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Pugliese E, Rossoni A, Zeugolis DI. Enthesis repair - State of play. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 157:213740. [PMID: 38183690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The fibrocartilaginous enthesis is a highly specialised tissue interface that ensures a smooth mechanical transfer between tendon or ligament and bone through a fibrocartilage area. This tissue is prone to injury and often does not heal, even after surgical intervention. Enthesis augmentation approaches are challenging due to the complexity of the tissue that is characterised by the coexistence of a range of cellular and extracellular components, architectural features and mechanical properties within only hundreds of micrometres. Herein, we discuss enthesis repair and regeneration strategies, with particular focus on elegant interfacial and functionalised scaffold-based designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Pugliese
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andrea Rossoni
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research and School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), University of Galway, Galway, Ireland; Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research and School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland.
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Ding G, Du J, Hu X, Ao Y. Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Different Sources in Meniscus Repair and Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:796367. [PMID: 35573249 PMCID: PMC9091333 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.796367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Meniscus damage is a common trauma that often arises from sports injuries or menisci tissue degeneration. Current treatment methods focus on the repair, replacement, and regeneration of the meniscus to restore its original function. The advance of tissue engineering provides a novel approach to restore the unique structure of the meniscus. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells found in tissues including bone marrow, peripheral blood, fat, and articular cavity synovium have shown specific advantages in meniscus repair. Although various studies explore the use of stem cells in repairing meniscal injuries from different sources and demonstrate their potential for chondrogenic differentiation, their meniscal cartilage-forming properties are yet to be systematically compared. Therefore, this review aims to summarize and compare different sources of mesenchymal stem cells for meniscal repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Ding
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianing Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingfang Ao
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Vadodaria K, Kulkarni A, Santhini E, Vasudevan P. Materials and structures used in meniscus repair and regeneration: a review. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2019; 9:2. [PMID: 30794149 PMCID: PMC6385612 DOI: 10.1051/bmdcn/2019090102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meniscus is a vital functional unit in knee joint. It acts as a lubricating structure, a nutrient transporting structure, as well as shock absorber during jumping, twisting and running and offers stability within the knee joint. It helps in load distribution, in bearing the tensile hoop stresses and balancing by providing a cushion effect between hard surfaces of two bones. Meniscus may be injured in sports, dancing, accident or any over stressed condition. Any meniscal lesion can lead to a gradual development of osteoarthritis or erosion of bone contact surface due to disturbed load and contact stress distribution caused by injury/pain. Once injured, the possibilities of self-repair are rare in avascular region of meniscus, due to lack of blood supply in avascular region. Meniscus has vascular and avascular regions in structure. Majority of the meniscus parts turn avascular with increase in age. Purpose of this review is to highlight advances in meniscus repair with special focus on tissue engineering using textile/fiber based scaffolds, as well as the recent technical advances in scaffolds for meniscus recon- struction/ regeneration treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketankumar Vadodaria
- Centre of Excellence for Medical Textiles, The South India Textile Research Association, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Abhilash Kulkarni
- Centre of Excellence for Medical Textiles, The South India Textile Research Association, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - E Santhini
- Centre of Excellence for Medical Textiles, The South India Textile Research Association, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Prakash Vasudevan
- Centre of Excellence for Medical Textiles, The South India Textile Research Association, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
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Zhang K, Wu J, Zhang W, Yan S, Ding J, Chen X, Cui L, Yin J. In situ formation of hydrophobic clusters to enhance mechanical performance of biodegradable poly(l-glutamic acid)/poly(ε-caprolactone) hydrogel towards meniscus tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:7822-7833. [PMID: 32255028 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01453a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of scaffolds represents a huge challenge for meniscus tissue engineering, as there are particular biomechanical and biodegradability requirements. Here, an amphiphilic polymer was prepared by grafting hydrophobic poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with short chains onto hydrophilic biodegradable poly(l-glutamic acid) (PLGA). PLGA-g-PCL was then crosslinked with triethylene glycol (TEG) to form a chemically crosslinked network (CCN), followed by the in situ formation of stable hydrophobic PCL clusters inside the preformed CCN to increase the strength and elasticity of the hydrogel. The spindle-like PCL clusters in the hydrogel were observed to possess a mean size of 5-10 μm on the long axis and 3-4 μm on the minor axis, with no crystallization according to WAXS. Owing to the hydrophobic association of PCL, the swollen CCN was secondarily crosslinked and stiffened. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) demonstrated excellent rebound resilience, and the maximum compressive strength of all the PLGA-g-PCL hydrogels was greater than 0.60 MPa with a maximum strain of about 70%, which represented significant increases in comparison with a PLGA hydrogel. Owing to the short chains of PCL, degradation of the PLGA-g-PCL hydrogel was accelerated within 3 months in vivo. A hydrogel carrying adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) effectively regenerated meniscus-like tissue in vivo and preserved the corresponding articular cartilage from degeneration over a 16 week period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunxi Zhang
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China.
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Chen M, Guo W, Gao S, Hao C, Shen S, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Wang Z, Li X, Jing X, Zhang X, Yuan Z, Wang M, Zhang Y, Peng J, Wang A, Wang Y, Sui X, Liu S, Guo Q. Biochemical Stimulus-Based Strategies for Meniscus Tissue Engineering and Regeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8472309. [PMID: 29581987 PMCID: PMC5822894 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8472309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Meniscus injuries are very common and still pose a challenge for the orthopedic surgeon. Meniscus injuries in the inner two-thirds of the meniscus remain incurable. Tissue-engineered meniscus strategies seem to offer a new approach for treating meniscus injuries with a combination of seed cells, scaffolds, and biochemical or biomechanical stimulation. Cell- or scaffold-based strategies play a pivotal role in meniscus regeneration. Similarly, biochemical and biomechanical stimulation are also important. Seed cells and scaffolds can be used to construct a tissue-engineered tissue; however, stimulation to enhance tissue maturation and remodeling is still needed. Such stimulation can be biomechanical or biochemical, but this review focuses only on biochemical stimulation. Growth factors (GFs) are one of the most important forms of biochemical stimulation. Frequently used GFs always play a critical role in normal limb development and growth. Further understanding of the functional mechanism of GFs will help scientists to design the best therapy strategies. In this review, we summarize some of the most important GFs in tissue-engineered menisci, as well as other types of biological stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Chen
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Weimin Guo
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shunag Gao
- Center for Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, No. 5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chunxiang Hao
- Institute of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shi Shen
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping Road, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Zengzeng Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- First Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, No. 348 Dexiang Road, Xiangyang District, Jiamusi 154002, China
| | - Zhenyong Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- First Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, No. 348 Dexiang Road, Xiangyang District, Jiamusi 154002, China
| | - Zehao Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xu Li
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoguang Jing
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- First Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, No. 348 Dexiang Road, Xiangyang District, Jiamusi 154002, China
| | - Xueliang Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
- Shanxi Traditional Chinese Hospital, No. 46 Binzhou West Street, Yingze District, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Mingjie Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Aiyuan Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiang Sui
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
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Hadidi P, Paschos NK, Huang BJ, Aryaei A, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Tendon and ligament as novel cell sources for engineering the knee meniscus. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:2126-2134. [PMID: 27473559 PMCID: PMC5107319 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The application of cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine is hindered by the difficulty of acquiring adequate numbers of competent cells. For the knee meniscus in particular, this may be solved by harvesting tissue from neighboring tendons and ligaments. In this study, we have investigated the potential of cells from tendon and ligament, as compared to meniscus cells, to engineer scaffold-free self-assembling fibrocartilage. METHOD Self-assembling meniscus-shaped constructs engineered from a co-culture of articular chondrocytes and either meniscus, tendon, or ligament cells were cultured for 4 weeks with TGF-β1 in serum-free media. After culture, constructs were assessed for their mechanical properties, histological staining, gross appearance, and biochemical composition including cross-link content. Correlations were performed to evaluate relationships between biochemical content and mechanical properties. RESULTS In terms of mechanical properties as well as biochemical content, constructs engineered using tenocytes and ligament fibrocytes were found to be equivalent or superior to constructs engineered using meniscus cells. Furthermore, cross-link content was found to be correlated with engineered tissue tensile properties. CONCLUSION Tenocytes and ligament fibrocytes represent viable cell sources for engineering meniscus fibrocartilage using the self-assembling process. Due to greater cross-link content, fibrocartilage engineered with tenocytes and ligament fibrocytes may maintain greater tensile properties than fibrocartilage engineered with meniscus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasha Hadidi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nikolaos K. Paschos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian J. Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ashkan Aryaei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kyriacos A. Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Advances in combining gene therapy with cell and tissue engineering-based approaches to enhance healing of the meniscus. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:1330-9. [PMID: 27063441 PMCID: PMC5298218 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Meniscal lesions are common problems in orthopaedic surgery and sports medicine, and injury or loss of the meniscus accelerates the onset of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Despite a variety of therapeutic options in the clinics, there is a critical need for improved treatments to enhance meniscal repair. In this regard, combining gene-, cell-, and tissue engineering-based approaches is an attractive strategy to generate novel, effective therapies to treat meniscal lesions. In the present work, we provide an overview of the tools currently available to improve meniscal repair and discuss the progress and remaining challenges for potential future translation in patients.
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Cell-Based Strategies for Meniscus Tissue Engineering. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:4717184. [PMID: 27274735 PMCID: PMC4871968 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4717184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Meniscus injuries remain a significant challenge due to the poor healing potential of the inner avascular zone. Following a series of studies and clinical trials, tissue engineering is considered a promising prospect for meniscus repair and regeneration. As one of the key factors in tissue engineering, cells are believed to be highly beneficial in generating bionic meniscus structures to replace injured ones in patients. Therefore, cell-based strategies for meniscus tissue engineering play a fundamental role in meniscal regeneration. According to current studies, the main cell-based strategies for meniscus tissue engineering are single cell type strategies; cell coculture strategies also were applied to meniscus tissue engineering. Likewise, on the one side, the zonal recapitulation strategies based on mimicking meniscal differing cells and internal architectures have received wide attentions. On the other side, cell self-assembling strategies without any scaffolds may be a better way to build a bionic meniscus. In this review, we primarily discuss cell seeds for meniscus tissue engineering and their application strategies. We also discuss recent advances and achievements in meniscus repair experiments that further improve our understanding of meniscus tissue engineering.
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Moran CJ, Busilacchi A, Lee CA, Athanasiou KA, Verdonk PC. Biological augmentation and tissue engineering approaches in meniscus surgery. Arthroscopy 2015; 31:944-55. [PMID: 25687715 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2014.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this review was to evaluate the role of biological augmentation and tissue engineering strategies in meniscus surgery. Although clinical (human), preclinical (animal), and in vitro tissue engineering studies are included here, we have placed additional focus on addressing preclinical and clinical studies reported during the 5-year period used in this review in a systematic fashion while also providing a summary review of some important in vitro tissue engineering findings in the field over the past decade. METHODS A search was performed on PubMed for original works published from 2009 to March 31, 2014 using the term "meniscus" with all the following terms: "scaffolds," "constructs," "cells," "growth factors," "implant," "tissue engineering," and "regenerative medicine." Inclusion criteria were the following: English-language articles and original clinical, preclinical (in vivo), and in vitro studies of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine application in knee meniscus lesions published from 2009 to March 31, 2014. RESULTS Three clinical studies and 18 preclinical studies were identified along with 68 tissue engineering in vitro studies. These reports show the increasing promise of biological augmentation and tissue engineering strategies in meniscus surgery. The role of stem cell and growth factor therapy appears to be particularly useful. A review of in vitro tissue engineering studies found a large number of scaffold types to be of promise for meniscus replacement. Limitations include a relatively low number of clinical or preclinical in vivo studies, in addition to the fact there is as yet no report in the literature of a tissue-engineered meniscus construct used clinically. Neither does the literature provide clarity on the optimal meniscus scaffold type or biological augmentation with which meniscus repair or replacement would be best addressed in the future. There is increasing focus on the role of mechanobiology and biomechanical and biochemical cues in this process, however, and it is hoped that this may lead to improvements in this strategy. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be significant potential for biological augmentation and tissue engineering strategies in meniscus surgery to enhance options for repair and replacement. However, there are still relatively few clinical studies being reported in this regard. There is a strong need for improved translational activities and infrastructure to link the large amounts of in vitro and preclinical biological and tissue engineering data to clinical application. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, systematic review of Level I-IV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal J Moran
- Sports Surgery Clinic and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Alberto Busilacchi
- Clinical Orthopaedics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cassandra A Lee
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery & Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery & Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A
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Bahcecioglu G, Buyuksungur A, Kiziltay A, Hasirci N, Hasirci V. Construction and in vitro testing of a multilayered, tissue-engineered meniscus. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911514529688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel three-dimensional construct was designed to serve as a substitute for the natural meniscus tissue, and tested in vitro. The design consisted of mats of aligned collagen micro/nanofibers, entrapped within a macroporous poly(l-lactic acid)/poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) foam coated with Ca+2-cross-linked alginic acid. Fibrochondrocytes derived from human meniscus were tested in vitro to study cell attachment and proliferation. After a 21-day culture, the cells populating the constructs were shown to produce extracellular matrix components specific for fibrocartilages, such as collagen Types I and II and aggrecan. Coating the foam with alginate increased the compressive modulus of the collagen-containing constructs (from 320 to 381 kPa, after 21 days of incubation with fibrochondrocytes) but decreased cell attachment and proliferation, as well as aggrecan production. Collagen fibers substantially increased the tensile modulus of the cell-seeded constructs (from 0.98 to 1.71 MPa for uncoated and from 0.67 to 1.32 MPa for coated samples). All constructs produced extracellular matrix components specific for fibrocartilages. These findings indicate that these constructs have potential for use as meniscus substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Bahcecioglu
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- BIOMATEN—Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arda Buyuksungur
- BIOMATEN—Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysel Kiziltay
- BIOMATEN—Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Central Laboratory, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Hasirci
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- BIOMATEN—Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vasif Hasirci
- Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- BIOMATEN—Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract
Over the past 2 decades there has been a profound shift in our perception of the role of the meniscus in the knee joint. Orthopaedic opinion now favors salvaging and restoring the damaged meniscus where possible. Basic science is characterizing its form (anatomy) and functionality (biological and biomechanical) in an attempt to understand the effect of meniscal injury and repair on the knee joint as a whole. The meniscus is a complex tissue and has warranted extensive basic science, translational, and clinical research to identify techniques to augment healing and even replace the meniscus. The application of quantitative magnetic resonance image sequencing to the meniscus and articular cartilage of the affected compartment promises to add a quantifiable outcome measure to the body of clinical evidence that supports restoration of the meniscus. This article discusses the recent advances and outcomes in the pursuit of meniscal restoration with particular focus on the use of augmentation strategies in meniscal repair, meniscal imaging, and translational strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Hutchinson
- Ian Hutchinson, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering Regeneration & Repair, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021. (
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Childs A, Hemraz UD, Castro NJ, Fenniri H, Zhang LG. Novel biologically-inspired rosette nanotube PLLA scaffolds for improving human mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenic differentiation. Biomed Mater 2013; 8:065003. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/8/6/065003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hagandora CK, Gao J, Wang Y, Almarza AJ. Poly (glycerol sebacate): a novel scaffold material for temporomandibular joint disc engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 19:729-37. [PMID: 23157344 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The preponderance of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders involving TMJ disc injury inspires the need to further explore tissue engineering strategies. The objective of this study was to examine the potential of poly (glycerol sebacate) (PGS), a biocompatible, biodegradable elastomer, as a porous scaffold material for the TMJ disc. Goat fibrochondrocytes were seeded on PGS at three seeding densities (25, 50, 100 million cells/mL scaffold), respectively, and cultured for 24 h, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks. The resulting histological, biochemical, and biomechanical properties were determined. Histological staining revealed an abundance of both collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) throughout the high seeding density scaffolds at 4 weeks. There was also a significant increase in the cellular content in all groups over the four-week period, showing that the scaffolds promoted cell attachment and proliferation. The PGS scaffolds supported the deposition of large quantities of extracellular matrix, with differences noted between seeding density groups. At 4 weeks, the medium and high seeding density groups had significantly more collagen per scaffold (181±46 μg and 218±24 μg, respectively) than the low seeding density group (105±28 μg) (p<0.001). At 4 weeks, the medium and high seeding density groups also had a significantly higher GAG content per scaffold (702±253 μg and 773±187 μg, respectively), than the low seeding density group (324±73 μg) (p<0.001). The compression tangent modulus was significantly greater at 4 weeks than 24 h (123.6±86 kPa and 26.2±5 kPa, respectively) (seeding density groups combined) (p<0.001), with no differences between seeding groups at each time point. After 4 weeks, the tangent modulus of the low seeding density group was in a similar range of the goat TMJ disc (180±127 kPa compared to 304±141 kPa, respectively). The results show that cell seeding density and culture time do have an effect on both the biochemical and biomechanical properties of PGS scaffolds. These findings demonstrate that PGS has great potential as a scaffold material for TMJ disc engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine K Hagandora
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Saliken DJ, Mulet-Sierra A, Jomha NM, Adesida AB. Decreased hypertrophic differentiation accompanies enhanced matrix formation in co-cultures of outer meniscus cells with bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R153. [PMID: 22726892 PMCID: PMC3446539 DOI: 10.1186/ar3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The main objective of this study was to determine whether meniscus cells from the outer (MCO) and inner (MCI) regions of the meniscus interact similarly to or differently with mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSCs). Previous study had shown that co-culture of meniscus cells with bone marrow-derived MSCs result in enhanced matrix formation relative to mono-cultures of meniscus cells and MSCs. However, the study did not examine if cells from the different regions of the meniscus interacted similarly to or differently with MSCs. Methods Human menisci were harvested from four patients undergoing total knee replacements. Tissue from the outer and inner regions represented pieces taken from one third and two thirds of the radial distance of the meniscus, respectively. Meniscus cells were released from the menisci after collagenase treatment. Bone marrow MSCs were obtained from the iliac crest of two patients after plastic adherence and in vitro culture until passage 2. Primary meniscus cells from the outer (MCO) or inner (MCI) regions of the meniscus were co-cultured with MSCs in three-dimensional (3D) pellet cultures at 1:3 ratio, respectively, for 3 weeks in the presence of serum-free chondrogenic medium containing TGF-β1. Mono-cultures of MCO, MCI and MSCs served as experimental control groups. The tissue formed after 3 weeks was assessed biochemically, histochemically and by quantitative RT-PCR. Results Co-culture of inner (MCI) or outer (MCO) meniscus cells with MSCs resulted in neo-tissue with increased (up to 2.2-fold) proteoglycan (GAG) matrix content relative to tissues formed from mono-cultures of MSCs, MCI and MCO. Co-cultures of MCI or MCO with MSCs produced the same amount of matrix in the tissue formed. However, the expression level of aggrecan was highest in mono-cultures of MSCs but similar in the other four groups. The DNA content of the tissues from co-cultured cells was not statistically different from tissues formed from mono-cultures of MSCs, MCI and MCO. The expression of collagen I (COL1A2) mRNA increased in co-cultured cells relative to mono-cultures of MCO and MCI but not compared to MSC mono-cultures. Collagen II (COL2A1) mRNA expression increased significantly in co-cultures of both MCO and MCI with MSCs compared to their own controls (mono-cultures of MCO and MCI respectively) but only the co-cultures of MCO:MSCs were significantly increased compared to MSC control mono-cultures. Increased collagen II protein expression was visible by collagen II immuno-histochemistry. The mRNA expression level of Sox9 was similar in all pellet cultures. The expression of collagen × (COL10A1) mRNA was 2-fold higher in co-cultures of MCI:MSCs relative to co-cultures of MCO:MSCs. Additionally, other hypertrophic genes, MMP-13 and Indian Hedgehog (IHh), were highly expressed by 4-fold and 18-fold, respectively, in co-cultures of MCI:MSCs relative to co-cultures of MCO:MSCs. Conclusions Co-culture of primary MCI or MCO with MSCs resulted in enhanced matrix formation. MCI and MCO increased matrix formation similarly after co-culture with MSCs. However, MCO was more potent than MCI in suppressing hypertrophic differentiation of MSCs. These findings suggest that meniscus cells from the outer-vascular regions of the meniscus can be supplemented with MSCs in order to engineer functional grafts to reconstruct inner-avascular meniscus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jj Saliken
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Tissue Engineering, Department of Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
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Wu L, Prins HJ, Helder MN, van Blitterswijk CA, Karperien M. Trophic effects of mesenchymal stem cells in chondrocyte co-cultures are independent of culture conditions and cell sources. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1542-51. [PMID: 22429306 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier, we have shown that the increased cartilage production in pellet co-cultures of chondrocytes and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) is due to a trophic role of the MSC in stimulating chondrocyte proliferation and matrix production rather than MSCs actively undergoing chondrogenic differentiation. These studies were performed in a culture medium that was not compatible with the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. In this study, we tested whether the trophic role of the MSCs is dependent on culturing co-culture pellets in a medium that is compatible with the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. In addition, we investigated whether the trophic role of the MSCs is dependent on their origins or is a more general characteristic of MSCs. Human BM-MSCs and bovine primary chondrocytes were co-cultured in a medium that was compatible with the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. Enhanced matrix production was confirmed by glycosaminoglycans (GAG) quantification. A species-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that the cartilage matrix was mainly of bovine origin, indicative of a lack of the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. In addition, pellet co-cultures were overgrown by bovine cells over time. To test the influence of origin on MSCs' trophic effects, the MSCs isolated from adipose tissue and the synovial membrane were co-cultured with human primary chondrocytes, and their activity was compared with BM-MSCs, which served as control. GAG quantification again confirmed increased cartilage matrix production, irrespective of the source of the MSCs. EdU staining combined with cell tracking revealed an increased proliferation of chondrocytes in each condition. Irrespective of the MSC source, a short tandem repeat analysis of genomic DNA showed a decrease in MSCs in the co-culture over time. Our results clearly demonstrate that in co-culture pellets, the MSCs stimulate cartilage formation due to a trophic effect on the chondrocytes rather than differentiating into chondrocytes, irrespective of culture condition or origin. This implies that the trophic effect of MSCs in co-cultures is a general phenomenon with potential implications for use in cartilage repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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16
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Potential of human embryonic stem cells in cartilage tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:544-59. [PMID: 21188652 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current surgical intervention of using autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) for cartilage repair is associated with several problems such as donor site morbidity, de-differentiation upon expansion and fibrocartilage repair following transplantation. This has led to exploration of the use of stem cells as a model for chondrogenic differentiation as well as a potential source of chondrogenic cells for cartilage tissue engineering and repair. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are advantageous, due to their unlimited self-renewal and pluripotency, thus representing an immortal cell source that could potentially provide an unlimited supply of chondrogenic cells for both cell and tissue-based therapies and replacements. This review aims to present an overview of emerging trends of using ESCs in cartilage tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In particular, we will be focusing on ESCs as a promising cell source for cartilage regeneration, the various strategies and approaches employed in chondrogenic differentiation and tissue engineering, the associated outcomes from animal studies, and the challenges that need to be overcome before clinical application is possible.
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de Mulder EL, Hannink G, Giele M, Verdonschot N, Buma P. Proliferation of meniscal fibrochondrocytes cultured on a new polyurethane scaffold is stimulated by TGF-β. J Biomater Appl 2011; 27:617-26. [PMID: 21926150 DOI: 10.1177/0885328211417317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate if newly developed polyurethane (PU) scaffolds are suitable as scaffold for cell-seeded meniscus tissue engineered constructs. Scaffolds were seeded with goat meniscal fibrochondrocytes and cultured to assess changes in biological and mechanical properties. Furthermore, the effect of TGF-β on these properties was investigated. PU scaffolds were made from poly d/l lactide and caprolactone as soft segments and 1,4-butanediisocyanate for the urethane hard segments. The porosity of the scaffolds was 95%. Isolated goat meniscal fibrochondrocytes were seeded on the scaffolds and cultured with or without the addition of 10 ng/mL TGF-β in standard culture medium. After 2, 4, and 6 weeks of culture, scaffolds were analyzed for cell proliferation, matrix synthesis, and mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy and histology showed that the scaffolds had an interconnected isotropic pore structure. Without the addition of TGF-β, cells did not proliferate during the culture period and isolated meniscus fibrochondrocytes were more frequently located in the peripheral parts of the scaffold. Fibrochondrocytes supplemented with TGF-β were distributed throughout the construct. Clustered cells were surrounded by matrix which stained slightly positive for glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Also, collagen production was increased significantly after 4 and 6 weeks of culture compared to cultures without TGF-β and also more GAG staining was found after 4 and 6 weeks in the sections of the TGF-β stimulated cultures. Despite the increase in matrix production, the compressive stiffness of the constructs was not increased during the culture period. Meniscal fibrochondrocytes were able to adhere to the PU scaffold. However, the scaffold itself does not stimulate proliferation and matrix production. The addition of TGF-β resulted in a strong induction of both proliferation and extracellular matrix production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lw de Mulder
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Yoo JJ, Bichara DA, Zhao X, Randolph MA, Gill TJ. Implant-assisted meniscal repair in vivo using a chondrocyte-seeded flexible PLGA scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 99:102-8. [PMID: 21800420 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A cell-based engineered construct can be used for healing of intractable meniscal lesions. Our aims were to assess the culture conditions (static versus dynamic oscillation) and the healing capacity of the chondrocyte-seeded flexible implants in a heterotopic mouse model. Swine articular chondrocytes were labeled with PKH 26 or DiI dye and seeded onto a flexible PLGA scaffold using dynamic oscillating conditions for 24 h. Half of cell-seeded scaffolds were cultured in the same dynamic conditions, while the remaining scaffolds were cultured statically. After 7 days, scaffolds were placed between swine meniscal discs and were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice for 6 weeks. Additional constructs for assessing in vivo cell tracking were implanted for 12 weeks. Live/dead assays demonstrated labeled chondrocytes attached throughout the scaffold in both culture conditions. DNA measurements showed no significant difference between the culture conditions. A continuous fibro-cartilaginous healing tissue was observed between meniscal discs in all 12 dynamically cultured constructs and 9 of 11 statically cultured ones. There was no evidence of meniscal healing using acellular scaffold as well as in meniscal constructs lacking an implant. Both PKH 26- and DiI-labeled cells were identified along the healing interface. We conclude the chondrocyte-seeded flexible PLGA implants induce healing of meniscal discs in nude mice. Culture conditions after seeding have no apparent effects on healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Joon Yoo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Laboratory for Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
The concept of using gene transfer strategies for cartilage repair originates from the idea of transferring genes encoding therapeutic factors into the repair tissue, resulting in a temporarily and spatially defined delivery of therapeutic molecules to sites of cartilage damage. This review focuses on the potential benefits of using gene therapy approaches for the repair of articular cartilage and meniscal fibrocartilage, including articular cartilage defects resulting from acute trauma, osteochondritis dissecans, osteonecrosis, and osteoarthritis. Possible applications for meniscal repair comprise meniscal lesions, meniscal sutures, and meniscal transplantation. Recent studies in both small and large animal models have demonstrated the applicability of gene-based approaches for cartilage repair. Chondrogenic pathways were stimulated in the repair tissue and in osteoarthritic cartilage using genes for polypeptide growth factors and transcription factors. Although encouraging data have been generated, a successful translation of gene therapy for cartilage repair will require an ongoing combined effort of orthopedic surgeons and of basic scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Madry
- Saarland University, Homburg, Germany,Henning Madry, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstrasse 1, Homburg, 66424 Germany
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Tan GK, Cooper-White JJ. Interactions of meniscal cells with extracellular matrix molecules: towards the generation of tissue engineered menisci. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 5:220-6. [PMID: 21187716 DOI: 10.4161/cam.5.3.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Menisci are one of the most commonly injured parts of the knee. Conventional surgical interventions are often associated with a long-term increased risk of osteoarthritis. Meniscal tissue engineering utilizes natural or synthetic matrices as a scaffold to guide tissue repair or regeneration in three dimensions. Studies have shown that a diverse cellular response can be triggered depending on the composition of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) components. As such, attempts have been made to replace or repair meniscus defects using tissue grafts or reconstituted ECM components prepared from a multitude of tissues. This commentary summarizes the most recent data on the response of meniscal cells to ECM components, both in vivo and in vitro, and focuses on their potential roles in meniscal repair and regeneration. We also discuss our recent investigations into the interactions of meniscal cells and a self assembled biomimetic surface composed of meniscal ECM molecules. The biological effects conferred by the biomimetic surface, in terms of cell adhesion, proliferation, gene expression profiles and matrix synthesis, were evaluated. Finally, some suggested directions for future research in this field are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guak-Kim Tan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Wu L, Leijten JCH, Georgi N, Post JN, van Blitterswijk CA, Karperien M. Trophic effects of mesenchymal stem cells increase chondrocyte proliferation and matrix formation. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:1425-36. [PMID: 21247341 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that coculture of primary chondrocytes (PCs) with various sources of multipotent cells results in a higher relative amount of cartilage matrix formation than cultures containing only chondrocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism underlying this observation. We used coculture pellet models of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and human PCs or bovine PCs (bPCs) and studied the fate and the contribution to cartilage formation of the individual cell populations during coculture. Enhanced cartilage matrix deposition was confirmed by histology and quantification of total glycosaminoglycan deposition. Species-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that cartilage matrix gene expression was mainly from bovine origin when bPCs were used. Short tandem repeat analysis and species-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of genomic DNA demonstrated the near-complete loss of MSCs in coculture pellets after 4 weeks of culture. In coculture pellets of immortalized MSCs and bPCs, chondrocyte proliferation was increased, which was partly mimicked using conditioned medium, and simultaneously preferential apoptosis of immortalized MSCs was induced. Taken together, our data clearly demonstrate that in pellet cocultures of MSCs and PCs, the former cells disappear over time. Increased cartilage formation in these cocultures is mainly due to a trophic role of the MSCs in stimulating chondrocyte proliferation and matrix deposition by chondrocytes rather than MSCs actively undergoing chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Lee J, Choi WI, Tae G, Kim YH, Kang SS, Kim SE, Kim SH, Jung Y, Kim SH. Enhanced regeneration of the ligament-bone interface using a poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) scaffold with local delivery of cells/BMP-2 using a heparin-based hydrogel. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:244-57. [PMID: 20801240 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the ligament-bone (LTB) junction has been emphasized for the effective transmission of mechanical force and the reduction in stress concentration between the soft ligament and hard bone tissue. The aim of this study was to regenerate an integrated LTB interface by inoculating LTB-relevant cells, isolated from fibrocartilage (FC) or ligament (LIG), separately into each designated region in a single porous cylindrical PLCL scaffold. An injectable, heparin-based hydrogel that has proved to be effective in the culture of chondrocytes as well as the sustained release of growth factor was employed to locally deliver fibrochondrocytes and osteoinductive bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) into the FC region, to promote FC regeneration. In in vitro experiments the hydrogel-combined FC systems produced significantly larger amounts of calcium and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), but less collagen and DNA than FC samples without the hydrogel and all LIG samples. After in vivo subcutaneous implantation in mice for 8 weeks the secreted calcium and GAG contents of the hydrogel-containing FC samples were superior or similar to those of the in vitro hydrogel-containing FC samples at 6 weeks. As a result of the enhanced production of calcium and GAG, the in vivo hydrogel-containing FC samples produced the highest compressive modulus among all samples. Histological and immunofluorescence analysis as well as elemental analysis also confirmed a denser and more homogeneous distribution of calcium, GAG, osteocalcin and neovascularization marker in the in vitro/in vivo hydrogel-containing FC systems than those without hydrogel. These results also show the beneficial effects of BMP-2 added using the hydrogel. In summary, the use of a heparin-based hydrogel for the local delivery of fibrochondrocytes and BMP-2 could accelerate the maturation and differentiation of LTB-specific FC tissues, and it was also possible to recreate the unique stratification of calcified FC and LIG tissues in a single porous PLCL scaffold in terms of both biochemical and biomechanical properties.
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Mandal BB, Park SH, Gil ES, Kaplan DL. Multilayered silk scaffolds for meniscus tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2010; 32:639-51. [PMID: 20926132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.08.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Removal of injured/damaged meniscus, a vital fibrocartilaginous load-bearing tissue, impairs normal knee function and predisposes patients to osteoarthritis. Meniscus tissue engineering solution is one option to improve outcomes and relieve pain. In an attempt to fabricate knee meniscus grafts three layered wedge shaped silk meniscal scaffold system was engineered to mimic native meniscus architecture. The scaffolds were seeded with human fibroblasts (outside) and chondrocytes (inside) in a spatial separated mode similar to native tissue, in order to generate meniscus-like tissue in vitro. In chondrogenic culture in the presence of TGF-b3, cell-seeded constructs increased in cellularity and extracellular matrix (ECM) content. Histology and Immunohistochemistry confirmed maintenance of chondrocytic phenotype with higher levels of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) and collagen types I and II. Improved scaffold mechanical properties along with ECM alignment with time in culture suggest this multiporous silk construct as a useful micro-patterned template for directed tissue growth with respect to form and function of meniscus-like tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biman B Mandal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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Nugent AE, Reiter DA, Fishbein KW, McBurney DL, Murray T, Bartusik D, Ramaswamy S, Spencer RG, Horton WE. Characterization of ex vivo-generated bovine and human cartilage by immunohistochemical, biochemical, and magnetic resonance imaging analyses. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:2183-96. [PMID: 20136403 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent age-associated disease involving altered chondrocyte homeostasis and cartilage degeneration. The avascular nature of cartilage and the altered chondrocyte phenotype characteristic of OA severely limit the capacity for in vivo tissue regeneration. Cell- and tissue-based repair has the potential to revolutionize treatment of OA, but those approaches have exhibited limited clinical success to date. In this study, we test the hypothesis that bovine and human chondrocytes in a collagen type I scaffold will form hyaline cartilage ex vivo with immunohistochemical, biochemical, and magnetic resonance (MR) endpoints similar to the original native cartilage. Chondrocytes were isolated from 1- to 3-week-old calf knee cartilage or from cartilage obtained from human total knee arthroplasties, suspended in 2.7 mg/mL collagen I, and plated as 300 microL spot cultures with 5 x 10(6) each. Medium formulations were varied, including the amount of serum, the presence or absence of ascorbate, and treatments with cytokines. Bovine chondrocytes generated metachromatic territorial and interstitial matrix and accumulated type II collagen over time. Type VI collagen was confined primarily to the pericellular region. The ex vivo-formed bovine cartilage contained more chondroitin sulfate per dry weight than native cartilage. Human chondrocytes remained viable and generated metachromatic territorial matrix, but were unable to support interstitial matrix accumulation. MR analysis of ex vivo-formed bovine cartilage revealed evidence of progressively maturing matrix, but MR-derived indices of tissue quality did not reach those of native cartilage. We conclude that the collagen-spot culture model supports formation and maturation of three-dimensional hyaline cartilage from active bovine chondrocytes. Future studies will focus on determining the capacity of human chondrocytes to show comparable tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh E Nugent
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, USA.
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