AFB1 +30 mg/L MAS-human). RESULTS In MAS-rat and human, Cy did not induce a statistically significant increase of mortality and malformed larvae percentage, but when bio-activated Cy increased the percentage of mortality. Instead, MAS-rat and human alone did not show any increase of mortality and malformed larvae percentages. When bio-activated by MAS-rat and human, AFB1 increased significantly both the mortality and malformed larvae percentages. The malformed larvae were mainly plurimalformed, i.e., affected by generalized edema, abnormal gut coiling, and microphthalmia. CONCLUSIONS This research shows that AFB1 alone is not embryotoxic but, when bio-activated with MAS-rat or MAS-human the percentage of mortality and malformed larvae increased significantly. These results also show that AFB1 must be bio-activated to exert its embryotoxic effects.
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Patil RD, Dwivedi P, Sharma AK. Critical period and minimum single oral dose of ochratoxin A for inducing developmental toxicity in pregnant Wistar rats. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 22:679-87. [PMID: 16781114 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2005] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a potent in vivo teratogen, has been tested in various laboratory animal species. Present investigation was conducted to determine critical dose and critical time for the developmental toxicity of OTA in pregnant Wistar rats after single oral dose administration. OTA at different graded dose levels (2-4 mg/kg body weight) and at different gestation days (6-15), caused variable developmental defects in developing fetuses. OTA at 2.75 mg/kg body weight, dissolved in 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate (vehicle) and administered by oral intubation as a single dose on one of the gestational days 6-15, caused significant maternal toxicity in the dams and various gross, visceral and skeletal anomalies in the fetuses. The major gross malformations were external hydrocephaly, incomplete closure of skull and omphalocele. Internal hydrocephaly, microphthalmia, enlarged renal pelvis and renal hypoplasia were the main internal soft tissue anomalies. Major skeletal defects were developmental defects in skull bones, sternebrae, vertebrae and ribs. The gestational days 6 and 7 were found to be the most critical for the induction of teratogenicity in rats. Single oral dose of 2.75 mg/kg body weight OTA was found to be the minimum effective teratogenic dose in pregnant Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra D Patil
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Ohta KI, Maekawa M, Katagiri RI, Ueta E, Naruse I. Genetic susceptibility in the neural tube defects induced by ochratoxin A in the genetic arhinencephaly mouse, Pdn/Pdn. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2006; 46:144-8. [PMID: 16922921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2006.00117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that ochratoxin A (OTA) induces neural tube defects (NTDs) in mice. In the present study, OTA was administered to the genetic polydactyly/arhinencephaly mouse (Pdn/Pdn) to investigate the synergistic effect between gene and environmental toxin. OTA treatment on day 7.5 of gestation increased NTDs in the Pdn/Pdn mouse. The responsible gene for Pdn/Pdn is Gli3. So, it was speculated that specific susceptibility for OTA in the Pdn/Pdn mouse embryo may be due to the severe depression of Gli3 gene expression. As correlated genes, Gli3, Shh and Fgf8 gene expressions were examined in the Pdn mouse embryo on day 9 of gestation after administration of OTA on day 7.5. No alteration of Shh expression was observed in the non-treated Pdn/Pdn, and OTA-treated +/+ and Pdn/Pdn. Fgf8 signal was observed at the anterior neural ridge (ANR) in the non-treated +/+, and that was elongated in the non-treated Pdn/Pdn, and further elongated and more intensive in the OTA-treated Pdn/Pdn. It was suggested that Fgf8 gene expression was affected by the depression of Gli3, and alteration of Fgf8 gene expression was accelerated by the toxicity of OTA in the Pdn/Pdn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Ohta
- School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to ochratoxin A in food. EFSA J 2006. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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