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Mazzola A, Kuhar F, Greslebin AG. Progression Over Time of Nutritional Content and Antioxidant Activity of Grains Fermented with the Medicinal Mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma sessile (Agaricomycetes). Int J Med Mushrooms 2024; 26:55-67. [PMID: 39171631 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2024054939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state fermentation of cereals with edible fungi is a promising strategy for producing functional flours. Hypothetically, the nutritional and functional properties of these flours could be modulated by manipulating substrate composition, fungal species, and incubation conditions. This article reports the variation over time in nutritional, polyphenol, and triterpene contents, as well as the antioxidant activity of rice and wheat fermented with Ganoderma sessile and Pleurotus ostreatus. Solid-state fermentation significantly improved the antioxidant power of the substrates which seemed to be highly correlated with the increase of the phenolic compounds. This increase peaked in the second to third week and decreased after this point. Triterpene content also increased, especially in substrates fermented with G. sessile. Substrates fermented with G. sessile showed higher values than those fermented with P. ostreatus in all compounds, which could be a result of a higher growth rate. Fermented wheat showed higher values than fermented rice in all measured compounds except reducing sugars which can be related to a slower progress in the fermentation due to the more complex structure of the wheat grain. Our results reinforce the importance of substrate and strain selection for product modulation to meet the industry's growing needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Mazzola
- Laboratorio de Bioprospección en Investigación Aplicada en Plantas y Hongos (LaBIAPH), FCNyCS, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia (UNPSJB), Esquel, Chubut, Argentina; Agencia Nacional de Promoción de la Investigación, el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación (Agencia I+D+i), Argentina
| | - Francisco Kuhar
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alina G Greslebin
- National University of Patagonia (UNPSJB) and CONICET, Argentina Argentina
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Abd-Aziz S, Hung GS, Hassan MA, Abdul Kari MI, Samat N. Indirect Method for Quantification of Cell Biomass During Solid-State Fermentation of Palm Kernel Cake Based on Protein Content. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/ajsr.2008.385.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rahardjo YSP, Sie S, Weber FJ, Tramper J, Rinzema A. Effect of low oxygen concentrations on growth and α-amylase production of Aspergillus oryzae in model solid-state fermentation systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 21:163-72. [PMID: 15748690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen transfer in the fungal mat is a major concern in solid-state fermentation (SSF). Oxygen supply into the mycelial layers is hampered by diffusion limitation. For aerobic fungi, like Aspergillus oryzae, this oxygen depletion can be a severely limiting factor for growth and metabolite production. This paper describes the effects of a low oxygen concentration on growth at the levels of individual hyphae, colonies and overcultures, and on alpha-amylase production in overcultures. PDA medium was used to study the effect of a low oxygen concentration on hyphal elongation rate and branching frequency of hyphae, and radial extension rate of colonies of A. oryzae. We found similar saturation constants (K(O2)) of 0.1% (v/v in the gas phase) for oxygen concentration described with Monod kinetics, for branching frequency of hyphae and colony extension rate. When A. oryzae was grown as an over-culture on wheat-flour model substrate at 0.25% (v/v) oxygen concentration, the reduction in growth was more pronounced than as individual hyphae and a colony on PDA medium. Experimental results also showed that the specific alpha-amylase production rate under the condition of 0.25% (v/v) oxygen was reduced. Because the value of K(O2) is relatively low, it is reasonable to simplify the kinetics of growth of A. oryzae to zero-order kinetics in coupled diffusion/reaction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yovita S P Rahardjo
- Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Mo H, Zhang X, Li Z. Control of gas phase for enhanced cellulase production by Penicillium decumbens in solid-state culture. Process Biochem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(03)00291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Shim WB, Flaherty JE, Woloshuk CP. Comparison of fumonisin B1 biosynthesis in maize germ and degermed kernels by Fusarium verticillioides. J Food Prot 2003; 66:2116-22. [PMID: 14627291 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-66.11.2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides produces a group of mycotoxins known as fumonisins in maize kernels. Fumonisins are associated with a variety of mycotoxicoses in humans and animals; thus, their presence in food is a considerable safety issue. This study addressed fumonisin B1 (FB1) production in two components of the maize kernel, namely the germ tissues and the degermed kernel. Growth of F. verticillioides was similar in colonized germ tissue and degermed kernels, but FB1 production was at least five times higher in degermed maize kernels than in germ tissue. Expression of the fumonisin polyketide synthase gene, FUM1, as measured by beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and Northern blot analysis, followed the same pattern as FB1 production. Also correlated to FB1 was a concomitant drop in pH of the colonized degermed kernels. A time course experiment showed that degermed kernels inoculated with F. verticillioides became acidified over time (from pH 6.4 to 4.7 after 10 days of incubation), whereas colonized germ tissue became alkaline over the same period (from pH 6.5 to 8.5). Because conditions of acidic pH are conducive to FB1 production and alkaline pH is repressive, the observed correlation between the acidification of degermed kernels and the increase in FB1 provides one explanation for the observed differences in FB1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Bo Shim
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 915 W State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Mitchell DA, Berovic M, Krieger N. Overview of solid state bioprocessing. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2003; 8:183-225. [PMID: 12436920 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(02)08009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state fermentation has centuries of history, but it is only in the last two decades that there has been a concerted effort to understand the bioprocessing issues involved and to apply them to a wide range of new products. This article provides an overview of the knowledge of solid-state bioprocessing that has been gained over this time. It shows that, although significant advances have been achieved in understanding of what controls process performance, much research is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Mitchell
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Cx. P. 19041, Curitiba 81531-990, Parana, Brazil.
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Transport phenomena in solid state fermentation: Oxygen transport in static tray fermentors. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02933522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Use of the glucose oxidase system for estimation of oxygen transfer rate in a solid-state bioreactor. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Oostra J, le Comte EP, van den Heuvel JC, Tramper J, Rinzema A. Intra-particle oxygen diffusion limitation in solid-state fermentation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 75:13-24. [PMID: 11536122 DOI: 10.1002/bit.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen limitation in solid-state fermentation (SSF) has been the topic of modeling studies, but thus far, there has been no experimental elucidation on oxygen-transfer limitation at the particle level. Therefore, intra-particle oxygen transfer was experimentally studied in cultures of Rhizopus oligosporus grown on the surface of solid, nutritionally defined, glucose and starch media. The fungal mat consisted of two layers--an upper layer with sparse aerial hyphae and gas-filled interstitial pores, and a dense bottom layer with liquid-filled pores. During the course of cultivation ethanol was detected in the medium indicating that oxygen was depleted in part of the fungal mat. Direct measurement of the oxygen concentrations in the fungal mat during cultivation, using oxygen microelectrodes, showed no oxygen depletion in the upper aerial layer, but revealed development of steep oxygen concentration gradients in the wet bottom layer. Initially, the fungal mat was fully oxygenated, but after 36.5 hours oxygen was undetectable at 100 microm below the gas-liquid interface. This was consistent with the calculated oxygen penetration depth using a reaction-diffusion model. Comparison of the overall oxygen consumption rate from the gas phase to the oxygen flux at the gas-liquid interface showed that oxygen consumption of the microorganisms occurred mainly in the wet part of the fungal mat. The contribution of the aerial hyphae to overall oxygen consumption was negligible. It can be concluded that optimal oxygen transfer in SSF depends on the available interfacial gas-liquid surface area and the thickness of the wet fungal layer. It is suggested that the moisture content of the matrix affects both parameters and, therefore, plays an important role in optimizing oxygen transfer in SSF cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oostra
- Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Department, Food and Bioprocess Engineering Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Zhao H, Zhang X, Li Z. Effects of periodic air pressure oscillation on growth of Rhizobium leguminosarum in a solid state fermenter. Process Biochem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(01)00193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mitchell DA, Berovic M, Krieger N. Biochemical engineering aspects of solid state bioprocessing. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2001; 68:61-138. [PMID: 11036686 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-45564-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite centuries of use and renewed interest over the last 20 years in solid-state fermentation (SSF) technology, and despite its good potential for a range of products, there are currently relatively few large-scale commercial applications. This situation can be attributed to the complexity of the system: Macroscale and microscale heat and mass transfer limitations are intrinsic to the system, and it is only over the last decade or so that we have begun to understand them. This review presents the current state of understanding of biochemical engineering aspects of SSF processing, including not only the fermentation itself, but also the auxiliary steps of substrate and inoculum preparation and downstream processing and waste disposal. The fermentation step has received most research attention. Significant advances have been made over the last decade in understanding how the performance of SSF bioreactors can be controlled either by the intraparticle processes of enzyme and oxygen diffusion or by the macroscale heat transfer processes of conduction, convection, and evaporation. Mathematical modeling has played an important role in suggesting how SSF bioreactors should be designed and operated. However, these models have been developed on the basis of laboratory-scale data and there is an urgent need to test these models with data obtained in large-scale bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Mitchell
- Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil
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Glucosamine measurement as indirect method for biomass estimation of Cunninghamella elegans grown in solid state cultivation conditions. Biochem Eng J 2001; 7:1-5. [PMID: 11150790 DOI: 10.1016/s1369-703x(00)00090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucosamine measurement has been tested as the indirect method to estimate the biomass produced by Cunninghamella elegans during solid state cultivation (SSC). The independence of this cell constituent content from the age and the conditions of the culture have been verified. The influence of the medium composition, in particular the nature of the carbon source on glucosamine amount is presented. Glucosamine can be considered as a well-adapted biomass indicator, with the necessity to establish for each medium tested a prior correlation between biomass and glucosamine amount. This correlation should be defined in submerged conditions before applying the biomass estimating method in SSC.
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Van Campenhout L, Shen HY, Iserentant D, Verachtert H. The gas environment of germinating barley in various microbial states during malting. Process Biochem 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(99)00018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Hajjaj H, Blanc PJ, Groussac E, Goma G, Uribelarrea JL, Loubiere P. Improvement of red pigment/citrinin production ratio as a function of environmental conditions by monascus ruber. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999; 64:497-501. [PMID: 10397888 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19990820)64:4<497::aid-bit12>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The growth and metabolic behaviour of the filamentous fungus Monascus ruber were studied in submerged cultures under various aeration and agitation conditions. Improving the oxygen supply, by increasing either the air input or the agitation speed, resulted in modified metabolism: the biomass yield, the consumption of the nitrogen source (monosodium glutamate), and the production of secondary metabolites (red pigment and citrinin) all increased. However, the citrinin production increased more than that of the red pigment. In consequence, a low oxygen transfer coefficient was required to improve the red pigment/citrinin production ratio. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hajjaj
- Laboratoire Biotechnologie et Bioprocedes, UMR CNRS/INSA 5504, LA INRA, Centre de Bioingenierie Gilbert Durand, Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse, Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
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Ooijkaas L, Tramper J, Buitelaar R. Biomass Estimation of Coniothyrium Minitans in Solid-State Fermentation. Enzyme Microb Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(97)00246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wakisaka Y, Segawa T, Imamura K, Sakiyama T, Nakanishi K. Development of a cylindrical apparatus for membrane-surface liquid culture and production of kojic acid using Aspergillus oryzae NRRL484. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(98)80067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ogawa A, Yasuhara A, Tanaka T, Sakiyama T, Nakanishi K. Production of neutral protease by membrane-surface liquid culture of Aspergillus oryzae IAM2704. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(95)98173-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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George S, Raju V, Krishnan M, Subramanian T, Jayaraman K. Production of protease by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in solid-state fermentation and its application in the unhairing of hides and skins. Process Biochem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-9592(94)00034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Yang SS, Chiu L, Yaun SS. Oxytetracycline production by Streptomyces rimosus: gas and temperature patterns in a solid-state column reactor. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1994; 10:215-20. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00360891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/01/1993] [Accepted: 09/06/1993] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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On-line automated monitoring and control systems for CO2 and O2 in aerobic and anaerobic solid-state fermentations. Process Biochem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-9592(94)80054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lekha P, Lonsane B. Comparative titres, location and properties of tannin acyl hydrolase produced by Aspergillus niger PKL 104 in solid-state, liquid surface an submerged fermentations. Process Biochem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-9592(94)85019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Villegas E, Aubague S, Alcantara L, Auria R, Revah S. Solid state fermentation: Acid protease production in controlled CO2 and O2 environments. Biotechnol Adv 1993; 11:387-97. [PMID: 14545663 DOI: 10.1016/0734-9750(93)90008-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the partial pressure of O(2) and CO(2) on the acid protease production in solid state fermentation by Aspergillus niger on wheat bran was studied. A fermentation system was used, which allowed on-line reactor measurements and continuous data acquisition of pH, temperature, gas flow, pressure drop and CO(2) production. Six paired combinations of CO(2) and O(2) concentrations were studied. The results showed a direct relationship between pressure drop, production of CO(2) and temperature increase. The pH evolution patterns were similar in all cases but different if the measurements were made on-line or on a liquid homogenate of the fermented substrate. Acid protease production was increased when the gas had 4% CO(2), (vol/vol), and it reached its highest level, a 43% increase over air, with a mixture of 4% CO(2) and 21% O(2). The protease production was strongly related to the mold metabolic activity as represented by the total CO(2) evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Villegas
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa, Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidráulica, Apdo. Postal 55-5334 09340, México
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Ramana Murthy M, Karanth N, Raghava Rao K. Biochemical Engineering Aspects of Solid-State Fermentation. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Roche N, Venague A, Desgranges C, Durand A. Use of chitin measurement to estimate fungal biomass in solid state fermentation. Biotechnol Adv 1993; 11:677-83. [PMID: 14545686 DOI: 10.1016/0734-9750(93)90036-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-two strains of twelve species of Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes were studied. Most of them had a variable glucosamine amount (standard deviation higher than 5%). However, if we consider that the amount of glucosamine is constant, the accuracy of the method remains satisfactory (10% instead of 5%, which is the accuracy of the chitin hydrolysis and colorimetric glucosamine measurement). So, by means of this measurement, the fungal growth kinetics could be followed on different solid media (vegetable material such as sugar beet pulp and sponge or mineral like clay granules) used. It is important to note that this method should not be used to compare different media without calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Roche
- Plate-forme de Prédéveloppement en Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dijon, France
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Gaseous concentration gradients in tray type solid state fermentors ? Effect on yields and productivities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00369266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Auria R, Palacios J, Revah S. Determination of the interparticular effective diffusion coefficient for CO2 and O2 in solid state fermentation. Biotechnol Bioeng 1992; 39:898-902. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260390903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Desgranges C, Durand A. Effect of pCO2 on growth, conidiation, and enzyme production in solid-state culture on Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride TS. Enzyme Microb Technol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(90)90073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Volatile compounds produced by the fungus Aspergillus oryzae in rice Koji and their changes during cultivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(90)90178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dixon NM, Kell DB. The inhibition by CO2 of the growth and metabolism of micro-organisms. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1989; 67:109-36. [PMID: 2509409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb03387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N M Dixon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, UK
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Litchfield JH. Microbiological and enzymatic treatments for utilizing agricultural and food processing wastes. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 1987. [DOI: 10.1080/08905438709549657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Levonen-Munoz E, Bone DH. Effect of different gas environments on bench-scale solid state fermentation of oat straw by white-rot fungi. Biotechnol Bioeng 1985; 27:382-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260270324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Laukevics JJ, Apsite AF, Viesturs UE, Tengerdy RP. Solid substrate fermentation of wheat straw to fungal protein. Biotechnol Bioeng 1984; 26:1465-74. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260261211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Microbial Biomass from Renewables: A Second Review of Alternatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-040307-3.50013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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42
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Rathbun BL, Shuler ML. Heat and mass transfer effects in static solid-substrate fermentations: Design of fermentation chambers. Biotechnol Bioeng 1983; 25:929-38. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260250405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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MUDGETT RE, BAJRACHARYA R. EFFECTS OF CONTROLLED GAS ENVIRONMENTS IN MICROBIAL ENHANCEMENT OF PLANT PROTEIN RECOVERY. J Food Biochem 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1980.tb00642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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