Integrating kinetics with thermodynamics to study the alkaline extraction of protein fromCaragana korshinskiiKom

Kinetic parameter for scale-up and γ-oryzanol content of rice bran oil as antioxidant: Comparison of maceration, ultrasonication, pneumatic press extraction

Rice bran oil is one of oryzanol source oils. Oryzanol is an antioxidant compound that is related to the absorption of cholesterol, and is used in hyperlipidemia treatment and menopause problems. RBO extraction, purification and its γ-oryzanol content have been carefully reviewed. The quality and concentration of γ-oryzanol depend on the extraction process and purification. In selecting the extraction method to obtain the highest oryzanol content, in addition to comparing the concentration of oryzanol obtained and it can also be done by comparing the extraction kinetics parameters. Modeling according to physical or empirical kinetics can contribute in increasing the result of extraction. This study aims to determine the highest oryzanol content in rice bran oil, comparing several extraction methods and studies of rice bran oil extraction kinetic is necessary for scale up purposes. In this study is conducted Rice Bran Oil Extraction with n-Hexane solvent using several different methods, such as maceration, ultrasonication, and pneumatic press extractions. Independent variable that is used is the extraction time and yield as dependent variable. The study shows that the best extraction method to get the highest yield is 10.34 % by ultrasonicator and oryzanol content is 5.09 mg/g by a pneumatic press machine. According to kinetic parameter k2 is 0.001546, Cs is 0.0589, and h is 0.4707, R2 = 0.9715 obtained from extraction using ultrasonicator.

Extraction kinetics, physicochemical properties and immunomodulatory activity of the novel continuous phase transition extraction of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum

Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) possess remarkable bioactivity and have been studied widely. However, the application of new technologies in the polysaccharide extraction has not been investigated. Herein, a novel continuous phase transition extraction (CPTE) technology was applied for the extraction of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum. The extraction kinetics, physicochemical properties and immunomodulatory activity of GLP were evaluated. The kinetics results showed that the extraction process could be fitted to a two-site kinetic model due to the high R² values in the range of 0.9939-0.9999. Polysaccharides extracted by different technologies showed that GLP yield by CPTE could be significantly improved, which was 3.34 times and 2.68 times that of hot water and ultrasonic-assisted extraction, respectively. Molecular weight distribution analysis indicated that high molecular mass polysaccharide proportion by CPTE was the highest among the three extraction methods, which was 2.03 times and 3.41 times as much as that of the hot water and ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Morphology analysis showed that CPTE treatment caused disruption of most of the cells and effective release of intracellular components, implying that CPTE was beneficial to extract polysaccharides. Furthermore, the immunomodulatory assays demonstrated that GLP significantly enhanced the proliferation and production of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 in macrophages. Therefore, CPTE was more effective for extracting polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum than the common extraction.

Removal of phenolic compounds from de-oiled sunflower kernels by aqueous ethanol washing

Selective removal of phenolic compounds (PCs) from de-oiled sunflower kernel is generally considered a key step for food applications, but this often leads to protein loss. PC removal yield and protein loss were assessed during an aqueous or aqueous ethanol washing process with different temperatures, pH-values and ethanol contents. PC yield and protein loss increased when the ethanol content was < 60% or when a higher temperature was applied. Our main finding is that preventing protein loss should be the key objective when selecting process conditions. This can be achieved using solvents with high ethanol content. Simulation of the multi-step exhaustive process showed that process optimization is possible with additional washing steps. PC yield of 95% can be achieved with only 1% protein loss using 9 steps and 80% ethanol content at 25℃. The functional properties of the resulting concentrates were hardly altered with the use of high ethanol solvents.

Kinetic modeling of the alkaline deproteinization of Nile-tilapia skin for the production of collagen

A new phenomenological model, based on a second order dissolution kinetics, was developed for the alkaline removal of non-collagenous protein (NCP) from the skin of Nile tilapia (SNT). This model allows estimating the liquid concentration of NCP in terms of temperature, skin size, NaOH concentration and time. This model was fitted with 135 experiments averaging a R² of 0.99. The root-mean-square deviation and the mean-absolute-percentage error of the model were 0.0041 and 3.15%, respectively. The Arrhenius-activation energy was 15-122 kJ mol^-1. Multi-objective optimization led to the highest NCP extraction (NCPE) of 24.3% and to the lowest loss of collagen (LC) of 1.3%, with R² coefficients of 0.98 and 0.92, respectively. Ultimately, SNT deproteinized under optimal conditions was subjected to acid extraction and purification. FTIR and SEM analyses indicated that the product was a Type I collagen that could be used in the pharmaceutical industry.