Ratiometric and selective fluorescent chemodosimeter for Cu(II) by Cu(II)-induced oxidation

Recent development in fluorescent probes for copper ion detection

Abstract:

Copper is the third most common heavy metal and an indispensable component of life. Variations of body copper levels, both structural and cellular, are related to a number of disorders; consequently, pathophysiological importance of copper ions demands the development of sensitivity and selective for detecting these organisms in biological systems. In recent years, the area of fluorescent sensors for detecting copper metal ions has seen revolutionary advances. Consequently, closely related fields have raised awareness of several diseases linked to copper fluctuations. Further developments in this field of analysis could pave the way for new and innovative treatments to combat these diseases. This review reports on recent progress in the advancement of three fields of fluorescent probes; chemodosimeters, near IR fluorescent probes, and ratiometric fluorescent probes. Methods used to develop these fluorescent probes and the mechanisms that govern their reaction to specific analytes and their applications in studying biological systems, are also given.

A Simple Isoniazid-Based N-Acylhydrazone Derivative as Potential Fluorogenic Probe for Zn2+ Ions

This study evaluated three isoniazid-based N-acylhydrazone derivatives (HL1, HL2, and HL3) varying their substituting groups (-H, -N(CH₃)₂, and -NO₂) as potential chemosensors for Zn²⁺ ions. To this end, the absorption and emission properties of these derivatives were investigated in the presence of Zn²⁺ ions. Results point to the derivative HL2 as the best chemosensor for Zn²⁺ ions because of its comparatively higher sensitivity. The color of this derivative changed from colorless to strong yellow with zinc addition, as indicated by the shift in UV-vis spectrum. Moreover, HL2 was the only derivative to emit fluorescence in the presence of Zn²⁺ ions, attributable to PET inhibition and bond isomerization promoted by coordination with this metal. LOD, LOQ, and binding constant values for HL2 + Zn²⁺ were 0.43 μmol.l^-1, 0.93 μmol.l^-1, and 5.04 × 10¹² l.mol^-1, respectively. The fluorescence of HL2 with other metal ions (Fe³⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ca²⁺, and K⁺) was also investigated. Zn²⁺ yielded the best result without Cd²⁺ interferences. Job's Plot showed that the stoichiometric ratio of the complex formed by HL2 and Zn²⁺ ions is 2:1 (ligand:metal). The strip test with adsorbed HL2 indicated fluorescence in the presence of zinc ions under 365 nm UV irradiation.

Highly Selective Fluorimetric Turn-Off Detection of Copper(II) by Two Different Mechanisms in Calix[4]arene-Based Chemosensors and Chemodosimeters

Isoxazolo-pyrene tethered calix[4]arenes selectively detect copper(II) ions without interference from related perchlorate ions. The fluorescence emission of the probes, synthesised by nitrile oxide alkyne cycloaddition, and characterised by spectroscopic and crystallographic data, is rapidly reduced by Cu(II) ions. Detection limits are in the micromolar or sub-micromolar range (0.3-3.6 μM) based on a 1 : 1 sensor:analyte interaction. Voltammetric behaviour and ¹ H NMR data provide new insights into the sensing mechanism which is dependent on the calixarene substitution pattern. When the calixarene lower rim is fully substituted, Cu(II) detection occurs through a traditional chelation mechanism. In contrast, for calixarenes 1,3-disubstituted on the lower rim, detection takes place through a chemodosimetric redox reaction. The isolation of a calix[4]diquinone from the reaction with excess Cu(ClO₄ )₂ provides confirmation that the sensor-analyte interaction culminates in irreversible sensor oxidation.

A New pH-Dependent Macrocyclic Rhodamine B-Based Fluorescent Probe for Copper Detection in White Wine

For efficiently measuring copper (II) ions in the acidic media of white wine, a new chemosensor based on rhodamine B coupled to a tetraazamacrocyclic ring (13aneN₄CH₂NH₂) was designed and synthesized by a one-pot reaction using ethanol as a green solvent. The obtained chemosensor was characterized via NMR, UV and fluorescent spectra. It was marked with no color emission under neutral pH conditions, with a pink color emission under acidic conditions, and a magenta color emission under acidic conditions where copper (II) ions were present. The sensitivity towards copper (II) ions was tested and verified over Ca²⁺, Ag⁺, Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Fe²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Mn²⁺, with a detection limit of 4.38 × 10^-8 M in the fluorescence spectrum.

New highly selective turn-on fluorescence receptor for the detection of copper (II)

Three new receptors (1a-c) bearing a p-dimethylaminobenzamide fluorophore have been synthesized and evaluated in terms of their fluoroionophoric properties towards various metal ions. Notably, receptors 1a and 1c exhibited dramatic fluorescent enhancement towards Cu²⁺ in acetonitrile. Subsequent investigations revealed that the highly selective behavior of these receptors towards Cu²⁺ could be attributed to the Cu²⁺-mediated oxidative cyclization of these compounds to the corresponding 1,3,4-oxadiazoles. Solvent effects and quantum calculations indicated that 1a and 1c both possessed an intramolecular charge transfer channel, which could be obstructed by the oxidative cyclization of these receptors. Receptor 1a was successfully applied to the determination of the Cu²⁺ in drug sample with a low detection limit of 2.2×10^-8molL^-1.

A reaction-based fluorescent turn-on probe for Cu2+ in complete aqueous solution

FP can detect Cu²⁺ in complete aqueous solution with a rapid response time, high sensitivity, and high selectivity.

Solvent-dependent fluorescent-colorimetric probe for dual monitoring of Al3+ and Cu2+ in aqueous solution: an application to bio-imaging

A solvent-dependent reversible fluorescent-colorimetric bis-iminopyridyl Schiff base receptor (N¹E,N⁴E)-N¹,N⁴-bis(quinolin-4-ylmethylene)benzene-1,4-diamine (L) has been developed for the first time for sensitive and selective determination of Al³⁺ and Cu²⁺ in aqueous solution.

A new dual fluorogenic and chromogenic "turn-on" chemosensor for Cu²⁺/F⁻ ions

Turn "off-on" chemosensor 2-(-2-((3',6'-bis(diethylamino)-3-oxospiro[isoindoline-1,9'-xanthen]-2-yl)imino)ethylidene)-N-phenylhydrazine-1-carbothioamide (RBS) was designed and synthesized. Using the naked eye, RBS showed favorable observation characteristics with both Cu(2+) and F(-) ions. The various modes of sensitivity shown by RBS toward the Cu(2+) and F(-) ions were investigated by spectral techniques, including UV-Vis, fluorescence and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. The Job's plot indicated the formation of 1:1 complex between RBS and Cu(2+)/F(-). The binding constant of the RBS-guest(-) complexes were found to be 1.3×10(4) and 6.2×10(3)M(-1) for the RBS-Cu(2+) and RBS-F(-), respectively.

A rhodamine chromene-based turn-on fluorescence probe for selectively imaging Cu²+ in living cell

We describe the development of a rhodamine chromene-based turn-on fluorescence probe to monitor the intracellular Cu(2+) level in living cells. The new fluorescent probe with a chlorine group in chromene moiety exhibits good membrane-permeable property than previous reported because the predicted lipophilicity of present probe 4 is stronger than that of methoxyl substituted probe in our previous work (CLogP of 4: 8.313, CLogP of methoxyl substituted probe: 7.706), and a fluorescence response toward Cu(2+) under physiological conditions with high sensitivity and selectivity, and facilitates naked-eye detection of Cu(2+). The fluorescence intensity was remarkably increased upon the addition of Cu(2+) within 1 or 2 min, while the other sixteen metal ions caused no significant effect.

Design and synthesis of a ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor for Cu(II) with a fluorophore hybridization approach

A new ratiometric fluorescent sensor for Cu(2+), WLN, has been developed via integrating a 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore with 8-aminoquinoline. WLN exhibits a highly selective ratiometric response to Cu(2+) over other transition metal ions in aqueous media. Moreover, its practical ratiometric imaging ability for intracellular Cu(2+) has been confirmed in human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7 cells) using a confocal microscope.

A new chemosensor based on rhodamine 101 hydrazone for Cu (II) in the red region

A new chemosensor based on the spirolactam form of rhodamine 101 hydrazone (III) is found to exhibit a reversible colorimetric response toward Cu2+ in aqueous solutions in a selective, sensitive and rapid manner because of a formation of a Cu(II)-III complex. The dominating absorption maximum at 584 nm is uniquely red-shifted among rhodamine chemosensors toward Cu2+. The fluorescence of III can be detected in a low concentration of Cu2+. The results revealed that III is a good colorimetric sensor to Cu2+ in the red region.

A new highly selective, ratiometric and colorimetric fluorescence sensor for Cu(2+) with a remarkable red shift in absorption and emission spectra based on internal charge transfer

A new 1,8-diaminonaphthalene based ratiometric and highly selective colorimetric "off-on" type of fluorescent probe, receptor 2 has been designed and synthesized that senses only Cu(2+) among the other heavy and transition metal ions examined on the basis of internal charge transfer (ICT). The visual sensitivity of the receptor 2 is remarkable, showing dual color changes from colorless (receptor) to purple followed by blue and a large red shift in emission upon Cu(2+) complexation.

Toward the development of prochelators as fluorescent probes of copper-mediated oxidative stress

A fluorescent sensor prochelator, FlamB (fluorescein hydrizido 2-imidophenylboronic ester), has been developed that selectively probes for copper under conditions of oxidative stress. High levels of hydrogen peroxide trigger the release of a boronic ester masking group from the prochelator to unveil a metal chelator, FlamS (fluorescein hydrizido 2-imidophenol), that provides a modest fluorescence increase in response to Cu(2+) but not other metal ions. X-Ray crystal structures of FlamB, FlamS, and Cu-bound FlamS are all reported. The fluorescence turn-on results from opening of a fluorescein spirolactam ring upon Cu(2+) binding to FlamS in aqueous solution. Oxidation of the aryl boronic ester of FlamB to the metal-binding phenol of FlamS proceeds in organic solvents. However, in aqueous solution a competing mechanism occurs due to hydrolytic instability of the masked prochelator. Hydrolysis of FlamB leads to formation of fluorescein hydrazide, which interacts with copper or H(2)O(2) to produce fluorescein and a significant fluorescence increase.