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Villamizar R, Peláez-Carvajal D, Acero LF. Identification of enteric viruses from raw water using fluoro-immuno-magnetic separation coupled to RT-PCR. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2021; 41:745-755. [PMID: 34936258 PMCID: PMC8767791 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enteric viruses have been associated with the production of a variety of diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route and carried through contaminated food and water. Given their structure and composition, they are highly resistant to environmental conditions and most of the chemical agents used in the purification processes. Therefore, the systematic monitoring of raw water is necessary to ensure its quality especially when it is used for producing drinking water for human consumption. OBJECTIVE We identified the presence of rotavirus and hepatitis A virus by means of the fluoro-immuno-magnetic separation technique (FIMS) in raw water taken from four purification plants and their water supplies in the department of Norte de Santander. MATERIALS AND METHODS The viruses were captured and separated from the water samples using magnetic microparticles functionalized with monoclonal anti-Hepatitis A and anti-Rotavirus antibodies. Confocal microscopy was used to monitor the viral concentration process and transmission electron microscopy for the morphological visualization of the separated viruses. The reverse transcriptase-coupled polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to confirm the presence of pathogens. RESULTS The two enteric viruses were identified in the majority of the analyzed water samples including water supply sources. CONCLUSION We determined that the FIMS technique together with RT-PCR is highly effective for the detection of viral pathogens in complex matrices such as raw water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Villamizar
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Salud, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia.
| | - Dioselina Peláez-Carvajal
- Grupo de Virología, Dirección de Redes en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
| | - Luis Felipe Acero
- Grupo de Virología, Dirección de Redes en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
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2
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Gómez-Pastora J, Kim J, Multanen V, Weigand M, Walters NA, Reátegui E, Palmer AF, Yazer MH, Zborowski M, Chalmers JJ. Intrinsically magnetic susceptibility in human blood and its potential impact on cell separation: Non-classical and intermediate monocytes have the strongest magnetic behavior in fresh human blood. Exp Hematol 2021; 99:21-31.e5. [PMID: 34015390 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The presence of iron in circulating monocytes is well known as they play an essential role in iron recycling. It has been demonstrated that the iron content of blood cells can be measured through their magnetic behavior; however, the magnetic properties of different monocyte subtypes remain unknown. In this study we report, for the first time, the magnetic behavior of classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes, which may be related to their iron storage capacity. The magnetic properties of monocytes were compared with those of other blood cells, such as lymphocytes and red blood cells in the oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin states, and a cancer cell type. For this analysis, we used an instrument referred to as a Cell Tracking Velocimetry (CTV), which quantitatively characterizes the magnetic behavior of biological entities. Our results revealed that significant fractions of the intermediate and non-classical monocytes (up to 59% and 65% depending on the sample, respectively) have paramagnetic properties, suggesting their higher iron storage capacities. Moreover, our findings have implications for the immunomagnetic separation industry; we propose that negative magnetic isolation techniques for recovering monocytes from blood should be used with caution, as it is possible to lose magnetic monocytes when using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Gómez-Pastora
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - James Kim
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Victor Multanen
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Mitchell Weigand
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Nicole A Walters
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Eduardo Reátegui
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Andre F Palmer
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Mark H Yazer
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Maciej Zborowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jeffrey J Chalmers
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
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Hashidzume A, Itami T, Kamon Y, Harada A. A Simplified Model for Multivalent Interaction Competing with a Low Molecular Weight Competitor. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Hashidzume
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takahiro Itami
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuri Kamon
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akira Harada
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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HIV-1-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Fail To Recognize and Eliminate the Follicular Dendritic Cell HIV Reservoir In Vitro. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00190-20. [PMID: 32161179 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00190-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The major obstacle to a cure for HIV infection is the persistence of replication-competent viral reservoirs during antiretroviral therapy. HIV-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have been developed to target latently infected CD4+ T cells that express virus either spontaneously or after intentional latency reversal. Whether HIV-specific CAR-T cells can recognize and eliminate the follicular dendritic cell (FDC) reservoir of HIV-bound immune complexes (ICs) is unknown. We created HIV-specific CAR-T cells using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and a CAR construct that enables the expression of CD4 (domains 1 and 2) and the carbohydrate recognition domain of mannose binding lectin (MBL) to target native HIV Env (CD4-MBL CAR). We assessed CAR-T cell cytotoxicity using a carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) release assay and evaluated CAR-T cell activation through interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production and CD107a membrane accumulation by flow cytometry. CD4-MBL CAR-T cells displayed potent lytic and functional responses to Env-expressing cell lines and HIV-infected CD4+ T cells but were ineffective at targeting FDC bearing HIV-ICs. CD4-MBL CAR-T cells were unresponsive to cell-free HIV or concentrated, immobilized HIV-ICs in cell-free experiments. Blocking intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) inhibited the cytolytic response of CD4-MBL CAR-T cells to Env-expressing cell lines and HIV-infected CD4+ T cells, suggesting that factors such as adhesion molecules are necessary for the stabilization of the CAR-Env interaction to elicit a cytotoxic response. Thus, CD4-MBL CAR-T cells are unable to eliminate the FDC-associated HIV reservoir, and alternative strategies to eradicate this reservoir must be sought.IMPORTANCE Efforts to cure HIV infection have focused primarily on the elimination of latently infected CD4+ T cells. Few studies have addressed the unique reservoir of infectious HIV that exists on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), persists in vivo during antiretroviral therapy, and likely contributes to viral rebound upon cessation of antiretroviral therapy. We assessed the efficacy of a novel HIV-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell to target both HIV-infected CD4+ T cells and the FDC reservoir in vitro Although CAR-T cells eliminated CD4+ T cells that express HIV, they did not respond to or eliminate FDC bound to HIV. These findings reveal a fundamental limitation to CAR-T cell therapy to eradicate HIV.
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de Souza Moraes A, Brum DG, Ierich JCM, Higa AM, Assis ASJ, Miyazaki CM, Shimizu FM, Peroni LA, Machini MT, Barreira AA, Ferreira M, Oliveira ON, Leite FL. A highly specific and sensitive nanoimmunosensor for the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16136. [PMID: 31695085 PMCID: PMC6834626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A precise diagnosis for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is crucial to improve patients' prognostic, which requires highly specific and sensitive tests. The cell-based assay with a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 100% is the most recommended test to detect anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4-Ab). Here, we tested four AQP4 external loop peptides (AQP461-70, AQP4131-140, AQP4141-150, and AQP4201-210) with an atomic force microscopy nanoimmunosensor to develop a diagnostic assay. We obtained the highest reactivity with AQP461-70-nanoimunosensor. This assay was effective in detecting AQP4-Ab in sera of NMOSD patients with 100% specificity (95% CI 63.06-100), determined by the cut-off adhesion force value of 241.3 pN. NMOSD patients were successfully discriminated from a set of healthy volunteers, patients with multiple sclerosis, and AQP4-Ab-negative patients. AQP461-70 sensitivity was 81.25% (95% CI 56.50-99.43), slightly higher than with the CBA method. The results with the AQP461-70-nanoimmunosensor indicate that the differences between NMOSD seropositive and seronegative phenotypes are related to disease-specific epitopes. The absence of AQP4-Ab in sera of NMOSD AQP4-Ab-negative patients may be interpreted by assuming the existence of another potential AQP4 peptide sequence or non-AQP4 antigens as the antibody target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana de Souza Moraes
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403000, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil
- Nanoneurobiophysics research group (GNN), Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil
| | - Doralina Guimarães Brum
- Nanoneurobiophysics research group (GNN), Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Psychology and Psychiatry, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618687, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Cristiane Magalhães Ierich
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403000, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil
- Nanoneurobiophysics research group (GNN), Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil
| | - Akemi Martins Higa
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403000, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil
- Nanoneurobiophysics research group (GNN), Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil
| | - Amanda Stefanie Jabur Assis
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil
- Nanoneurobiophysics research group (GNN), Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil
| | - Celina Massumi Miyazaki
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil
| | - Flávio Makoto Shimizu
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560970, Brazil
| | - Luís Antonio Peroni
- Rheabiotech Laboratory of Research and Development, Campinas, São Paulo, 13084791, Brazil
| | - M Teresa Machini
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508000, Brazil
| | - Amilton Antunes Barreira
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioural Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marystela Ferreira
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560970, Brazil
| | - Fabio Lima Leite
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil.
- Nanoneurobiophysics research group (GNN), Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, 18052780, Brazil.
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HiBiT-qIP, HiBiT-based quantitative immunoprecipitation, facilitates the determination of antibody affinity under immunoprecipitation conditions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6895. [PMID: 31053795 PMCID: PMC6499798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The affinity of an antibody for its antigen serves as a critical parameter for antibody evaluation. The evaluation of antibody-antigen affinity is essential for a successful antibody-based assay, particularly immunoprecipitation (IP), due to its strict dependency on antibody performance. However, the determination of antibody affinity or its quantitative determinant, the dissociation constant (Kd), under IP conditions is difficult. In the current study, we used a NanoLuc-based HiBiT system to establish a HiBiT-based quantitative immunoprecipitation (HiBiT-qIP) assay for determining the Kd of antigen-antibody interactions in solution. The HiBiT-qIP method measures the amount of immunoprecipitated proteins tagged with HiBiT in a simple yet quantitative manner. We used this method to measure the Kd values of epitope tag-antibody interactions. To accomplish this, FLAG, HA, V5, PA and Ty1 epitope tags in their monomeric, dimeric or trimeric form were fused with glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the HiBiT peptide, and these tagged GST proteins were mixed with cognate monoclonal antibodies in IP buffer for the assessment of the apparent Kd values. This HiBiT-qIP assay showed a considerable variation in the Kd values among the examined antibody clones. Additionally, the use of epitope tags in multimeric form revealed a copy number-dependent increase in the apparent affinity.
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7
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Shapiro SJ, Dendukuri D, Doyle PS. Design of Hydrogel Particle Morphology for Rapid Bioassays. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13572-13579. [PMID: 30339359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel microparticles have been extensively used in the field of medical diagnostics for detecting targets ranging from proteins to nucleic acids. However, little is known about how the shape of hydrogel particles impacts the signal from a bioassay. In this article, we analyze the flux into porous hydrogel particles to develop scaling laws for the signal from a point-of-care bioassay. The signal can be increased by increasing the ratio of the surface area of the hydrogel particle to the two-dimensional projected imaging area used for analysis. We show that adding internal surface area to hydrogel particles increases the assay signal in a biotin-streptavidin bioassay. We also demonstrate the application of this technique to a protein-based assay for thyroid-stimulating hormone, reducing the limit of detection of the assay sixfold by changing particle shape. We anticipate that these strategies can be used broadly to optimize hydrogel-based systems for point-of-care diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Shapiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Dhananjaya Dendukuri
- Achira Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. , 66B, 13th Cross Road, Dollar Layout, JP Nagar Phase III , Bangalore 560078 , India
| | - Patrick S Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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8
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Malaspina DC, Longo G, Szleifer I. Behavior of ligand binding assays with crowded surfaces: Molecular model of antigen capture by antibody-conjugated nanoparticles. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185518. [PMID: 28957393 PMCID: PMC5619776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-receptor binding is of utmost importance in several biologically related disciplines. Ligand binding assays (LBA) use the high specificity and high affinity of ligands to detect, target or measure a specific receptors. One particular example of ligand binding assays are Antibody conjugated Nanoparticles (AcNPs), edge-cutting technologies that are present in several novel biomedical approaches for imaging, detection and treatment of diseases. However, the nano-confinement in AcNPs and LBA nanostructures introduces extra complexity in the analysis of ligand-receptor equilibriums. Because antibodies are large voluminous ligands, the effective affinity in AcNPs is often determined by antibody orientation and surface coverage. Moreover, antibodies have two binding sites introducing an extra ligand-receptor binding equilibrium. As consequence of all this, experimental or theoretical studies providing a guidelines for the prediction of the binding behavior in AcNPs are scarce. In this work, we present a set of theoretical calculations to shed light into the complex binding behavior of AcNPs and its implications in biomedical applications. To investigate the ligand-receptor binding on AcNPs, we have used a molecular theory that predicts the probability of different molecular conformations of the system depending on the local environment. We have considered two different pathways for designing these devices: covalently conjugated antibodies and streptavidin-biotin conjugated antibodies. We also explore the effects of surface coverage, bulk concentrations, nanoparticle size and antibody-antigen affinity. Overall, this work offers a series of theoretical predictions that can be used as a guide in the design of antibody conjugated nanoparticles for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Malaspina
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Longo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas, Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), UNLP, CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Igal Szleifer
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Chemistry Department and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Detection of BCG bacteria using a magnetoresistive biosensor: A step towards a fully electronic platform for tuberculosis point-of-care detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 100:259-265. [PMID: 28934697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the major public health concerns. This highly contagious disease affects more than 10.4 million people, being a leading cause of morbidity by infection. Tuberculosis is diagnosed at the point-of-care by the Ziehl-Neelsen sputum smear microscopy test. Ziehl-Neelsen is laborious, prone to human error and infection risk, with a limit of detection of 104 cells/mL. In resource-poor nations, a more practical test, with lower detection limit, is paramount. This work uses a magnetoresistive biosensor to detect BCG bacteria for tuberculosis diagnosis. Herein we report: i) nanoparticle assembly method and specificity for tuberculosis detection; ii) demonstration of proportionality between BCG cell concentration and magnetoresistive voltage signal; iii) application of multiplicative signal correction for systematic effects removal; iv) investigation of calibration effectiveness using chemometrics methods; and v) comparison with state-of-the-art point-of-care tuberculosis biosensors. Results present a clear correspondence between voltage signal and cell concentration. Multiplicative signal correction removes baseline shifts within and between biochip sensors, allowing accurate and precise voltage signal between different biochips. The corrected signal was used for multivariate regression models, which significantly decreased the calibration standard error from 0.50 to 0.03log10 (cells/mL). Results show that Ziehl-Neelsen detection limits and below are achievable with the magnetoresistive biochip, when pre-processing and chemometrics are used.
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Jiang L, Luo J, Dong W, Wang C, Jin W, Xia Y, Wang H, Ding H, Jiang L, He H. Development and evaluation of a polydiacetylene based biosensor for the detection of H5 influenza virus. J Virol Methods 2015; 219:38-45. [PMID: 25819686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
H5N1 avian influenza has caused serious economic losses as well as posed significant threats to public health, agriculture and wildlife. It is important to develop a rapid, sensitive and specific detection platform suitable for disease surveillance and control. In this study, a highly sensitive, specific and rapid biosensor based on polydiacetylene was developed for detecting H5 influenza virus. The polydiacetylene based biosensor was produced from an optimized ratio of 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, with the anti-H5 influenza antibody embedded onto the vesicle surface. The optimized polydiacetylene vesicle could detect H5 influenza virus sensitively with a detection limit of 0.53 copies/μL, showing a dramatic blue-to-red color change that can be observed directly by the naked eye and recorded by a UV-vis spectrometer. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the biosensor were also evaluated. The sensor could specifically differentiate H5 influenza virus from H3 influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Detection using tracheal swabs was in accord with virus isolation results, and comparable to the RT-PCR method. These results offer the possibility and potential of simple polydiacetylene based bio-analytical method for influenza surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Jiang
- National Research Center for Wildlife Born Diseases, Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Luo
- National Research Center for Wildlife Born Diseases, Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenjie Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chengmin Wang
- National Research Center for Wildlife Born Diseases, Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wen Jin
- National Research Center for Wildlife Born Diseases, Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuetong Xia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Haijing Wang
- National Research Center for Wildlife Born Diseases, Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hua Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310021, China
| | - Long Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife Born Diseases, Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Murlidhar V, Zeinali M, Grabauskiene S, Ghannad-Rezaie M, Wicha MS, Simeone DM, Ramnath N, Reddy RM, Nagrath S. A radial flow microfluidic device for ultra-high-throughput affinity-based isolation of circulating tumor cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:4895-904. [PMID: 25074448 PMCID: PMC4455044 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are believed to play an important role in metastasis, a process responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths. But their rarity in the bloodstream makes microfluidic isolation complex and time-consuming. Additionally the low processing speeds can be a hindrance to obtaining higher yields of CTCs, limiting their potential use as biomarkers for early diagnosis. Here, a high throughput microfluidic technology, the OncoBean Chip, is reported. It employs radial flow that introduces a varying shear profile across the device, enabling efficient cell capture by affinity at high flow rates. The recovery from whole blood is validated with cancer cell lines H1650 and MCF7, achieving a mean efficiency >80% at a throughput of 10 mL h(-1) in contrast to a flow rate of 1 mL h(-1) standardly reported with other microfluidic devices. Cells are recovered with a viability rate of 93% at these high speeds, increasing the ability to use captured CTCs for downstream analysis. Broad clinical application is demonstrated using comparable flow rates from blood specimens obtained from breast, pancreatic, and lung cancer patients. Comparable CTC numbers are recovered in all the samples at the two flow rates, demonstrating the ability of the technology to perform at high throughputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudha Murlidhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 3074 H.H. Dow 2300 Hayward St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mina Zeinali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 3074 H.H. Dow 2300 Hayward St. Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Svetlana Grabauskiene
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Max S. Wicha
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Diane M. Simeone
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Nithya Ramnath
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Rishindra M. Reddy
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Dr. Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Antibody-conjugated paramagnetic nanobeads: kinetics of bead-cell binding. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:8821-34. [PMID: 24852940 PMCID: PMC4057761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15058821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific labelling of target cell surfaces using antibody-conjugated paramagnetic nanobeads is essential for efficient magnetic cell separation. However, studies examining parameters determining the kinetics of bead-cell binding are scarce. The present study determines the binding rates for specific and unspecific binding of 150 nm paramagnetic nanobeads to highly purified target and non-target cells. Beads bound to cells were enumerated spectrophotometrically. Results show that the initial bead-cell binding rate and saturation levels depend on initial bead concentration and fit curves of the form A(1 − exp(−kt)). Unspecific binding within conventional experimental time-spans (up to 60 min) was not detectable photometrically. For CD3-positive cells, the probability of specific binding was found to be around 80 times larger than that of unspecific binding.
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Karabacak NM, Spuhler PS, Fachin F, Lim EJ, Pai V, Ozkumur E, Martel JM, Kojic N, Smith K, Chen PI, Yang J, Hwang H, Morgan B, Trautwein J, Barber TA, Stott SL, Maheswaran S, Kapur R, Haber DA, Toner M. Microfluidic, marker-free isolation of circulating tumor cells from blood samples. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:694-710. [PMID: 24577360 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability to isolate and analyze rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has the potential to further our understanding of cancer metastasis and enhance the care of cancer patients. In this protocol, we describe the procedure for isolating rare CTCs from blood samples by using tumor antigen-independent microfluidic CTC-iChip technology. The CTC-iChip uses deterministic lateral displacement, inertial focusing and magnetophoresis to sort up to 10⁷ cells/s. By using two-stage magnetophoresis and depletion antibodies against leukocytes, we achieve 3.8-log depletion of white blood cells and a 97% yield of rare cells with a sample processing rate of 8 ml of whole blood/h. The CTC-iChip is compatible with standard cytopathological and RNA-based characterization methods. This protocol describes device production, assembly, blood sample preparation, system setup and the CTC isolation process. Sorting 8 ml of blood sample requires 2 h including setup time, and chip production requires 2-5 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezihi Murat Karabacak
- 1] Department of Surgery and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2]
| | - Philipp S Spuhler
- 1] Department of Surgery and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2]
| | - Fabio Fachin
- Department of Surgery and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eugene J Lim
- Department of Surgery and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vincent Pai
- Department of Surgery and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emre Ozkumur
- Department of Surgery and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph M Martel
- Department of Surgery and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nikola Kojic
- Department of Surgery and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle Smith
- Department of Surgery and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pin-i Chen
- Department of Surgery and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Yang
- Department of Surgery and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Henry Hwang
- Department of Surgery and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bailey Morgan
- Department of Surgery and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie Trautwein
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas A Barber
- Department of Surgery and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shannon L Stott
- 1] Department of Surgery and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ravi Kapur
- Department of Surgery and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel A Haber
- 1] Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Department of Surgery and Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Huang X, Leduc C, Ravussin Y, Li S, Davis E, Song B, Li D, Xu K, Accili D, Wang Q, Leibel R, Lin Q. A differential dielectric affinity glucose sensor. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:294-301. [PMID: 24220675 PMCID: PMC3893139 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51026c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A continuous glucose monitor with a differential dielectric sensor implanted within the subcutaneous tissue that determines the glucose concentration in the interstitial fluid is presented. The device, created using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, consists of sensing and reference modules that are identical in design and placed in close proximity. Each module contains a microchamber housing a pair of capacitive electrodes residing on the device substrate and embedded in a suspended, perforated polymer diaphragm. The microchambers, enclosed in semi-permeable membranes, are filled with either a polymer solution that has specific affinity to glucose or a glucose-insensitive reference solution. To accurately determine the glucose concentration, changes in the permittivity of the sensing and the reference solutions induced by changes in glucose concentration are measured differentially. In vitro characterization demonstrated the sensor was capable of measuring glucose concentrations from 0 to 500 mg dL(-1) with resolution and accuracy of ~1.7 μg dL(-1) and ~1.74 mg dL(-1), respectively. In addition, device drift was reduced to 1.4% (uncontrolled environment) and 11% (5 °C of temperature variation) of that from non-differential measurements, indicating significant stability improvements. Preliminary animal testing demonstrated that the differential sensor accurately tracks glucose concentration in blood. This sensor can potentially be used clinically as a subcutaneously implanted continuous monitoring device in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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15
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Wu Y, Deighan CJ, Miller BL, Balasubramanian P, Lustberg MB, Zborowski M, Chalmers JJ. Isolation and analysis of rare cells in the blood of cancer patients using a negative depletion methodology. Methods 2013; 64:169-82. [PMID: 24056212 PMCID: PMC3874448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of enrichment/isolation technologies exist for the characterization of rare cells in the blood of cancer patients. In this article, a negative depletion process is presented and discussed which consists of red blood cell (RBC) lysis and the subsequent removal of CD45 expressing cells through immunomagnetic depletion. Using this optimized assembly on 120 whole blood specimens, from 71 metastatic breast cancer patients, after RBC lysis, the average nucleated cell log depletion was 2.56 with a 77% recovery of the nucleated cells. The necessity of exploring different anti-CD45 antibody clones to label CD45 expressing cells in this enrichment scheme is also presented and discussed. An optimized, four-color immunofluorescence staining is conducted on the cells retained after the CD45-based immunomagnetic depletion process. Different types of rare non-hematopoietic cells are found in these enriched peripheral blood samples and a wide range of external and internal markers have been characterized, which demonstrates the range and heterogeneity of the rare cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Wu
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Clayton J. Deighan
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Brandon L. Miller
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Priya Balasubramanian
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Maryam B. Lustberg
- Stefanie Spielman Comprehensive Breast Center, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Maciej Zborowski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Chalmers
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
- Analytical Cytometry Shared Resource, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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16
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Thäder-Voigt A, Jacobs E, Lehmann W, Bandt D. Development of a microwell adapted immunoblot system with recombinant antigens for distinguishing human herpesvirus (HHV)6A and HHV6B and detection of human cytomegalovirus. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:1891-8. [PMID: 21756162 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and the human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) are widely distributed in the human population. The variants A and B of HHV6 are closely related to each other and cannot be distinguished by common serological methods like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or immunofluorescence test (IFT). The aim of this study was to develop a microwell-adapted blot system for specificity detection of human cytomegalovirus and human herpesvirus 6A and 6B (HHV6A, HHV6B) that combines the advantages of ELISA (automation and multiplex detection) and immunoblotting (antigen-specific antibody detection with high specificity). METHODS Ten HCMV, five HHV6A and five HHV6B antigens were expressed as fusion proteins and tested with sera of children (n=30), of healthy young adults (n=30) and of older adults (n=30) in a newly developed microblot system. RESULTS Sensitivity and specificity of HCMV and HHV6 microblots were comparable to commercially available[ELISA, IFT and to line assay tests. The advantage of the HHV6 microblot is the possibility of distinguishing between HHV6A-monovalent sera, HHV6B-monovalent sera and HHV6A/B-polyvalent sera. Most sera of children younger than 2 years showed only HHV6B antigen positivity, while most sera of adults and children aged over 2 years reacted with HHV6A and B proteins, although predominance for HHV6B was observed. CONCLUSIONS The authors were able to detect HCMV positive sera and to distinguish between HHV6A-monovalent sera, HHV6B-monovalent sera and HHVA/B-polyvalent sera with the new developed microblot system. Predominance of HHV6B was observed in sera of children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Thäder-Voigt
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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17
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Chen LJ, Shah SS, Silangcruz J, Eller MJ, Verkhoturov SV, Revzin A, Schweikert EA. Characterization and Quantification of Nanoparticle-Antibody Conjugates on Cells Using C(60) ToF SIMS in the Event-By-Event Bombardment/Detection Mode. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 303:97-102. [PMID: 21691427 PMCID: PMC3117593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cluster C(60) ToF-SIMS (time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry) operated in the event-by-event bombardment-detection method has been applied to: a) quantify the binding density of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)-antiCD4 conjugates on the cell surface; b) identify the binding sites between AuNPs and antibody. Briefly, our method consists of recording the secondary ions, SIs, individually emitted from a single C(60) (1,2+) impact. From the cumulative mass spectral data we selected events where a specific SI was detected. The selected records revealed the SIs co-ejected from the nanovolume impacted by an individual C(60) with an emission area of ~ 10nm in diameter as an emission depth of 5-10 nm. The fractional coverage is obtained as the ratio of the effective number of projectile impacts on a specified sampling area (N(e)) to the total number of impacts (N(0)). In the negative ion mass spectrum, the palmitate (C(16)H(31)O(2) (-)) and oletate (C(18)H(33)O(2) (-)) fatty acid ions present signals from lipid membrane of the cells. The signals at m/z 197 (Au(-)) and 223 (AuCN(-)) originate from the AuNPs labeled antibodies (antiCD4) bound to the cell surface antigens. The characteristic amino acid ions validate the presence of antiCD4. A coincidence mass spectrum extracted with ion at m/z 223 (AuCN(-)) reveals the presence of cysteine at m/z 120, documenting the closeness of cysteine and the AuNP. Their proximity suggests that the binding site for AuNP on the antibody is the sulfur-terminal cysteine. The fractional coverage of membrane lipid was determined to be ~23% of the cell surfaces while the AuNPs was found to be ~21%. The novel method can be implemented on smaller size NPs, it should thus be applicable for studies on size dependent binding of NP-antibody conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sunny S. Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jaime Silangcruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael J. Eller
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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18
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Yao L, Xu S. Force-Induced Remnant Magnetization Spectroscopy for Specific Magnetic Imaging of Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4407-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Yao L, Xu S. Force-Induced Remnant Magnetization Spectroscopy for Specific Magnetic Imaging of Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Kwon IK, Kim JP, Sim SJ. Enhancement of sensitivity using hybrid stimulus for the diagnosis of prostate cancer based on polydiacetylene (PDA) supramolecules. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1548-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Chalmers JJ, Xiong Y, Jin X, Shao M, Tong X, Farag S, Zborowski M. Quantification of non-specific binding of magnetic micro- and nanoparticles using cell tracking velocimetry: Implication for magnetic cell separation and detection. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 105:1078-93. [PMID: 20014141 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The maturation of magnetic cell separation technology places increasing demands on magnetic cell separation performance. While a number of factors can cause sub-optimal performance, one of the major challenges can be non-specific binding of magnetic nano- or microparticles to non-targeted cells. Depending on the type of separation, this non-specific binding can have a negative effect on the final purity, the recovery of the targeted cells, or both. In this work, we quantitatively demonstrate that non-specific binding of magnetic nanoparticles can impart a magnetization to cells such that these cells can be retained in a separation column and thus negatively impact the purity of the final product and the recovery of the desired cells. Through experimental data and theoretical arguments, we demonstrate that the number of MACS magnetic particles needed to impart a magnetization that is sufficient to cause non-targeted cells to be retained in the column to be on the order of 500-1,000 nanoparticles. This number of non-specifically bound particles was demonstrated experimentally with an instrument, cell tracking velocimeter, CTV, and it is demonstrated that the sensitivity of the CTV instrument for Fe atoms contained in magnetic nanoparticles on the order of 1 x 10(-15) g/mL of Fe.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Chalmers
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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22
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Shenkman RM, Chalmers JJ, Hering BJ, Kirchhof N, Papas KK. Quadrupole magnetic sorting of porcine islets of Langerhans. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2009; 15:147-56. [PMID: 19505179 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation is emerging as a treatment option for selected patients with type 1 diabetes. Inconsistent isolation, purification, and recovery of large numbers of high-quality islets remain substantial impediments to progress in the field. Removing islets as soon as they are liberated from the pancreas during digestion and circumventing the need for density gradient purification is likely to result in substantially increased viable islet yields by minimizing exposure to proteolytic enzymes, reactive oxygen intermediates, and mechanical stress associated with centrifugation. This study capitalized on the hypervascularity of islets compared with acinar tissue to explore their preferential enrichment with magnetic beads to enable immediate separation in a magnetic field utilizing a quadrupole magnetic sorting. The results demonstrate that (1) preferential enrichment of porcine islets is achievable, but homogeneous bead distribution within the pancreas is difficult to achieve with current protocols; (2) greater than 70% of islets in the dissociated pancreatic tissue were recovered by quadrupole magnetic sorting, but their purity was low; and (3) infused islets purified by density gradients and subsequently passed through quadrupole magnetic sorting had similar potency as uninfused islets. These results demonstrate proof of concept and define the steps for implementation of this technology in pig and human islet isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustin M Shenkman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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23
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Yang L, Lang JC, Balasubramanian P, Jatana KR, Schuller D, Agrawal A, Zborowski M, Chalmers JJ. Optimization of an enrichment process for circulating tumor cells from the blood of head and neck cancer patients through depletion of normal cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:521-34. [PMID: 18726961 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The optimization of a purely negative depletion, enrichment process for circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood of head and neck cancer patients is presented. The enrichment process uses a red cell lysis step followed by immunomagnetic labeling, and subsequent depletion, of CD45 positive cells. A number of relevant variables are quantified, or attempted to be quantified, which control the performance of the enrichment process. Six different immunomagnetic labeling combinations were evaluated as well as the significant difference in performance with respect to the blood source: buffy coats purchased from the Red Cross, fresh, peripheral blood from normal donors, and fresh peripheral blood from human cancer patients. After optimization, the process is able to reduce the number of normal blood cells in a cancer patient's blood from 4.05 x 10(9) to 8.04 x 10(3) cells/mL and still recover, on average, 2.32 CTC per mL of blood. For all of the cancer patient blood samples tested in which CTC were detected (20 out of 26 patients) the average recovery of CTCs was 21.7 per mL of blood, with a range of 282 to 0.53 CTC. Since the initial number of CTC in a patient's blood is unknown, and most probably varies from patient to patient, the recovery of the CTC is unknown. However, spiking studies of a cancer cell line into normal blood, and subsequent enrichment using the optimized protocol indicated an average recovery of approximately 83%. Unlike a majority of other published studies, this study focused on quantifying as many factors as possible to facilitate both the optimization of the process as well as provide information for current and future performance comparisons. The authors are not aware any other reported study which has achieved the performance reported here (a 5.66 log(10)) in a purely negative enrichment mode of operation. Such a mode of operation of an enrichment process provides significant flexibility in that it has no bias with respect to what attributes define a CTC; thereby allowing the researcher or clinician to use any maker they choose to define whether the final, enrich product contains CTCs or other cell type relevant to the specific question (i.e., does the CTC have predominantly epithelial or mesenchymal characteristics?).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 125 Koffolt Laboratories, 140 West 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Melnik K, Sun J, Fleischman A, Roy S, Zborowski M, Chalmers JJ. Quantification of magnetic susceptibility in several strains of Bacillus spores: implications for separation and detection. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 98:186-92. [PMID: 17335063 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Three strains of Bacillus: Bacillus atrophaeus (formally Bacillus globigii), Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus cereus were tested for their intrinsic magnetic susceptibility. All three strains when sporulated demonstrated significant magnetic susceptibility using an instrument referred to as Cell Tracking Velocimetry. Energy dispersive spectroscopy also confirmed the presence of paramagnetic elements, Fe and Mn, in the spore form of the bacteria. It was demonstrated that this magnetic susceptibility is sufficient to separate and deposit these spores on glass slides in a magnetic deposition system. These results indicate the potential to separate spores with intrinsic magnetic susceptibility directly out of water or air samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie Melnik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Ave, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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25
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Jing Y, Moore LR, Schneider T, Williams PS, Chalmers JJ, Farag SS, Bolwell B, Zborowski M. Negative selection of hematopoietic progenitor cells by continuous magnetophoresis. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:662-72. [PMID: 17379076 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a negative selection technique for the hematopoietic progenitor cell enrichment from clinical leukapheresis product using continuous magnetophoresis. METHODS The leukapheresis product was labeled with a tetrameric antibody cocktail (TAC) and magnetic colloid against nonprogenitor leukocytes (StemSep enrichment cocktail kit, Stem Cell Technologies, Vancouver, Canada). The separation of hematopoietic progenitor cells was performed by flow-through magnetophoresis in an annular channel placed coaxially inside a quadrupole magnetic field, in a split-flow thin-cell fractionation configuration (referred to as quadrupole magnetic flow sorter, QMS). The TAC antibody cocktail and the magnetic colloid were titrated to determine minimum effective antibody and magnetic reagent concentrations by measuring cell magnetophoretic mobility (m) distribution using cell tracking velocimetry. RESULTS Leukapheresis products from eight donors having initial CD34+ cell purity between 0.37 and 9.7% were enriched to the final purity of 30 to 85% and yield of 49 to 84% with a maximum throughput of 6.7 x 10(4) cells/s. The progenitor cell enrichment was accompanied by a more than 3.5 log(10) T-lymphocyte depletion, a significant factor considering the intended application to allogeneic transplantation. Cell colony-forming unit assays showed that there was no deterioration of progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation following the QMS enrichment process. CONCLUSIONS The negative selection method of hematopoietic progenitor cells by continuous magnetophoresis is a promising approach to a process scale-up, important for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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26
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Analytical magnetic techniques in biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0075-7535(06)32008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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