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Hennigan JN, Menacho-Melgar R, Sarkar P, Golovsky M, Lynch MD. Scalable, robust, high-throughput expression & purification of nanobodies enabled by 2-stage dynamic control. Metab Eng 2024; 85:116-130. [PMID: 39059674 PMCID: PMC11408108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Nanobodies are single-domain antibody fragments that have garnered considerable use as diagnostic and therapeutic agents as well as research tools. However, obtaining pure VHHs, like many proteins, can be laborious and inconsistent. High level cytoplasmic expression in E. coli can be challenging due to improper folding and insoluble aggregation caused by reduction of the conserved disulfide bond. We report a systems engineering approach leveraging engineered strains of E. coli, in combination with a two-stage process and simplified downstream purification, enabling improved, robust, soluble cytoplasmic nanobody expression, as well as rapid cell autolysis and purification. This approach relies on the dynamic control over the reduction potential of the cytoplasm, incorporates lysis enzymes for purification, and can also integrate dynamic expression of protein folding catalysts. Collectively, the engineered system results in more robust growth and protein expression, enabling efficient scalable nanobody production, and purification from high throughput microtiter plates, to routine shake flask cultures and larger instrumented bioreactors. We expect this system will expedite VHH development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Payel Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Michael D Lynch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Yin J, Huang H, Zheng M, Hu J. An ultrasonic biosample disruptor with two triangular teeth on its radiation face. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300263. [PMID: 38009259 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound has been used in biosample disruption such as disruption of algal cell and DNA. New structure of ultrasonic biosample disruptor (UBD) needs to be explored to increase the energy efficiency. In this study, an UBD with two triangular teeth on the bottom radiation face of the water tank has been proposed, to concentrate the acoustic energy into the slot between the two neighboring triangular teeth, in order to raise the acoustic energy utilization and fragmentation performance. The acoustic energy concentration into the slot is verified by the FEM computation, and the improvement of fragmentation performance is experimentally confirmed with spirulina and tribonema, compared to the traditional UBD which has a flat radiation face. The number proportion of fragment in the length range of 10-20 μm generated by the UBD proposed in this work is 17.08% and 10.82% more than that generated by the traditional UBD for the two samples, respectively. Besides, the UBD proposed in this work has a much smaller standard deviation of DNA fragment length (47 bp) than the traditional UBD (249 bp), with a similar mean length of fragments. Moreover, the maximum weight proportion of fragment in the range of 100-300 bp, generated by the UBD proposed in this work, is 71.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yin
- State Key Lab of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyu Huang
- State Key Lab of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Junhui Hu
- State Key Lab of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
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Chen W, Chen R, He L, Wu X. Development and optimization of Lysis gene E as a counter-selection marker with high stringency. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100423. [PMID: 35373931 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seamless modification of bacterial chromosomes is widely performed in both theoretical and practical research. For this purpose, excellent counter-selection marker genes with high stringency are needed. MAIN METHODS AND MAJOR RESULTS The lysis gene E was first constructed under the control of the PL promoter and the cI857 repressor. At 42°C, it could effectively kill Escherichia coli and seamless modification in this bacterium using E as a counter-selection marker was successfully conducted. It also works in another gram-negative strain, Serratia marcescens, under the control of the Arac/PBAD regulatory system. By combining lysis gene E and kil, the counter-selection frequencies of the PL -kil-sd-E cassette in E. coli reached 4.9 × 10-8 and 3.2 × 10-8 at two test loci, which are very close to frequencies observed with the best counter-selection systems reported, the inducible toxin systems. Under the control of the Arac/PBAD , the counter-selection frequency of PBAD -kil-sd-E in S. marcescens reached the level of 10-7 at four test loci. By expressing the araC gene from plasmid pKDsg-ack, 5- to 17-fold improvements in counter-selection stringency were observed at these loci. A surprisingly low counter-selection frequency of 4.9 × 10-9 was obtained at the marR-1 locus, which reflects the highest stringency for a counter-selection cassette reported thus far. Similarly, at the araB locus of E. coli, the counter-selection frequency of PBAD -kil-sd-E was 3 × 10-9 after introducing plasmid pKDsg-ack. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We have developed and optimized a new universal counter-selection marker based on lysis gene E. The best counter-selection stringency of this new marker exceeds the inducible toxin system several fold. Our work can also provide inspiration for improving counter-selection stringency based on existing markers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruyi Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ling He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaotong Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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High-throughput screening of enzyme mutants by comparison of their activity ratios to an enzyme tag. Anal Biochem 2020; 588:113474. [PMID: 31614116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (ECAP) as the tag fused to the N-terminus of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa arylsulfatase (PAAS) and its mutants via a flexible linker, the comparison of the activity ratios of an applicable enzyme and its mutants to a suitable enzyme tag in cell lysates of their fused forms was tested for high-throughput (HTP) screening of mutants. After both the induced expression of a fused form and alkaline lysis of the transformed cells in microplate wells, HTP assay of the activities of ECAP and PAAS/mutant was realized via spectrophotometric-dual-enzyme-simultaneous-assay to derive their activity ratio. The successful induced expression of fused forms required ECAP activities higher than 5.3 U/L in cell lysates. Of three representative fused PAAS/mutants in cell lysates, there were similar proteolytic fragments and the comparison of their activity ratios greatly enhanced the recognition of weakly positive mutants. After saturation mutagenesis at M72 of the fused PAAS, the activity ratios of PAAS/mutants to ECAP in cell lysates of their fused forms were proportional to specific activities of their non-fused counterparts in cell lysates by an immunoturbidimetric assay. Therefore, the proposed strategy was absorbing for both HTP screening of mutants and HTP elucidation of sequence-activity relationship of applicable enzymes.
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Kopp J, Slouka C, Spadiut O, Herwig C. The Rocky Road From Fed-Batch to Continuous Processing With E. coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:328. [PMID: 31824931 PMCID: PMC6880763 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli still serves as a beloved workhorse for the production of many biopharmaceuticals as it fulfills essential criteria, such as having fast doubling times, exhibiting a low risk of contamination, and being easy to upscale. Most industrial processes in E. coli are carried out in fed-batch mode. However, recent trends show that the biotech industry is moving toward time-independent processing, trying to improve the space-time yield, and especially targeting constant quality attributes. In the 1950s, the term "chemostat" was introduced for the first time by Novick and Szilard, who followed up on the previous work performed by Monod. Chemostat processing resulted in a major hype 10 years after its official introduction. However, enthusiasm decreased as experiments suffered from genetic instabilities and physiology issues. Major improvements in strain engineering and the usage of tunable promotor systems facilitated chemostat processes. In addition, critical process parameters have been identified, and the effects they have on diverse quality attributes are understood in much more depth, thereby easing process control. By pooling the knowledge gained throughout the recent years, new applications, such as parallelization, cascade processing, and population controls, are applied nowadays. However, to control the highly heterogeneous cultivation broth to achieve stable productivity throughout long-term cultivations is still tricky. Within this review, we discuss the current state of E. coli fed-batch process understanding and its tech transfer potential within continuous processing. Furthermore, the achievements in the continuous upstream applications of E. coli and the continuous downstream processing of intracellular proteins will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Kopp
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Slouka
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mechanistic and Physiological Methods for Improved Bioprocesses, Vienna, Austria
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
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Shehadul Islam M, Aryasomayajula A, Selvaganapathy PR. A Review on Macroscale and Microscale Cell Lysis Methods. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6190294 DOI: 10.3390/mi8030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The lysis of cells in order to extract the nucleic acids or proteins inside it is a crucial unit operation in biomolecular analysis. This paper presents a critical evaluation of the various methods that are available both in the macro and micro scale for cell lysis. Various types of cells, the structure of their membranes are discussed initially. Then, various methods that are currently used to lyse cells in the macroscale are discussed and compared. Subsequently, popular methods for micro scale cell lysis and different microfluidic devices used are detailed with their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, a comparison of different techniques used in microfluidics platform has been presented which will be helpful to select method for a particular application.
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Glauche F, Pilarek M, Bournazou MNC, Grunzel P, Neubauer P. Design of experiments-based high-throughput strategy for development and optimization of efficient cell disruption protocols. Eng Life Sci 2016; 17:1166-1172. [PMID: 32624744 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201600030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient and reproducible cell lysis is a crucial step during downstream processing of intracellular products. The composition of an optimal lysis buffer should be chosen depending on the organism, its growth status, the applied detection methods, and even the target molecule. Especially for high-throughput applications, where sample volumes are limited, the adaptation of a lysis buffer to the specific campaign is an urgent need. Here, we present a general design of experiments-based strategy suitable for eight constituents and demonstrate the strength of this approach by the development of an efficient lysis buffer for Gram-negative bacteria, which is applicable in a high-throughput format in a short time. The concentrations of four lysis-inducing chemical agents EDTA, lysozyme, Triton X-100, and polymyxin B were optimized for maximal soluble protein concentration and ß-galactosidase activity in a 96-well format on a Microlab Star liquid handling platform under design of experiments methodology. The resulting lysis buffer showed the same performance as a commercially available lysis buffer. The developed protocol resulted in an optimized buffer within only three runs. The established procedure can be easily applied to adapt the lysis buffer to other strains and target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Glauche
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology Technische Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Maciej Pilarek
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Warsaw University of Technology Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Petra Grunzel
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology Technische Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology Technische Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
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Yuan M, Yang X, Li Y, Liu H, Pu J, Zhan CG, Liao F. Facile Alkaline Lysis of Escherichia coli Cells in High-Throughput Mode for Screening Enzyme Mutants: Arylsulfatase as an Example. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 179:545-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Witte C, Kremer C, Chanasakulniyom M, Reboud J, Wilson R, Cooper JM, Neale SL. Spatially selecting a single cell for lysis using light-induced electric fields. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:3026-31. [PMID: 24719234 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
An optoelectronic tweezing (OET) device, within an integrated microfluidic channel, is used to precisely select single cells for lysis among dense populations. Cells to be lysed are exposed to higher electrical fields than their neighbours by illuminating a photoconductive film underneath them. Using beam spot sizes as low as 2.5 μm, 100% lysis efficiency is reached in <1 min allowing the targeted lysis of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Witte
- University of Glasgow, Division of Biomedical Engineering, G12 8LT, Scotland
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Hartman MR, Ruiz RCH, Hamada S, Xu C, Yancey KG, Yu Y, Han W, Luo D. Point-of-care nucleic acid detection using nanotechnology. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:10141-54. [PMID: 24057263 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in nanotechnology have led to significant advancements in point-of-care (POC) nucleic acid detection. The ability to sense DNA and RNA in a portable format leads to important applications for a range of settings, from on-site detection in the field to bedside diagnostics, in both developing and developed countries. We review recent innovations in three key process components for nucleic acid detection: sample preparation, target amplification, and read-out modalities. We discuss how the advancements realized by nanotechnology are making POC nucleic acid detection increasingly applicable for decentralized and accessible testing, in particular for the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Hartman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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Jungbauer A. Continuous downstream processing of biopharmaceuticals. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:479-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sharif E, Kiely J, Wraith P, Luxton R. The dual role of paramagnetic particles for integrated lysis and measurement in a rapid immunoassay for intracellular proteins. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2012; 60:1209-16. [PMID: 23212309 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2012.2228642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A novel, integrated lysis and immunoassay methodology and system for intracellular protein measurement are described. The method uses paramagnetic particles both as a lysis agent and assay label resulting in a rapid test requiring minimal operator intervention, the test being homogeneous and completed in less than 10 min. A design study highlights the critical features of the magnetic detection system used to quantify the paramagnetic particles and a novel frequency-locked loop-based magnetometer is presented. A study of paramagnetic particle enhanced lysis demonstrates that the technique is more than twice as efficient at releasing intracellular protein as ultrasonic lysis alone. Results are presented for measurements of intracellular prostate specific antigen in an LNCAP cell line. This model was selected to demonstrate the rapidity and efficiency of intracellular protein quantification. It was shown that, on average, LNCAP cells contained 0.43 fg of prostate specific antigen. This system promises an attractive solution for applications that require a rapid determination of intracellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sharif
- Department of Biomedical Science, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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Jha SK, Chand R, Han D, Jang YC, Ra GS, Kim JS, Nahm BH, Kim YS. An integrated PCR microfluidic chip incorporating aseptic electrochemical cell lysis and capillary electrophoresis amperometric DNA detection for rapid and quantitative genetic analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4455-64. [PMID: 22960653 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40727b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A fully integrated microchip for performing cell lysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative analysis of DNA amplicons in a single step is described herein. The chip was built on glass substrate using an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) microheater and PDMS engraved microchannels, which integrated an electrochemical cell lysis zone, a continuous flow PCR module and capillary electrophoresis amperometric detection (CE-AD) system. The total length of the microchannel was 4625 mm for performing 25 cycles of flow-through PCR and was laid on a handheld form factor of 96 × 96 mm(2) area. The key to the fabrication of such a device lies in the use of a single medium to carry out different kinds of biochemical reactions and hence, a reagentless electrochemical cell lysis protocol was integrated on the microchip which was capable of lysing most cell types, including difficult to lyse gram positive bacteria. The lysate contained genomic DNA from a sample which was proven to be suitable for PCR reactions. Genetic analysis was successfully performed on the microchip with purified lambda phage genomic DNA and various cell types, including non-tumorigenic MCF-10A and tumorigenic MCF-7 human cell lines, gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli O157:H7, and gram positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, at an optimized flow rate of 5 μl min(-1). For the detection of amplicon DNA, a CE-AD system was used, with semisolid alkaline agarose within the capillary microchannel to minimize interference from cell debris and for efficient resolution of DNA fragments. High signal to noise ratio during amperometric detection and the use of online FFT filtering protocol enhanced the limit of detection of DNA amplicons. Therefore, with a combination of portability, cost-effectiveness and performance, the proposed integrated PCR microchip can be used for one step genetic analysis of most of the cell types and will enable more accessible healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Jha
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Korea
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Pasotti L, Zucca S, Lupotto M, Cusella De Angelis MG, Magni P. Characterization of a synthetic bacterial self-destruction device for programmed cell death and for recombinant proteins release. J Biol Eng 2011; 5:8. [PMID: 21645422 PMCID: PMC3127821 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-5-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial cell lysis is a widely studied mechanism that can be achieved through the intracellular expression of phage native lytic proteins. This mechanism can be exploited for programmed cell death and for gentle cell disruption to release recombinant proteins when in vivo secretion is not feasible. Several genetic parts for cell lysis have been developed and their quantitative characterization is an essential step to enable the engineering of synthetic lytic systems with predictable behavior. Results Here, a BioBrick™ lysis device present in the Registry of Standard Biological Parts has been quantitatively characterized. Its activity has been measured in E. coli by assembling the device under the control of a well characterized N-3-oxohexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (HSL) -inducible promoter and the transfer function, lysis dynamics, protein release capability and genotypic and phenotypic stability of the device have been evaluated. Finally, its modularity was tested by assembling the device to a different inducible promoter, which can be triggered by heat induction. Conclusions The studied device is suitable for recombinant protein release as 96% of the total amount of the intracellular proteins was successfully released into the medium. Furthermore, it has been shown that the device can be assembled to different input devices to trigger cell lysis in response to a user-defined signal. For this reason, this lysis device can be a useful tool for the rational design and construction of complex synthetic biological systems composed by biological parts with known and well characterized function. Conversely, the onset of mutants makes this device unsuitable for the programmed cell death of a bacterial population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pasotti
- Dipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy.
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Correa A, Oppezzo P. Tuning different expression parameters to achieve soluble recombinant proteins in E. coli: advantages of high-throughput screening. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:715-30. [PMID: 21567962 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are the main reagents for structural, biomedical, and biotechnological studies; however, some important challenges remain concerning protein solubility and stability. Numerous strategies have been developed, with some success, to mitigate these challenges, but a universal strategy is still elusive. Currently, researchers face a plethora of alternatives for the expression of the target protein, which generates a great diversity of conditions to be evaluated. Among these, different promoter strength, diverse expression host and constructs, or special culture conditions have an important role in protein solubility. With the arrival of automated high-throughput screening (HTS) systems, the evaluation of hundreds of different conditions within reasonable cost and time limits is possible. This technology increases the chances to obtain the target protein in a pure, soluble, and stable state. This review focuses on some of the most commonly used strategies for the expression of recombinant proteins in the enterobacterium Escherichia coli, including the use of HTS for the production of soluble proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Correa
- Recombinant Protein Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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